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NAME ___________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________

REVIEW SHEET
exercise
Special Senses: Vision

Anatomy of the Eye

24
1. Name five accessory eye structures that contribute to the formation of tears and/or aid in lubrication of the eyeball, and
then name the major secretory product of each. Indicate which has antibacterial properties by circling the correct secretory
product.

Accessory structures Product

lacrimal glands saline solution; lysozyme

conjunctiva mucus

tarsal or meibomian glands oily secretion

caruncle whitish, oily secretion

ciliary glands sweat

2. The eyeball is wrapped in adipose tissue within the orbit. What is the function of the adipose tissue?

To package, protect, and cushion the eyeