Don't Want To Be This - The Elusive Sarah Kane

Don't Want to Be This: The Elusive Sarah Kane
Author(s): Annabelle Singer

Source: TDR (1988-), Vol. 48, No. 2 (Summer, 2004), pp. 139-171
Published by: The MIT Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4488558
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Don't Want to Be This
The ElusiveSarahKane
AnnabelleSinger
Darkness.
Light.
IAN masturbating.
IAN: cunt cunt cunt cunt cunt cunt cunt cunt cunt cunt cunt
Darkness.
Light.
IAN stranglinghimself
Darkness.
Light.
IAN shitting.
And then tryingto cleanit up with newspaper.
Darkness.
Light.
IAN laughinghysterically.
Darkness.
Light.
IAN havinga nightmare.
Darkness.
Light.
IAN crying,huge bloodytears.
He is huggingthe Soldier'sbodyfor comfort.
Darkness.
Light.
IAN lying verystill, weak with hunger.
Darkness.
Light.
IAN tearsthe crossout of theground, ripsup the boardsand lifts the baby'sbodyout.
He eats the baby.
He puts the sheet the babywas wrappedin backin the hole.
A beat, then he climbsin afterit and lies down, headpoking out of thefloor.
He dies with relief
It startsto rain on him, comingthroughthe roof.
Eventually.
IAN: Shit. (Kane 1996:56-57)
The Drama Review 48, 2 (Ti82), Summer200oo4. ? 20oo4

New York University and the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology
139
140 Annabelle Singer
"He can't even die," I roared hysterically, "Of course. He can't even die!"
I was first introduced to Sarah Kane's work amidst students screaming, "It's
SO violent!" in a course called "British Drama Since 1979" at Royal Hollo-
way University of London. Most of my classmates were born in 1979, as was I,
and this was the theatre of our lifetime-but Kane's work proved challenging.
Unlike our familiar film, television, and video game violence, Kane's Blasted
(1995) refused to distance us with a stylized wink or a gift-wrapped moral. It
produced bizarre reactions. My classmates debated the playwright's sanity in
hushed tones just a few feet from where Kane was waiting to address us. To
this day, I don't know which-Kane's work or the performance of outrage,
conviction, and sorrow that was Kane's life and death-drove me to spend so
much time and energy trying to understand her work and her self. I have seen
Kane in the flesh, but I have never seen her work performed.'
A performance is neither inherent in the text nor inherent in the perfor-
mance itself. Theatre and film or theatre and fine arts are not only separated
by the phenomenological differences between each medium, but by the social
infrastructure-the community, history, values, and conventions-in which
that medium is cultivated. In this paper, I try to tease out the institutions that
created the explosive performance of Sarah Kane's career. Critics, academics,
students, agents, theatre practitioners, audience members, and doctors all
played a role. This performance of theatre at work invaded the public sphere
in January 1995, when Kane was only 23, but became increasingly more pri-
vate until and even after Kane's death in February 1999.
Kane, like her work, has an intense relationship with her own mortality:
Until the age of seventeen, I sincerely believed I had nothing to fear in

death and the Second Coming would occur in my lifetime. I wouldn't
even have to die physically. [...] I committed the unforgivable sin, which
is knowing that God is real and consciously deciding to reject Him. I
believed in God but not in the lifestyle that Christianity demanded. I
knew a lot of Christians who I thought were fundamentally bad people
-. ;
Pv/
1. Pip Donaghyand Kate

Ashfield in the 1995 pro-
ductionof Blasted at the
Royal Court Theatre,Lon-
don. (Photoby Ben Chris-
topher/ArenaPAL)
SarahKane 141
and a lot of non-Christianswho I thoughtwere utterlybeautiful,and I
couldn't understandthat, so I madea consciousdecisionto rejectGod
and graduallymy belief subsided.Accordingto the Bible, I am now ut-
terly damned.(in Benedict 1996:6)
There is no grayin Kane'smoralregister:she refusedthe institutionof Chris-
tianityand any God becausethose beliefsfailedto weed out the good fromthe
bad. Kane follows keen observationand analysiswith action to put it right
within herself-to the point of debunkinglong-held personalbeliefs.She de-
terminesher own truths:
[I]f you're not sureGod existsyou can coveryour arse,living your life
carefullyjust in case,as the priestdoes, or you can live your life as you
want to live it. If thereis a God who can't accept the honestyof that
then, well, tough. (Benedict 1996:6)
Kane was a moralhardasswho, throughher plays,aimed to force othersto

think through the ethical paradoxesof their lives. She hoped to produce
changein othersasit hadin her. Kane,however,struggledto balancehermor-
tal terrorand moralvision, to balancethe physicaland mentalreactionsof her
audience.Can they,mustn'tthey,function together?
Kaneassumedthatthe most effectivedramawedded thoughtandfeeling. In
an articleshe wrote for the Guardianbefore her fourth play,Crave, moved to
the Royal Court in 1998, Kane explains the developmentsin her thinking
aboutdrama:
Increasingly,I'm findingperformancemuch more interestingthanact-

ing; theatremore compellingthanplays.Unusuallyfor me, I'm encour-
aging my friendsto see my play Cravebefore readingit, becauseI think
of it more as a text for performancethanas a play.
The sexualconnotationsof "performance"arenot coincidental.Liv-
erpool's [soccerplayer]PaulInce publiclyadmitsthathe findstackling
more enjoyablethansex. Performanceis visceral.It putsyou in direct
physicalcontactwith thoughtandfeeling. (1998c:12)
This visceral dramathat Kane promotes bypassesinterpretationand, in-
stead,directlyconfrontsthe audience'sthoughtsandfeelingsthroughphysical
reactions.The distinctionsbetween "performance"and "acting"and "thea-
tre"and "plays"point to a differentway of thinkingabout theatre.3Kanein-
sisted that she only became a playwrightbecause she could find nothing she
wantedto direct. Her writing has alwaysemphasizedperformanceover texts,
action over speech,but Cravetakesa step further.Kanerefusestheatricalcon-
ventions, like actsandactors,looking to a wider concept of performance.This
concept insistsupon an intense connection with the spectator.It shouldbe as
grippingas soccer:"I frequentlywalk out of the theatreearlywithout fearof
missing anything.But howeverbad I've felt, I've never left a football match
early, because you never know when a miracle might occur" (Kane 1998c:I2).
Kane expects the theatre to speak to her experience by confronting the lim-
itations of the physical performer:
I saw the Jesus and Mary Chain4 at the foot of Edinburgh Castle a few
nights back, and found myself longing for a theatre that could speak so
directly to an audience's experience. It rarely happens [...].
It [...] happened at the Mona Hatoum exhi-

bition at the Scottish Gallery of Modern Art.
In a tiny cylindrical room I watched a projec-
tion of a surgical camera disappearing into
every orifice of the artist. True, few people
could stay in the room as long as me, but I
..N.
.... .
... found the voyage up Mona Hatoum's arse put
g
a spie me in powerful and direct contact with my
. . ... . . . . ....
........
.. ....
....
.....
...........
......
. feelings about my own mortality. I can't ask for
............
. ...........
......lb.: .......
...... much more. (1998c:12)
...
...
............
... .........
........
....
.... ...........
......... .....
... .....
..... .................
.........
.....
.. ............
.........
................
............ ......
....... X ..............
........
.........
..........
.......
........... expected the theatre to take on the largest of
Kane
............ X. topics: mortality, morality, human connections, and
..........
.-XV
............. ......
:Xw ........ .... ..........
.......
..
4.
......... human suffering.
.........................
x ............
..::::F
:, ..........
Blasted
.. .
...
X..
.X.m.
a
X
-ax's
................ .....
.
A Play or a Phenomenon?
......... Blasted /...] Balefully orperniciously blown

.............::i
.....
....... ..........
.... ,,
. . . . . . ..X.-.. ... . .. .
........
......
.......
. . ...............
. ..............
.......... ........
...................
..... .
X.Vy.
............
y.
2.:1..:... or breathed upon; stricken by meteoric or
..... ......
. ..........
..........
...........
... supernatural agency, as parching wind,
". ..........
X
X ........... lightning, an alleged malignant planet, the
... . . ..
.............
.......
... .
.........
wrath and curse of heaven; blighted.
. . .... I .
........... .................
[...] Cursed, damned. In low as
........
....
....
.................... lang•uage
an expression of reprobation and hatred.
(Oxford English Dictionary)
2. Cleansed: The Woman

Blasted, Kane's first full-length play, opened on 12
(Linda Gillum) dances in
January 1995 at the Royal Court Theatre Upstairs in London. It was part of
her booth. Directed by Lisa
Stephen Daldry's first season as artistic director. Daldry turned the Royal
Rothschiller,Defiant Thea- Court into a showcase for new writing: "from autumn 1994, the Court dou-
tre, Chicago, 2001. (Photo bled the amount of new productions in the [60-seat] Theatre Upstairs and fo-
by Krissy Shields) cused on young writers" (Daldry in Sierz 2oo000a:38). Even so, "The Court
didn't really know what to do about Blasted. They were a bit embarrassed
about it, so they programmed it just after Christmas when no one was going
to the theatre and they hoped no one would notice" (Kane in Sierz 2oo000oa:94).
The play starts out tamely enough with 45-year-old Ian and 21-year-old
Cate in a hotel room in Leeds. "The stage immediately suggests the kind of
chamber piece about relationships with which the British theatre-goer is so
familiar" (Greig this relationship is especially turbulent:
200oo•:ix)-but
IAN: Don't like your clothes.
CATE: (Looks douwnat her clothes.)
IAN: You look like a lesbos.
CATE: What's that?
IAN: Don't look very sexy, that's all.
CATE: Oh. (She continues to eat.)

Don't like your clothes either.
Sarah Kane I143
IAN: (Looksdown at his clothes. Thengets up, takesthemall off and stands infront
of her,naked.)
Put your mouth on me.
CATE: (Stares. Then burstsout laughing.)
IAN: No?
Fine.
Because I stink?
CATE: (Laughseven more.)
(IAN attemptsto dress,butfumbles with embarrassment.

He gathershis clothesandgoes into the bathroomwherehe dresses.)
(CATE eats, andgiggles overthe sandwiches.)

(IAN returns,fully dressed.He picks up his gun, unloads it and reloadsit.) (Kane
2001:7-8)
Predictably, Ian ends up raping Cate and Cate turns the gun on him, but that
is only the beginning of scene two. By an hour into the performance, Cate has
escaped through the bathroom window, a soldier has forced his way into the
room and an explosion has rocked the hotel's structure. The characters' inter-
actions in the second half are violent and fragile, like those of the first half.
Now the soldier is racked with emotional vulnerabilities while Ian is the
weakling:
SOLDIER: Col, they buggered her. Cut her throat. Hacked her ears and nose
off, nailed them to the front door. [...]
You don't know fuck all about me.
I went to school.
I made love with Col.
Bastardskilled her, now I'm here.
(He pushes his riflein IAN's face.)

Turn over, Ian.
IAN: Why?
SOLDIER: Going to fuck you.
IAN: No.
SOLDIER: Kill you then.
IAN: Fine.
SOLDIER: See. Rather be shot than fucked and shot.
IAN: Yes.
SOLDIER: And now you agree with anything I say.
(He kissesIAN very tenderlyon the lips. They stareat eachother.)

SOLDIER: You smell like her. Same cigarettes.
(The SOLDIER turnsIAN overwith one hand.

He holds the revolverto IAN's head with the other.
He pulls downIAN's trousers,undoeshis own and rapeshim-eyes closedand smell-
ing IAN's hair.
The SOLDIER is cryinghis heartout.
IAN's face registerspain but he is silent.
When the Soldier isfinished he pulls up his trousersandpushes the revolverup IAN's
anus.)
SOLDIER: Bastardspulled the trigger on Col.
What's it like?
IAN: (Triesto answer.He can't.)
SOLDIER: (Withdrawsthegun and sits next to IAN.)
You never fucked by a man before?
IAN: (Doesn't answer.)
SOLDIER: Didn't think so. It's nothing. Saw thousands of people packing
into trucks like pigs trying to leave town. Women threw their babies on board
hoping someone would look after them. Crushing each other to death. Insides
of people's heads came out of the eyes. Saw a child most of his face blown off,
young girl I fucked hand up inside of herself trying to claw my liquid out,
starving man eating his dead wife's leg. Gun was born here and won't die.
Can't get tragic about your arse. Don't think your Welsh arse is different to
any other arse I fucked. Sure you haven't got any more food, I'm fucking
starving.
IAN: Are you going to kill me?
SOLDIER: Always covering your own arse.
(The SOLDIER grips IAN's head in his hands.

He puts his mouthoverone (f IAN's eyes, sucksit out, bites it off and eats it.
He does the same to the othereye.)
SOLDIER: He ate her eyes.
Poor bastard.
Poor love.
Poor fucking bastard. (Kane 1996:45-47)
With the entrance of the soldier these atrocities become as commonplace as

the domestic violence preceding the blast.
In performance:
With no interval, Blastedwas a grueling one hour and fifty minutes.

When I saw it, its power to shock was obvious. It clearly made the tiny
audience uneasy: two people walked out, others hid their eyes, some
giggled [...]. After it was over, the audience sat stunned for a few mo-
ments. In the cramped bar after the show people were discussing it furi-
ously. (Sierz 2000a:99)
Unmitigated horrors and numbing amorality leave a sour taste in the

mind. (Kingston 1995:35)
In an interview at Royal Holloway, where I studied in the fall of 1998, Kane

told the story of Blasted'spress night. The Royal Court Theatre Upstairs holds
Sarah Kane I145
two press nights because it is such a small theatre and the producers like to
mingle the reviewers with "regular" audience members, rather than have a
house full of critics. But because one of the Royal Court's press nights con-
flicted with that of another production, all the reviewers had to come to the
same performance of Blasted.Therefore, all but five of the audience members
were critics, and all but three of the critics were white, middle-aged men.
Kane and others have pointed to the particular offense these critics might have
taken to Ian, a white middle-aged journalist who commits the atrocities in the
first half of the play and falls victim to them in the second half. After the show,
the lobby became an arena for competing headlines as critics penned their in-
credulous reports.
The new play in a 60-seat theatre became a news headliner, appearing not
only in theatre reviews but also on Newsnightsand in tabloids across the coun-
try. Most of the reviews proved sensationalist themselves. One of the most
quoted of the reviews, Jack Tinker's for the Daily Mail, starts out with the re-
viewer's appalled reaction:
Until last night I thought I was immune from shock in any theatre. I am
not. Finally I have been driven into the arms of Disgusted of Tonbridge
Wells. For utterly and entirely disgusted I was by a play which appears to
know no bounds of decency, yet has no message to convey by way of
excuse. (1995:5)
Then, he points to the money and national resources that were wasted on the
play, when they should have gone to therapy for Kane:6
Why the 23-year-old Sarah Kane chose to write it is her affair. Presum-
ably because she was given a grant by the hitherto admirableJerwood
Foundation in their quest to help new talent.
Some will undoubtedly say the money might have been better spent
on a course of remedial therapy. But the real question is why, with the
cooperation of our Royal National Theatre, the Royal Court saw fit to
stage it. (5)
About halfway through the article, he finally begins to comment on the play
itself, but only by listing its most scandalous contents:
We begin with a journalist indulging in all manner of graphic sexual ac-

tivity with an underage and mentally retarded girl in his hotel room
somewhere in England. Then we regress, by various implausible stages,
from mere unlawful indecency to vividly enacted male rape, through to
the barbaric cannibalism of a dead baby and on to simple defecation on
stage. (5)
Finally, he makes some reference to a canonical drama, the supposedly univer-

sal standardby which we rate a play:
Just for those academics who seek to justify any stage violence with the
example of Gloucester having his eyes put out in King Lear,Ms. Kane
has stern news for them.
Here our hero not only loses his eyes after being severely raped, his
torturer munches them before our own eyes which by now are standing
out unbidden on stalks. (5)
I146 AnnabelleSinger
While not always this scathing, few of the reviews delved into the themes or
interpretations of this piece.7 Some admitted they saw talent in her work, but
they hoped she would put it to better use:
It does not deserve attention, but it demands it. It made me sick, and
giggly with shock. [...] Sarah Kane does know how to write. I hope she
wakes up out of the nightmare of her own imagination. (Kellaway
1995:9)
Many simply explained their inability to analyze the play as evidence of Kane's
failings:
Yet the final scenes never do clarify Kane's intentions, unless these are to
point to how low a desperate man will stoop. Artfully constructed and
distressingly watchable, its unmitigated horrors and numbing amorality
leave a sour taste in the mind. (Kingston 1995:35)
Jeremy Kingston assumes that the final scenes will, if not resolve the various
conflict of the play, at least reveal the point of suffering through all of this vi-
olence. Bick Curtis insists that "try as you might to contextualize it, her cata-
logue of inhumanity ultimately provokes revulsion rather than thought"
(1995:46).
For Kane, the structure of Blasted was not intended to explain or justify its
violent content, rather it reflected the chaotic structure of war itself:
I tried to draw on lots of different theatrical traditions. War is confused

and illogical, therefore it is wrong to use a form that is predictable. Acts
of violence simply happen in life, they don't have a dramatic build-up,
and they are horrible. That's how it is in the play. (Kane in Bayley
1995:20)
In a letter to the Guardian, Reverend Bob Vernon8 agreed that this chaotic
reflection is more accurate to his experience of violence:
Mr. Billington writes that "the reason the play falls apart is that there is
no sense of external reality-who exactly is meant to be fighting whom
out on the streets?" That's a good question. My local shopping centre
looks like Grozny, only two out of two dozen shops remain. The rest are
reduced to shattered glass and wrecked steel shutters. Some housing es-
tates in our city look like war zones too, burnt out houses, glass- and
rubbish-littered streets, dazed and tranquilized people trying to survive.
With so many casualties who is fighting whom out there? I don't know
either. (1995:2 I)
Kane effectively sets up and explodes naturalism to lead the audience into
the chaos of civil war and domestic violence, when the familiar and mundane
become uncontrollable, dangerous, and terrifying. Yet, if we are not forced to
sort through this chaos, we can simply dismiss it and return to the familiar and
safe. That is what seemed to happen to these critics: rather than sort through
the atrocities they witnessed without guidance, they noted their reactions and
faulted the play for failing the social realist standard: it did not reveal the good
guys, the bad guys, and the moral.9 The production was, in some ways, too
effective in emulating naturalism, not giving enough clues that there was a
"metaphorical landscape" at work.
SarahKane I147
A MORALITY?
Ken Urban explainsthat "aplay such as Blasteddramatizesan 'ethics of ca-
"
tastrophe'
Ratherthandistinguishright from wrong, the core of all moralisticen-

terprises,or conversely,flirtingwith a cynicalamorality,where anything
goes, Kanedramatizesthe questfor ethics. Moralityis made up of "con-
strainingrules"whichjudge people accordingto "transcendentvalues,
such as Good or Evil (Deleuze). Ethics,on the other hand, aresubjectto
change,even optional,emergingfrom specificmomentsand certain
modes of being. An ethics does not forsakethe differencebetween good
andbad, but views such distinctionsas evaluationsrooted in one's spe-
cific existence,not asjudgmentsbasedon universalprinciples.(Recall
Nietzsche'sstatement:"BeyondGoodandEvil, at leastthatdoes not
mean 'BeyondGood andBad.'") Kanegives us a world of catastrophe.
As with Barker,hersis a theatrewhich offersneithersolutionsnor re-
demption.But Kaneemergesfrom calamitywith the possibilitythat an
ethics can exist between wounded bodies, that afterdevastation,good
becomespossible.(2001:37)
Here Urbansummarizeswhat had become the dominantreadingof Kane's

work:Kanecreatesmoraldilemmas,which she and her peersneed more than
moralanswers.Urban, Sierz,NatashaLangridge,Heidi Stephenson,andeven
Mel Kenyon,Kane'sagent, havemappedthe moraldilemmasof Kane'swork
onto the moralvoid of Britainin the early 199os:
The StrongRight is full of certainties,certaintieswhich areabhorrent.

The Leftwas full of certainties,certaintieswhich provedto be bogus. So
to write these big politicalplaysfull of certaintiesand resolutionis com-
pletely nonsensicalin a time of fragmentation.When you want to create
a politicalpiece of drama,there'sno point in mimickingthe form of
resolutionand certaintyin a time of complete uncertainty.(Kenyonin
Urban 2001:39)
KaneherselfexplainsBlastedcoyly. "I find discussionaboutthe moralityof

the play as inappropriateas the accusationsof immorality.I've never felt that
Blastedwas moral"(in Sierz2oo000a:IO4). She assertsexplainingthe play to the
audience "relievesthem of the effort of working things out for themselves"
(105). Forcedto explainthe play in hindsightand underthe pressureof scan-
dalouspublicity,perhapscreatedthis coyness.Kaneadmits:
Any opinions I haveaboutBlastedhavebeen put togetherwith hind-

sight. Writing my firstplayreallywas a processof gropingaboutin the
dark,makingconnectionsthat I understoodon an instinctivelevel but
couldn't (anddidn'twant to) necessarilyarticulate.(io6)
During its creation Blastedunderwent many stages in the writing process:
At some point during the first couple of weeks of writing [in March
1993] I switched on the television. Srebrenica was under siege. An old
woman was looking into the camera, crying. She said, 'Please, please,
somebody help us. Somebody do something.' I knew nobody was going
to do a thing. Suddenly, I was completely uninterested in the play I was
writing. What I wantedto write aboutwas what I'djust seen on televi-
sion. So my dilemmawas:do I abandonmy play (even though I'd writ-
ten one scene I thoughtwas reallygood) in orderto move on to a
subjectI thoughtwas more pressing?Slowly it occurredto me that the
play I was writing was aboutthis. It was aboutviolence, aboutrape,and
it wasabout these thingshappeningbetween people who know each
other and ostensiblylove each other [...]. I askedmyself:'Whatcould
possiblybe the connection between a common rapein a Leedshotel
room andwhat'shappeningin Bosnia?'And then suddenlythis penny
droppedand I thought:'Of course,it's obvious. One is the seed and the
other is the tree.' And I do think that the seedsof full-scalewar can al-
waysbe found in peacetimecivilizationand I think the wall between so-
calledcivilizationand what happenedin centralEuropeis very,very
thin and it can get torn down at any time. [...] And then I thought:
"Whatthis needs is what happensin war-suddenly, violently,without
any warning,people's lives arecompletelyrippedto pieces. [...] I'll
planta bomb,just blow the whole fuckingthing up." (in Sierz
2oooa: 100-02)
Read this way,Kane'swork is a seriesof artisticproblemsor questions,and a

series of compellinganswerscreatedand bound by certainconstraints:What
do I want to write about?Inhumaneethnic war. Do I ditch my currentplay
andstarta warplay?No, the two arerelated.How do I relatewhat I'vewritten
and what I want to write? Themes are the same,conflatelocation. How do I
answerquestionsabout morality?"The logical conclusionof the attitudethat
producesan isolatedrapein Englandis the rapecampsin Bosnia,and the log-
ical conclusionto the way society expects men to behaveis war"(o104).
I went to find out. Color me naive but I spent io months in Asia studying
the politicsof modernwarfare.'oNear the Burmeseborder,tuckedawayfrom
the authoritiesin a smallhouse down a dirt road,refugeewomen fromall over
SoutheastAsiameet to join their disparate,illegal, supportgroupsinto one. I
wasallowedto join becauseI was the only one who could bearwitnessto their
experienceandcommunicateit to the outsideworld.They told me aboutrape
and torture,about civilians"disappearing" or being shot on sightfor carrying
a weapon thatwas not a weapon. Only one woman'svoice crackedwhen she
told me thatshe saw her parentsmurderedin Aceh, Indonesia,in 1999. With
a gun to her head, one yelled at the soldiers that had burstinto her home,
when she was too young to know fear,she said.Anothertold me thatwithout
nongovernmentorganization(NGOs do the charityand civil work of these
nations),the only option is to takeup arms-and some of them have.
When I interviewedinvestorsat the Thai National Bankto understandthe
financialties that made refugees second-classcitizens, I was struckby their
gorgeous,shining,sereneheadquarters,by how the tuk-tuk driverknew how
to get there without directionsthough we were far out of the city. Here was
somethingworth bombing, whereasno one would missa modesthouse down
a dirt road. Among the refugee women, the only things to destroy were bodies.
Cleansed
A Discussion
Out of nowhere, I got an email from Jess Cully today. My head is still
spinning. Yes, I was a friend of Sarah's. I called her "Ducky," she called
Sarah Kane 149
me "Tinker." I loved her dearly and tend to

think in her own way she loved me too. Even
though I'm a straight male in his mid 50os. She
once said I was one of the scariest and funniest
actors she'd worked with.
For years in the '90s, I worked with the New
Dramatists group in NYC. Yeah, she used to
escape to New York and always had a room to
live in and write in. And a space to develop and
workshop her plays in progress. I didn't know
who the UK theatre critic Jack Tinker was, so I
had no preconceptions of this "character" she
had in mind when she asked me to help create
it. For several weeks a director (I believe it was
Liz Diamond), several actors and an empty
black space. We'd improvise scenes and Sarah
would write and giggle. Then we'd get to-
gether the next day with some new text. That's
how I became Tinker, and the work became
"Cleansed." I never saw an actual production
of it. [...]
Ducky could never come to grips with the
idea that since she felt her plays were about
hope, most everyone else thought they were
about despair. (Nesci 2002)
In Cleansed, the stories of Carl and Grace are inter-

woven in 20 short scenes. It takes place in an institu-
3. Suzan Sylvester, Daniel
tion, which is called a university but seems more like a concentration camp. Evans, and Stuart Mc-
Carl's persecuted affair with Rod and Grace's unending quest for her dead
Quarrie in the 1998 produc-
brother, Graham, drive the plot and the violence. Tinker, the doctor and drug tion of Cleansed at the
dealer of this institution perpetuates the violence. Tinker both commits the
Royal Court Theatre, Lon-
atrocities and orders others, invisible voices, to commit them. Unlike Blasted, don. (Photo by Ivan
the violence runs in only one direction: Carl and Grace are victims of violence
Kyncl/ArenaPAL)
but never the perpetrators. Their love, which keeps their hope alive, also keeps
them from fighting back, from realizing the injustice of their situation.
Cleansed opened at the Royal Court Theatre Downstairs, London, in April
1998. The production was not only stylized, but minimalist:
The text demands an almost bald production and they [the director,
James Macdonald, and the designer, Jeremy Herbert] pay it the highest
compliment by creating highly stylized, carefully plotted, pristine visual
images. Those expecting a splatter-fest will be disappointed. Everything
is done through suggestion, which, of course, is far more harrowing.
(Benedict 1998:18)
The suggestive, rather than literal, staging is not only more harrowing, but it
enabled critic David Benedict to enter Kane's world:
As a section of perimeter fence or a hospital bed are flown slowly down

from above, red ribbons are used to indicate blood [...]. Macdonald and
Herbert take you by the hand, allowing you to become prisoner of
Kane's fierce but fiercely controlled imagination. Without this distanc-
1i50 Annabelle Singer
ing degree of stylization,the pain would be unwatchable.Yet the night I

saw it nobody left. (1998:I8)
Withinthisaesthetic,Kanepropelsyou into her imagination,herreality,but the

play is not so violent as to be "unwatchable."Rather the "more harrowing"
suggestivestaging maintainsher grip on the audience'sviscera: "Whether
flinchingor shuddering,your reactionsto the violence areextremelyphysical"
(I8).
The play opens with Tinker "heatingsmackon a silverspoon[...] insidethepe-
rimeter fenceof a university" (Kane 1998a:I). Grahamentersand tells Tinker he
wantsout. At his request,TinkerinjectsGrahamwith a lethaldosageof smack
into his eye.
Their relationship,and therebythe subsequentrelationshipsbetween Tin-
ker and other students/prisoners,is ambiguous;even they areunclearas to the
intentionsof theirrelationships.Tinkerhasto remindGrahamthat"I'ma dealer
not a doctor,"but afterthe injection,before he slumps,Grahamsays:"Thank
you, Doctor" (Kane1998a:I1,2).Grahamhas to ask:"Areyou my friend?"and
uses Tinker'snegativeresponseas anotherreasonhe should give him a bigger
dose: "Then what differencewill it make?"(I). But Grahamstill tries to con-
fide in Tinker-about his sister-though Tinker does not want to hear;and
Tinkerwarnshim that"It'sjust the beginning"(2).
The play is full of this kind of confusionand conflict in the most basiccon-
ceptionsof thisworld'sreality.Is thisa university?Eachscene is set in a specific
partof the university:"onthecollege green"(Kane1998a:3), "TheWhiteRoom-
the universitysanatorium" (6), "The Red Room-the university sportshall"(io),
etc., but each room is titled with a color, suggestingthatits appearanceandits
distinctionfromthe other rooms,ratherthanits universityfunction,shouldbe
salient.Grahamdies in this firstscene, but he reappearsin scenes with Grace,
though only she realizeshis presence.What are the rulesof this place?Is Gra-
ham a figmentof her imagination?Is he materializedthroughher love?Is Tin-
kera doctor?a dealer?a friend?a torturer?a lover?a sufferer?It seemshe is all,
but is he tryingto help or tryingto hurt?Is he responsible?He keepssayinghe
is not, but how can thatbe true?Who is responsible?This confusionoverbasic
informationis partof the moralambiguityof the play;Kanerefusesto tell us
how to judge what is happening,ratherwe mustinterpretand analyze.
A WEALTH OF INTERPRETATIONS
When reviewing Cleansed,the critics, perhapsfeeling self-consciousfrom

the limelightof the Blastedfallout,were carefullyopen-mindedandrefusedto
comment on anythingbesides their own experience of the performance.It
was Kane'sadmirers,three yearsafter Cleansedwas firstreleased,who started
to unravelthe play.At the lain Fisherwebsite, one of the largestwebsitesded-
icated to SarahKane, the discussionthat my classmatesand I tried to have at
Royal Hollowayfinallytakesplace.
Under the topic "Spacein Cleansed,"the grouptries to unpackthe setting,
a university that acts like a prison:"
I also came across another sugestion which I found interesting. Univer-

sity - universitas -+ universe. A small part of reality, microcosmos,
where there are all the processes as in the "big world". God made our
world, Tinker-the bad demiurge-has it's own small world too.
(Jolka 2002)
Sarah Kane 15 I
I always assumed that 'Cleansed' took place in the same universe as
'Blasted', like 'Blue Velvet' and 'Twin Peaks' in the work of Lynch. Also
I did read somewhere that they were the first of two parts of an unfin-
ished trilogy.
From that I just assumed that the university campus had been over run
by the same invading force as Leeds in 'Blasted', though time had moved
on and they were more established. Tinker reminds me ofJosefMen-
gele, a NAZI scientist in the war who would commit atrocities on peo-
ple, just to find out what would happen. His favorite subjects were
twins, as he could experiment on one and use the second as a control.
The removing of limbs to see how people would adapt was something
he wrote in great detail. (Jaidin 2002a)
Location is important because we want to know how real or how metaphorical

the violence. How close to our world are these staged atrocities?"2
One influence on the violence in 'Cleansed' would be the TV news and

newspapers in the UK at the time she was writing it. You had the hor-
rors of the ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia, and the massacres
in Rowanda. On more than one occasion the BBC and ITN were fined
due to the graphic nature of the coverage of the Hutu and Tootsi con-
flict. (Jaidin 200 I)
Jess Cully points out that Kane's theatrical influences preferred an intimate re-
lationship with reality:
While the play is primarily an allegory, I am sure Sarah meant the title
to hint at the ethnic cleansing camps of former Yugoslavia.
She admired Jeremy Weller's I998 show Soldiers, presented by real
veterans of the Yugoslav war who talked about their experiences, so per-
haps she might have been open to the idea of real former ethnic camp
inmates performing Cleansed? It would certainly have been interesting.
(Cully 2002a)
But David points out that Greek Tragedy, Renaissance Theatre, and Shake-
speare set the precedent for violence in Cleansed:
removal of limbs is about as Greek Tragedy as you can get, re: Rod &
Carl, and I always find Tinker injecting Graham in the eye reminiscent
of Oedipus putting his own eyes out with a brooch.. <shudder> [...]
Dismembering and severings onstage are also very Renaissance; they
liked their gore. Lavinia in "Titus Andronicus" has her hands and
tongue severed (offstage, though)....The most obvious Shakespeare allu-
sion with "Cleansed" is "Twelfth Night", the idea of one sibling being
so devastated by the other's death (Viola thinking Sebastian has
drowned) that they adopt their dead sibling's clothes/persona-justify-
ing Viola's disguising herself as a man as a means of trying to come to
terms with her brother's death by trying in inhabit his whole being.
Think about Grace dressing in her dear brother's clothes in "Cleansed."
(David 2002)
Such a history of violence in the theatre left Kane at liberty to use violence in
her own work, as did biblical stories: "Carl receives 5 wounds, which I can't
help but see as a reference to the 5 wounds of Christ, but I suspect that's prob-
ably a kind of personal joke" (Towery 2002).
War, as well as religious and theatrical violence are all referenced, but in the
original production, the concentration camp university is the most striking
juxtaposition: "I'm sure Tinker is a guard [...] in the original London produc-
tion, which Sarah would have had an input into, he wore a guard's uniform"
(Cully 2002b). Tinker was certainly not conducting the same experiments as
the Nazi scientist, Mengele:
Tinker watches the "victims" BEFORE he cuts off their limbs etc. and
not AFTERWARDS as Mengele. This indicates that his acting results
from their behavior and not the other way round. (Chrissie 2002)
Though with the Mengele thing there are some parallels, when he
would work with twins part of it would be not to see how the twin he
harmed reacted, but the one who was forced to observe. Tinker is doing
the similar thing though with lovers. Watching to see if there is any
change in how Rod reacts to Carl before and after. (Jaidin 2002b)
Tinker, Rod, and Grace are also observers of pain and each reacts differently.
And we are asked not to experience pain, but to watch another's experience.
THE BEAUTY AND HORROR OF SHARING PAIN
Pain is an individual experience-enter representation. The pain that is suf-

fered by one is unknown by another. Only by communicating pain does it be-
come believable and therefore real. In this way, experiencing pain becomes a
divider between the one who suffers and others who do not, who must be
convinced. Pain becomes a boundary, though not substantive. Even when pain
is communicated, the full experience is not apprehended. Only a representa-
tion of "pain" (pain as we have understood it to be, to feel like) is communi-
cated. Pain ensures the instability of even the material world because it is both
undeniable and intangible:
So, for the person in pain, so incontestably and unnegotiably present is it

that "having pain" may come to be thought of as the most vibrant ex-
ample of what it is to "have certainty," while for the other person it is so
elusive that "hearing about pain" may exist as the primary model of
what it is "to have doubt." Thus pain comes unsharable into our midst
as at once that which cannot be denied and that which cannot be con-
firmed. (Scarry 1985:4)
Simultaneously, pain becomes a boundary between the experience of oneself

and the experience of others and reminds us of the contingent nature of our
own perception.
In discussing Cleansed and one of her inspirations, A Lover's Discourseby
Roland Barthes, Kane noted:
When I first read [Barthes's equation of a rejected lover and a prisoner

in Dachau] I was appalled he could make the connection, but I couldn't
stop thinking about it. And gradually I realized that Barthes is right: it is
all about loss of self. When you love obsessively, you lose your sense of
self. And if you lose the object of your love, you have no resources to fall
back on. It can completely destroy you. (in Sierz 2000a: I I6)
Sarah Kane I53
So, while violence perpetrated destroys the self, pain communicated turns
an individual's reality into everyone's reality. In response to their love's pained
reality, Tinker inflicts more pain, Rod sacrifices himself, and Grace follows
Graham further to the edge of life. Grace insists on staying at the university
and on wearing Graham's clothes. She takes on his movements, and then:
GRACE: Love me or kill me, Graham.
(He hesitates.Then kissesher,slowly andgently atfirst, then harderand deeper.)

GRAHAM: I used to...think about you and...
I used to...wish it was you when I...
Used to...
GRACE: Doesn't matter. You went away but now you're back and nothing
else matters.
(GRAHAM takesoff hershirtand staresat herbreasts.)

GRAHAM: Makes no difference now.
(He sucksherrightbreast.
She undoeshis trousersand toucheshis penis.
They take off the restof theirclothes,watchingeachother.
They stand nakedand look at eachother'sbodies. They slowly embrace.
They begin to make love, slowly atfirst, then hard,fast, urgent,finding eachother's
rhythmis the same as theirown.
They cometogether.
They hold eachother,him insideher,not moving.)(Kane 1998a:14)
Though Grace looks like Graham, he is still a separate person, a person to

be mimicked, a person who can confess, a person who makes love. He has his
own secret memories of thinking of her sexually. When they undress, we see
that no matter how much Grace acts like Graham, she is still different, she is
not a man. They use their sexual difference to gain intimacy, to have sex and
discover they have the same rhythm, to come together.
Between the two of them, there is only one living body, but Grace refuses
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to lose Graham. They are closest as they suffer through a beating together;
Graham teaches her how to survive the pain:
(GRACE is beingbeatenby an unseengroupof men whose VOICES we hear.

We hear the sound of baseballbats hitting GRACE's body and she reactsas though
she has receivedthe blow.
GRAHAM is watchingin distress.)
[...]
GRAHAM: Switch off your head. That's what I did. Shoot up and switch off
before the pain moves in. I thought of you.
(Thereis a flurry of blows which GRACE's body reactsto, but she does not make a
sound.)
GRAHAM: I used to put my spoon in my tea and heat it up. When you
weren't looking press it on your skin at the top of your arm and you'd (a crack)
scream and I'd laugh. I'd say Do it to me.
GRACE: Do it to me.
GRAHAM: You'd press a hot spoon on me and I'd not feel a thing.
Knew it was coming.
If you know it's coming you're prepared.
If you know it's coming-
GRACE: It's coming.
(The blowcomes.
GRACE's body moves-not with pain, simply with theforceof the blow.)
GRAHAM: You can surf it. (Kane 1998a:24-26)
Through his own experience with pain and resulting disembodiment, Graham
teaches Grace how to "surf it." Graham can affect Grace's material experience.
And after the beating, Graham shares Grace's pain by sharing her wounds:
(GRAHAM presseshis handsonto GRACE and herclothesturnredwherehe touches,

bloodseepingthrough.
Simultaneously,his own bodybeginsto bleedin the sameplaces.) (Kane 1998a:26)
Graham's ability to disembody saves Grace: he teaches her to do it too. But her
wounds embody Graham: he bleeds empathetically. Graham's experience is an
"unthought" physical reaction, implying that his empathy is not just a mental
projection, but an experience of the pain itself. Because pain is frequently
communicated through an uncontrollable -often unwanted-physical con-
dition: bleeding, a broken bone, a tumor, Kane can exploit this property in
performance. From the physical evidence of pain, the audience cannot deduce
the individual's exact experience of pain, but because Grace and Graham have
identical physical reactions, they deduce that they are sharing the same expe-
rience of pain, and thus collapsing the boundaries between self and other.
Kane demands to know, however, if this coexperience and subsequent com-
munication can also collapse the boundaries between life and death.
The disembodiment Graham teaches Grace has disastrous consequences:
she is unable to protest Tinker's shock therapy. Grace's lucidity has evaporated
Sarah Kane I155
and she does not understand what Tinker is doing. She cannot even tell the
difference between him and Graham:
(GRACE lies sunbathingin a tiny shaft of light comingthrougha crackin the ceiling.)
(GRAHAM is on one side of her, TINKER the other.[...]

GRAHAM takesone hand, TINKER the other.)
GRACE: My balls hurt.
TINKER: You're a woman.
VOICES: Lunatic Grace.
GRACE: Like to feel you here.
GRAHAM: Always be here.

And here.
And here.
GRACE: (Laughs. Then suddenlyserious.)They keep calling me.
TINKER: That's what I'm saying.
GRAHAM: Love me or kill me.
TINKER: Can make you better.
GRACE: Love you.
GRAHAM: Swear.
TINKER: Yes.
GRACE: On my life.
GRAHAM: Don't cut me out.
GRACE: Graham.
VOICES: Frazzle it out.
TINKER: Tinker. (Kane 1998a:28-29)
Tinker, who does not hear or see Graham, suggests to Grace that he "can
make her better" by affixing the balls that supposedly hurt. But Grace, now
disembodied herself, can only attend to Graham and the Voices and not her
own body or Tinker. Tinker has to correct her when she refers to Graham in-
stead of him. As she swears to love Graham, she simultaneously shuts out Tin-
ker and seems to comply with him. Loving Graham, refusing to cut him out,
actually puts Grace into Tinker's hands. When Tinker suggests he "can make
you better," she replies with "Love you" and she reassures him "On my life."
Tinker thinks he is giving Grace what she wants even though it destroys her.
We cannot say Grace would necessarily protest the sex change-with it she
can become Graham-but, in this state, we know she does not realize what
Tinker is suggesting, nor does she realize that she is even complying.
The electroshock therapy, which precedes the surgery, leaves Grace un-
done. She "doesn'trespond"to anything, even a dear student/inmate's suicide
(Kane 1998a:36-38). The surgery is actually the only thing that revives Grace/
Graham:
I56 Annabelle Singer
GRACE: (Touchesherstitched-ongenitals.)
F- F
TINKER: Do you like it?
GRACE: F-
TINKER: You'll get used to him.
Can't call you Grace anymore.
Call you...Graham. I'll call you Graham.
(He beginsto leave.)

GRAHAM: Tinker.
TINKER: (Turnsand looks at GRACE.)
GRACE and GRAHAM: Felt it. (Kane 1998a:39)
Only now can Grace speak again. Now she has the body of Graham, now they
can really feel the same through the same body. At the end of this scene, Gra-
ham exits and in the last scene "Grace now looks exactly like Graham," she is
"Grace/Graham."
Through this systematic dehumanization, Grace has overcome the physical
limitations of her body and recovered her brother, but the price is her self.
Kane's final image:
(CARL and GRACE sit next to eachother.

GRACE now looksand soundsexactlylike GRAHAM. She is wearinghis clothes.)
(CARL wears/.../ GRACE's (women's)clothes.)(Kane 1998a:43)
Grace no longer exists as a single subject; she has dispersed. She also put this
process in motion: she came to this institution, and she disregarded herself in
retrieving Graham. In this last vision we see Grace's determination and de-
humanization. Grace/Graham, in the midst of the paradox, struggles with two
voices:
GRACE/GRAHAM: You bastard how dare you leave me like this.

Felt it.
Here. Inside. Here.
And when I don't feel it, it's pointless.
Think about getting up it's pointless.
Think about eating it's pointless.
Think about dressing it's pointless.
Think about speaking it's pointless.
Think about dying only it's totally fucking pointless.
Here now.
Safe on the other side and here.
Graham.
(A longsilence.)
Always be here.
Thank you, Doctor. (Kane 1998a:43-44)
SarahKane I157
Isn'tit beautiful?(And [Grace]is the perfectname for Tinker'swoman.)
And it's interestinghow much Tinkerphysicallymanipulates,pun-
ishes, andprobesthe other Grace[i.e., other than the Graceof God] in
his effortto win her. It remindsme of the flagellantswho beat them-
selvesto become closerto god. Tinkerbeatsgraceinstead.It alsore-
mindsme of the men who thought or think they could become closer
to god by tryingto intellectuallyunderstandgod.
The messageis beautiful.Loveand surrender."Sacrifice"andyou
will be "saved."Loseyourselfandyou will be "found."It's all the tradi-
tional rhetoric,but it hasso much more of a profoundeffect. It'slike
she's REALLYtelling the story of Christ.Love and total surrender.It's
prettymuch what Christwas sayingandprettymuch what he did. Kane
shows us how difficultit is and how painful,but also how beautiful.And
I alsolove how it reallyhasnothing to do with religion (aspracticed)
but everythingto do with being human.[...]
And the resurrectedChristin Graham.Christarisenand all Chris-
tians(allwho believe in Him) struggleto imitateHim in orderto have
everlastinglife.
GraceimitatesGraham.She doesn't think of him as dead,as Chris-
tiansthinkingof Christliving in them. Gracesaysshe feels like Graham
inside.
She saysto Tinkertreatme like a patient.She wantsto undergothe
struggleof Graham.To feel his pain, as Christianslong to feel the pain
of Christ.Truebelieversfeel the pain of Christand receivethe stigmata,
the 5 woundsof Christ. (Stephaniein Pineo 2002)
This kind of faith may have been a point of inspiration,but I don't think
Kanesaw surrendering to love or God or grace as beautiful.Kaneleft God be-
causeshe felt the Churchwas impure.
Impaling[like the impalingthatCarlsuffersto force him to betrayhis

promiseand revealRod as his lover],besidesbeing a referenceto the
characterRod and the penis, is also one of those thingsyou readabout
the Ottomansdoing to the Serbsbackin the day.I think the idea was to
set the impaledpersonup in a public areaas a sign to othersas well as an
individualpunishment.(Towery2002)
The violence, the watched suffering,is not beautiful;it is a warning.Ex-

periencingChrist'ssufferingmay bring us closer to him, but watchinga hu-
man's pain forces me to ask: What is the differencebetween him and me?
Watchinganothergive up on life, forcesme to ask:how did I choose life?
Psychosis 4.48
Untangling Art and Suicide
I am sad
I feel that the future is hopeless and things cannot improve
I am bored and dissatisfied with everything
I am a complete failure as a person
I am guilty, I am being punished
I would like to kill myself
I used to be able to cry but now I am beyond tears
158 AnnabelleSinger
I have lost interest in other people
I can't make decisions
I can't eat
I can't sleep
I can't think
I cannot overcome my loneliness, my fear, my disgust
I am fat
I cannot write
I cannot love
My brother is dying, my lover is dying, I am killing them both
I am charging towards my death
I am terrified of medication
I cannot make love
I cannot fuck
I cannot be alone
I cannot be with others
My hips are too big
I dislike my genitals
At 4.48
when desperation visits
I shall hang myself
to the sound of my lover's breathing
I do not want to die

I have become so depressed by the fact of my mortality that I have decided to
commit suicide
I do not want to live
[...]I
This is becoming my normality (Kane 2oo001:206-08)
4.48 Psychosis was written in the fall and winter of 1998/99 when Kane suc-
cumbed to her most debilitating episode of depression (Greig 2001:XV-XVi).
!i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ..........
.................!i•ii•i~i•i!•i•ii•!:
..........
5. Psychol: LukasMiko,
Heike Kretschmer,and Ma-
riaHenggein 4.48 Psy-
chosis by SarahKane,
translationby Durs Griun-
bein. DirectedbyJames ?
.. ...............
Macdonald.Burgtheatre,
Vienna,Austria, 17 Febru-
ary 2000oo. (Photo by Clau-
dia Prieler)
Sarah Kane 159
She had previously been hospitalized in the fall of 1997. Kane hanged herself
with her shoelaces in the early morning hours on 20 February 1999. 4.48 Psy-
chosishad been commissioned for a production that summer but the play's per-
formance was put off until June 2000, when it was produced at the Royal
Court Jerwood Theatre Upstairs. It was directed by James Macdonald, who
directed the original productions of Blastedand Cleansed."Macdonald split the
play's voice into three: two women and one man. The three voices, in part,
representing the division of a person into victim/perpetrator/bystander"
(Greig 2001i: xvii).
The stage picture consists of a white stage floor, a white-topped table,

two chairs, and three actors: one male and two female. The back wall of
the stage is a forty-five degree wall of mirrors sloping upwards towards
the audience, so the stage can be watched directly or can be observed
from above through the mirrors. This arrangement allows the actors to
sit, stand or even lie down flat and still be seen. Video projections are
used onto the whole stage, half of the stage or the table top, and the ta- 6. Maria Hengge, Lukas
ble is also used for writing lists of numbers (backwards,so they can be Miko, and Heike Kretsch-
read through the mirrors!). mer in 4.48 Psychosis by
The acting cast of Daniel Evans, Jo Mclnnes, and Madeleine Potter Sarah Kane, translation by
was extremely impressive. After opening with probably the longest (de- Durs Grainbein.Directed
liberate) pause I have ever witnessed on stage, one person spoke without byJames Macdonald. Burg-
looking at anyone else and no one moved. The person being spoken to theatre, Vienna, Austria,
could easily be identified by the smallest subtle changes in her face. The 17 February 2000oo.(Photo
by Claudia Prieler)
..............
.
ii........
16o AnnabelleSinger
"scenes" were clearly played out even though no attempt was made to
create "characters" for either the doctor or the patient. The speaking of
the verse-sometimes spoken individually, sometimes spoken in chorus
by two or all three-was clear, precise and had a feeling for the sound of
the language rarely seen in modern theatre. The fact that leading voice
coach Patsy Rodenburg was employed for this production indicates that
this was a priority for the director. (Chadderton 2000)
At times a conversation between patient and therapist becomes clear. At

times we seem to witness the conflicted, racing, fastidious thoughts of a sui-
cidal mind.
After Kane's death there were two camps: one saw her entire body of work
in light of her suicide, the other mourned her death, but declined to even try
to connect her death and her work. The first group reinterpreted Kane's work
in light of her mental anguish: Kane's agent commented that "existential de-
spair [...] makes artists tick" (in Gentleman 1999). Even before her death, a
critic for the Daily Telegraphnoted, "you feel her work owes much more to
clinical depression than real artistic vision" (Sierz 2oo000b).Many critics chose
the first camp:
[O]n the opening night of 4:48 after the production all the journalists
came together in the bar. The discussion: What Exactly Was It About?
None of them wanted to say a bad thing-did they understand it...one
wonders. Well apparently their joint conclusion and even now the most
popular choice-"a 70 minute suicide note." (Jamie 2001)
The second group insisted on seeing Kane's work outside of the frame of
mental disease or suicide: "Sarah Kane's career as a mental patient was briefer
and much less exceptional than as a dramatist-the only freakish thing about
her was her talent" (Tushingham in Sierz 2oo000b);but fellow playwright, An-
thony Nielson reveals the anger that motivates this second group's position:
It worries me when Sarah Kane's agent Mel Kenyon talks about "exis-
tential despair" being "what makes artists tick" (Playwright Kane kills
herself, February 24). Nobody in despair "ticks"-and for Sarah Kane
the clock has stopped. Truth didn't kill her, lies did: the lies of worth-
lessness and futility alike, but we canonise one and stigmatize the other.
They both battle the same banal forces: crazy and irregular tides of
chemicals that crash through the brain. Far from enhancing talent, these
neurological storms waste time, narrow vision and frequently lead, as
here to, to that most tragic, most selfish of actions. (Neilson 1999)
To these witnesses, mental disease interrupted-not enhanced-a promising

career.
In 1999, I put myself in the second camp as I truly believed her plays were
not the product of mental illness.'3 The problem with turning a blind eye to
her suicide, though, is that maybe the first group is right and the plays are in-
sane. Is there a fundamental link between the relentless truth-seeking that
Kane applied to her writing and that she applied to herself? Can they be un-
raveled? Kenyon suggests that the act of writing and the habitual self-
criticizing prevalent in 4.48 Psychosiswere compelling each other:
The only thing I ever wondered about was whether the connection
made with the outer world was becoming less and less, therefore she was
Sarah Kane 161
having to dig deeper and deeper to create. There were times when I
wanted her to embrace doing an adaptation or somethingjust so that
she'd relieve herself of the need to go further inside. (Hattenstone
2000:26)
Simon Kane admits 4.48 Psychosis is about "suicidal despair," so it is under-

standable that some people will interpret the play as a thinly veiled suicide
note, but he challenges us to look further as "this simplistic view does both the
play and my sister's motivation for writing it an injustice" (in Sierz 2oo000b).
According to the American Heritage Dictionary psychosis means "a severe
mental disorder, with or without organic damage characterized by derange-
ment of personality and loss of contact with reality and causing derangement
of normal social functioning." Psychosis is characterized by a severe distortion
of reality. It is often marked by delusions or delusional thinking. The title 4.48
Psychosis refers to the early morning hours when Kane wrote, when she felt
the most sane, though these were also the hours when she appeared the most
insane to others. But 4.48 Psychosis was also based on The Sorrows of Young
Werther, Goethe's novel "about a young man who kills himself because of un-
requited love" (Gibbons 1999). It also contains references to other suicides:
"the chicken's still dancing/the chicken won't stop" (Kane 2001:243) is lifted
"from the Herzog film Stroszek. It was the last film seen by Joy Division singer
Ian Curtis before he committed suicide. As a tribute the words are scratched
into the vinyl of the post-humously released LP" (Fisher 2001). Can 4.48 Psy-
chosis teach us about suicidal despair-not Kane's in particular, but about that
state of mind?
THE CHEMICAL LOBOTOMY
I dreamt I went to the doctor's and she gave me eight minutes to live. I'd been
sitting in the fucking waiting room half an hour.
(A longsilence.)
Okay let's do it, let's do the drugs, let's do the chemical lobotomy, let's shut
down the higher functions of my brain and perhaps I'll be a bit more fucking
capable of living.
Let's do it.
I...]
Symptoms: Not eating, not sleeping, not speaking, no sex drive, in despair,
wants to die.
Diagnosis: Pathological grief.
Setraline, 5o0mg. Insomnia worsened, severe anxiety, anorexia (weight loss

I7kgs), increase in suicidal thoughts, plans and intention. Discontinued fol-
lowing hospitalization.
Zopiclone, 7.g. Slept. Discontinued following rash. Patient attempted to

leave hospital against medical advice. Restrained by three male nurses twice
her size. Patient threatening and uncooperative. Paranoid thought-believes
hospital staff are attempting to poison her.
Melleril, 5omg. Co-operative.
Lofepramine, 7omg, increased to I4omg, then 2IOmg. Weight gain I2kgs.

Short-term memory loss, no other reaction.
162 AnnabelleSinger
Argument with junior doctor whom she accused of treachery after which she
shaved her head and cut her arms with a razor blade.
Patient discharged into the care of the community on arrival of acutely psy-
chotic patient in emergency clinic in greater need of a hospital bed.
Citalopram, 2omg. Morning tremors. No other reaction.

Lofepramine and Citalopram discontinued after patient got pissed off with
side affects and lack of obvious improvement. Discontinuation symptoms:
Dizziness and confusion. Patient kept falling over, fainting and walking out in
front of cars. Delusional ideas-believes consultant is the antichrist.
Fluoxetine hydrochloride, trade name Prozac, 2omg, increased to 4omg. In-
somnia, erratic appetite (weight loss 14kgs), severe anxiety, unable to reach or-
gasm, homicidal thoughts towards several doctors and drug manufacturers.
Discontinued.
Mood: Fucking Angry
Affect: Very angry.
Thorazine, ioomg. Slept. Calmer.

Venlafaxine, 75mg, increased to 150mg, then 225ng. Dizziness, low blood
pressure, headaches. No other reaction. Discontinued.
Patient declined Seroxat. Hypochondria-cites spasmodic blinking and se-
vere memory loss as evidence of tardive dyskinesia and tardive dementia.
Refused all further treatment.
100ooaspirin and one bottle of Bulgarian Cabernet Sauvignon, 1986. Patient

woke in a pool of vomit and said "Sleep with a dog and rise full of fleas." Se-
vere stomach pain. No other reaction. (Kane 2001:22 1 and 223-25)
The preceding list includes two main types of drugs: Selective Serotonin
Repute Inhibitors (SSRIs) and phenothiazines. Today phenothiazines are only
used in extreme cases because they can cause side-effects like constipation,
weight gain, and heart irregularities. Small overdoses can be lethal. These
older drugs seem to be the drugs that are most effective on the patient above:
she is "calmer" and "co-operative" and no side effects are noted. Phenothia-
zines work by inhibiting a neurotransmitter, dopamine, in some brain centers.
They were discovered by accident: thorazine was being used as a "pre-anesthetic
sedative" in France in 1951 when its calmningproperties were observed (Nicholi
1988:483).
Originally, neuroscientists explained the biological mechanisms of depres-
sion in terms of the drugs that treated it: "they theorized that depression must
result from a deficiency of these chemicals [the neurotransmitters like dopa-
mine and serotonin that drugs effect]. Yet a multitude of studies failed to prove
this" (Goode 2002). Like a self-fulfilling prophecy, drugs became a diagnosis:
Prozac works, therefore the patient must be deficient in serotonin. The actual
mechanisms of depression, and other mood disorders, are still unknown.
My friend, a psychiatrist, tells me:
You seem to be searching out the Why of this woman, whereas human
behavioral science researches the What. Behavioralism never presumes
to understand the inner motivations, concerning itself more with topog-
raphy and treatment of negative behaviors. And diagnosis in psychology,
Sarah Kane 163
while a tool, is never a truth. The DSM [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders] reads like a list of symptoms to check off, eight out
of ten means you have this disorder, etc. As you've seen neuroscience is
the least debatable, most medical, branch of the tree, and unfortunately
the most recent. At this point, there is no litmus test we can do for a
given diagnosis. (Theroux 2002)
By "no litmus test," Theroux means that even with a list of a patient's symp-
toms and a list of drugs that work on him or her, we know neither what is mal-
functioning nor why it is malfunctioning. Unfortunately, the patient in 4.48
Psychosis, like me, is searching out the why: perhaps she has been "born in the
wrong body." The therapist, however, ignores her intense inquiry as though
ignoring a child's inappropriate questions, hoping the child will lose interest.
"IT FEELS FUCKING GREAT"
Sometimes I turn around and catch the smell of you and I cannot go on I can-
not fucking go on without expressing this terrible so fucking awful physical
aching fucking longing I have for you. And I cannot believe that I can feel this
for you and you feel nothing. Do you feel nothing?
(Silence.)
Do you feel nothing?
(Silence.)
And I go out at six in the morning and start my search for you. If I've dreamt
a message of a street or a pub or a station I go there. And I wait for you.
(Silence.)
You know I really feel like I'm being manipulated.
(Silence.)
I've never in my life had a problem giving another person what they want. But
no one's ever been able to do that for me. No one touches me, no one gets
near me. But now you've touched me somewhere so fucking deep I can't be-
lieve and I can't be that for you. Because I can't find you.
(Silence.)
What does she look like?
And how will I know her when I see her?
She'll die, she'll die, she'll only fucking die.
(Silence.)
Do you think it's possible for a person to be born in the wrong body?
(Silence.)
Do you think it's possible for a person to be born in the wrong era?
(Silence.)
Fuck you. Fuck you. Fuck you for rejecting me by never being there, fuck you
for making me feel like shit about myself, fuck you for bleeding the fucking
love and life out of me, fuck my father for fucking up my life for good and fuck
my mother for not leaving him, but most of all fuck you God for making me
love a person who does not exist, FUCK YOU FUCK YOU FUCK YOU.
-Oh dear, what happened to your arm?

-I cut it.
-That's a very immature, attention-seeking thing to do. Did it give you re-
lief?
-No.
-Did it relieve the tension?
--No.
-Did it give you relief?
(Silence.)
Did it give you relief?
- No.
-I don't understand why you did that.
-Then ask.
-Did it relieve the tension?
(A longsilence.)
Can I look?
--No. like to
-I'd look, to see if it's infected.
- No.
(Silence.)
-I thought you might do this. Lots of people do. It relieves the tension.
-Have you ever done it?
-No. Far too fucking sane and sensible. I don't know where you read that,
but it does not relieve the tension.
(Silence.)
Why don't you ask me why?
Why did I cut my arm?
-Would you like to tell me?
-Yes.
-Then tell me.
-ASK
ME
WHY.
(A long silence.)
-Why did you cut your arm?
-Because it feels fucking great. Because it feels fucking amazing.
-Can I look?
-You can look. But don't touch.
-(Looks.) And you don't think you're ill?
-No.
-I do. It's not your fault. But you have to take responsibility for your own
actions. Please don't do it again. (Kane 200oo1:214-18)
Originally understood as a cry for help or a failed suicide, many now interpret
self-mutilation as a complex coping mechanism:
"There is no hazy line," says Lindsay, a fifteen-year-old cutter. "If I'm

suicidal I want to die, I have lost all hope. When I'm self-injuring, I
want to relive emotional pain and keep on living. Suicide is a permanent
exit. Self-injury helps me get through the moment." (Strong 1998:32)
Psychologists theorize that blood-letting holds together a broken psyche:
"I used to have a picture of my mind as this round black blob in my

hands, and little bits would break off, and then more and more bits, until
there were hundreds of bits that kept dropping and couldn't hold to-
gether," says Josie, a twenty-nine-year-old Australian college student
who was severely neglected by her mother and sexually abused by her
father. "It would just keep fragmenting and disintegrating until it was
SarahKane 165
smallerthansand.Then therewould be no thoughts,just emptiness,like
a blackhole thatwas suckingme in." (Strong1998:32)
As a child the patientused dissociationto escapetrauma.Dissociationpro-

ducesan escapefromphysicaland emotionalreality.We all use dissociationin
limited amounts,like daydreaming,but some slip "chronicallyinto statesof
numbnessand emptinessunder stress"(Strong 1998:38).Before cutting, the
mind that employeddepersonalizationto escapepain is now in dangerof dis-
integrating."It's reallya life-threateningsituationto have that experience,
says San FranciscopsychologistMichael Wagner."It's equivalentto feeling
that you are no longer going to exist." Ironicallycutting providesa sense of
reintegration,like a jolt of realityto the vanishingself. The sensationof pain
and the sight of blood break through the deadening depersonalizationand
provethat the cutter is alive, human,whole: "I feel so unrealin those states,
like I'm disappearing[...]. With the pain, cutting and burningbring me back
into sharpfocus" (in Strong1998:40).
Cutting oneself is an impulsiveself-injuriousbehavior(SIB),as opposedto
stereotypic,psychotic,or compulsiveSIBwhich includeeverythingfromhead
bangingto castrationto hairpullingand nail biting. Cuttingis precipitatedby
"escalatingdysphoria"which may be "fear, shame, anger, loneliness, and
panic"(Simeonand Hollander200I:I 18).
Neurobiologiststheorize that SIB is a resultof low serotoninlevels, as this
contributesto impulsivityandaggression.Or, they theorize,it "maybe linked
with a desire to release endorphins,and decreasedistressby increasingthe
presenceof naturalpainkillers"(Theroux 2002). Currently,scientistsare in-
vestigatinghow physicalpain may be relatedto mood disorders.One of the
most promisingnew lines of researchrevolvesaroundSubstanceP, a neuro-
transmitterthat is releasedby intense physicalpain and appears"to play a key
role in the regulationof emotions" (Stahl 1999:77).Drugs that block the ac-
tions of SubstanceP arecurrentlybeing testedto treatdepression.
Patientsthat feel relief aftercutting tend to sufferfrom analgesia,a mecha-
nismwhereby the body suppressesits abilityto feel pain.They "indicatedim-
provementin areasof depression,anxiety,anger,and confusion" (Russ et al.
1992:5o01)after cutting, whereaspatientswithout analgesiareportedno im-
provement(Simeonand Hollander2001:126). If these individualsdo not have
normal pain perception, they may also have malfunctioningperceptionand
responseto stress.Creatingextremepain may allow them to respondto stress
as othersdo.'4 Similarly,experimentson individuallyhoused monkeys:
suggestthatanimalsexhibitingSIB havea bluntedstressresponse,which

is indicatedby less arousal[thancontrolanimals]when exposed to ex-
ternalstressors.[...] If this is the case,then SIB may function to increase
stimulationfroma typicallylow level of arousalor converselymay serve
to keep animalsfrombecomingtoo aroused.(Schroeder,Oster-Granite,
and Thompson 2002:159)
In monkeys, SIB varied with sex, species, and amount of days they were
housed alone suggesting that a mix of hormones, genes, and environmental
factors contribute to the behavior.
Conclusion
How can you figure out if you are sane? This is a Strange Loop indeed.
Once you begin to question your own sanity, you get trapped in an
ever-tighter vortex of self-fulfilling prophecies, though the process is by

no means inevitable. Everyone knows that the insane interpret the world
via their own peculiarly consistent logic; how can you tell if your own
logic is "peculiar" or not, given that you have only your own logic to
judge itself? I don't see any answer. I am just reminded of Godel's sec-
ond Theorem, which implies that the only versions of formal number
theory which assert their own consistency are inconsistent... (Hofstadter
[I1979] 1999:696)
I never thought she was crazy. Even after I finally believed that she had killed
herself. Even philosophizing "crazy" as a construct for which I lay the bound-
aries, I never put that boundary between myself and Kane. Others did. I never
thought she was abnormal for an artist.
Kane was not alone in representing explicit violence or sex. Many artists,
mostly performance artists, have gone further. In the height of the body art
movement in the 1960s and '70s, Chris Burden dangled by his feet six feet off
the ground, holding a camera, and dropped in Movie on the WayDown (1973).
Today, Franko B bleeds real blood from real wounds in his performance I Miss
You(2001). These performers do what Kane only refers to, but conceptually,
they all three commit the same act: they "take literally." Burden and Franko B
take performance literally: its fleeting nature, its spectacle. They take these same
aspects of the body literally. In comparison to other media, performance brings
us face to face with our mortality. Kane might say the same thing but, really, she
takes a different theatre tradition literally, that of Pinter, Bond, and Beckett:
that of moral turmoil. The spectacle aspects of her work, the bloody or offen-
sive, were slowly edited out over the years. She replaced realistic violence with
figurative staging in Cleansed. By Cravethere was no physical violence.
The stage directions that involve murder and dismemberment must be
modified" to be staged, but directions involving sex need not be.' Pornog-
raphy is common, but Kane declined to reap the benefits of that spectacle. The
sex staged in Kane's work was unremarkable. In Cleansed:
Grace and Graham got into bed and made the movements of love-
making under the sheets. The Woman, in her costume of bra and pant-
ies, sat on Tinker's lap, still in his guard's uniform; she undid his zip to
give the suggestion of pulling out his penis, but didn't actually get it out.
In that position they made the movements of having sex, but she kept
her underwear in place. (Cully 2003)
Kane wanted a visceral theatre experience. But she did this by building dra-
matic tension, not by presenting the audience with a visceral experience. As a
testament to her dramatic skills, Kane's plays provoked shock without using
these more realistic portrayals of sex and violence.
I never thought she was crazy, I thought "crazy" was just our own inability
to make sense of another's way of thinking. Kane's thinking never lacked
sense; it was rigorous and agile. At Royal Holloway, no question asked of her
was one she hadn't asked herself already. She pulled responses out of the re-
cesses of her memory with a hint of boredom. But, inevitably, she would turn
the answer into an opportunity to explore a much more nuanced dilemma.
Her statements were always true, if only because they couldn't be proved oth-
erwise: "[Jeremy Weller's Mad, 1992] changed my life because it changed me,
the way I think, the way I behave. If theatre can change lives, then it can
change society" (Kane in Sierz 2000a:93).
It strikes me only now that perhaps she too was unsatisfied with her answers.
Sarah Kane I167
Kane hated program notes and other forums where an artist explains her work.
A good artist disciplines herself to communicate with her audience only
through her work. This leaves many things unsaid. Trying to gain insight into
Kane's mind, I can only turn to my own. But the conclusions I can draw from
here are no different than "it changed my life because it changed me [...]. If
theatre can change lives, then it can change society": true by default.
Notes
i. Not for lack of trying. In the spring of 2001, the Royal Court in London staged a revival
of her works. I had tickets and planned to cross eight time zones to see Kane's work in
its original home. However, my passport was stolen at the airport. Getting a new pass-
port within 24 hours involved quite a performance, complete with costumes, makeup,
car racing, careful deception, and outright lies. But San Francisco traffic prevailed and I
did not make the flight that would have gotten me to the last performances.
2. Crave, "a virtually actionless piece of word-music" and a bold new direction in Kane's
work, was first performed at the Traverse Theatre, 13 August 1998 (Billington 1998:1I2).
In the first run, the author appeared as Marie Kelvedon, to free the play from Kane's
reputation for extreme violence and obscenity. In the program, Kelvedon's bio reads:
Marie Kelvedon is twenty-five. She grew up in Germany in British Forces ac-
commodation and returned to Britain at sixteen to complete her schooling. She
was sent down from St Hilda's college, Oxford, after her first term, for an act of
unspeakable I)adaism in the college dining hall. She has had her short stories
published in various literary magazines and has a volume of poems Onzuiver
("Impure") published in Belgium and Holland. Her Edinburgh Fringe Festival
debut was in 1996, a spontaneous happening through a serving hatch to an au-
dience of one. Since leaving Holloway she had worked as a mini-cab driver, a
roadie with the Manic Street Preachers and as a continuity announcer for BBC
Radio World Service. She now lives in Cambridgeshire with her cat, Grotowski.
Kane's sense of humor was firmly rooted in theatre history.

3. Kane did not verbalize this way of thinking about theatre until late in her career, but her
intent on producing a visceral experience is evident in the extreme reactions her earlier
plays produced. Critics, whether they liked her work or not, could not fail to mention
the extreme physical responses they had to it. Later in her career, as she articulated the
significance of physical intensity over theatrical conventions, Kane was freed from many
formal considerations, like blocking, characters, scenes, etc. These are entirely absent
from Crave. Prior to Crave, Kane's work, though extreme, upheld these basics tenets of
"what makes a play."
4. The Jesus and Mary Chain formed in Glasgow in 1984. They released Psychocandy in
1985. "The feedback, simple yet catchy songs, and basic drum beat were unlike any re-
cordings of the time" (Skies 2003).
5. A colleague who has lived in Britain and America explained that Newsnight is the British
version of a TV program like Fox Files, not exactly hard news.
6. In Britain, therapy is reserved for the most mentally unstable and therefore carries a
stigma that does not exist among the shrink-seeking middle- and upper-middle-class
Americans.
7. Many later articles quoted the more outraged original reviews as "proof" that the play
was useless obscenity. These articles were even further removed from the play itself;
rather they just found a story in the Royal Court's insistence that the show go up and
go on, and in the "rape play girl's" lack of response to the media onslaught.
8. Vernon had not seen the play, he was responding to Michael Billington's review in The
Guardian. He disputes the basis of Billington's critique, that a play about war should
specify the opposing sides.
9. However, "the critics" are not a homogenous group. David Benedict of the Independent,
one of the few supportive critics, explains: "we all knew which critics wouldn't like it.
It is horrifying but I thought it was wonderful. It is astonishingly controlled, meticulous
and brave. You could have heard a pin drop" (in Braid 1995:3).
o10. My research was funded by a Fulbright Grant from the Institute for International Edu-
168 AnnabelleSinger
cation, a body of the U.S. government. I am by no means an expert but it was an en-
lightening and draining experience.
I i. I am reprinting these excerpts as they appear on the website, complete with spelling
mistakes and grammaticalerrors as fixing the grammarcan change the authors' inten-
tions. Also, many of the contributors are not native English speakers.
12. These excerpts are found under a different, later topic: "Cleansed."
13. In the past few years I have come to realize that those who critique art actually believe
that their discourse unlocks the mysteries of the creative process. For instance a Freud-
ian critic believes that Kane, whether consciously or not, must be writing about her re-
lationship with her mother and father in Cleansed.To me, having gone through my own
creative processes, these methods of critique only guided us to ask new questions, they
were not answers in themselves. I believe Kane's account of the process of writing
Blasted:she groped in the dark, asking questions and answering them with her dramatic
reflex.
14. I'm summarizing and connecting a multitude of studies here. A scientist would never
propose what I have laid out without much more evidence. Pain perception is very
complex: pain travelsthrough many pathwaysin the body depending on where the nox-
ious stimulus is and what kind of pain it produces. Much more research is needed to
untangle the relationshipbetween physical and emotional pain; but pain is hardto study
because it is unethical to administerin extreme amounts on humans and it is difficult to
measurepain verballyor nonverbally.But, "more than any other sensory modality [pain]
is influenced by emotional state and environmental contingencies" (Kandel, Schwartz,
andJessel [1991] 2000:489-90).
15. Some performers do mutilate their bodies. Orlan has undergone multiple plastic sur-
geries in her performances. But I don't know of anyone asking others to undergo mu-
tilation for a piece they haven't written.
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1999 "Substance P and the Neurokinins: Novel Peptide Neurotransmitters in Psy-
chopharmacology."Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 60, 2 (February):77-78.
Strong, Marilee
1998 A Bright Red Scream: Self-Mutilation and the Language of Pain. New York City:
Viking.
Theroux, Katie
2002 "Re: Psychology info?" Email to author, 13 December.
Tinker, Jack
1995 "The Disgusting Feast of Filth." Daily Mail, 19 January:5.
Towery, Stephanie
2002 "Re: Don't forget about Cleansed!-Violence." Online posting, 22 Febru-
ary. Sarah Kane Discussion, site active since 8 February 2001 <http://www.
iainfisher.com/kane/disc_frm.htm> (5 December 2002).
Sarah Kane 171
Urban, Ken
2001 "An Ethics of Catastrophe:The Theatre of SarahKane." PAJ:AjournalofPer-
formanceandArt 69:56-66.
Vernon, Reverend Bob
1995 "A SavagePlay Looks Beyond Bombed Out Indifference to a SavageWorld."
Guardian(London), 23 January:21.
Annabelle Singer wasfirst introducedto Kane's workand Kane herselfas an under-

graduatestudying abroadat Royal Holloway, Universityof London. She receiveda
BA in theatreand women'sstudiesfrom WesleyanUniversityin 2ooo and then spent
a yearstudyingwomenin situationsof armedconflicton the borderbetweenBurmaand
Thailand. She continuesthis researchinto humans understressand trauma, but in a
morecontrolledenvironment.She is conductinghuman brain imagingstudies at UC
San Francisco'sNeurologyDepartmentand UC Berkeley'sBrainImagingCenterand
will presentherfindings in April, 200oo4.

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Don't Want to Be This: The Elusive Sarah Kane

Author(s): Annabelle Singer

The Drama Review 48, 2 (Ti82), Summer200oo4. ? 20oo4

Until the age of seventeen, I sincerely believed I had nothing to fear in

1. Pip Donaghyand Kate

Kane was a moralhardasswho, throughher plays,aimed to force othersto

Increasingly,I'm findingperformancemuch more interestingthanact-

It [...] happened at the Mona Hatoum exhi-

a spie me in powerful and direct contact with my

......... Blasted /...] Balefully orperniciously blown

2. Cleansed: The Woman

IAN: Don't like your clothes.

CATE: (Looks douwnat her clothes.)

IAN: You look like a lesbos.

CATE: What's that?

IAN: Don't look very sexy, that's all.

CATE: Oh. (She continues to eat.)

(IAN attemptsto dress,butfumbles with embarrassment.

(CATE eats, andgiggles overthe sandwiches.)

(He pushes his riflein IAN's face.)

(He kissesIAN very tenderlyon the lips. They stareat eachother.)

(The SOLDIER turnsIAN overwith one hand.

(The SOLDIER grips IAN's head in his hands.

With the entrance of the soldier these atrocities become as commonplace as

With no interval, Blastedwas a grueling one hour and fifty minutes.

Unmitigated horrors and numbing amorality leave a sour taste in the

In an interview at Royal Holloway, where I studied in the fall of 1998, Kane

We begin with a journalist indulging in all manner of graphic sexual ac-

Finally, he makes some reference to a canonical drama, the supposedly univer-

I tried to draw on lots of different theatrical traditions. War is confused

Ratherthandistinguishright from wrong, the core of all moralisticen-

Here Urbansummarizeswhat had become the dominantreadingof Kane's

The StrongRight is full of certainties,certaintieswhich areabhorrent.

KaneherselfexplainsBlastedcoyly. "I find discussionaboutthe moralityof

Any opinions I haveaboutBlastedhavebeen put togetherwith hind-

During its creation Blastedunderwent many stages in the writing process:

Read this way,Kane'swork is a seriesof artisticproblemsor questions,and a

me "Tinker." I loved her dearly and tend to

In Cleansed, the stories of Carl and Grace are inter-

As a section of perimeter fence or a hospital bed are flown slowly down

ing degree of stylization,the pain would be unwatchable.Yet the night I

Withinthisaesthetic,Kanepropelsyou into her imagination,herreality,but the

When reviewing Cleansed,the critics, perhapsfeeling self-consciousfrom

I also came across another sugestion which I found interesting. Univer-

Location is important because we want to know how real or how metaphorical

One influence on the violence in 'Cleansed' would be the TV news and

THE BEAUTY AND HORROR OF SHARING PAIN

Pain is an individual experience-enter representation. The pain that is suf-

So, for the person in pain, so incontestably and unnegotiably present is it

Simultaneously, pain becomes a boundary between the experience of oneself

When I first read [Barthes's equation of a rejected lover and a prisoner

GRACE: Love me or kill me, Graham.

(He hesitates.Then kissesher,slowly andgently atfirst, then harderand deeper.)

(GRAHAM takesoff hershirtand staresat herbreasts.)

Though Grace looks like Graham, he is still a separate person, a person to

.... .. ... ma:

(GRACE is beingbeatenby an unseengroupof men whose VOICES we hear.

GRACE: It's coming.

GRAHAM: You can surf it. (Kane 1998a:24-26)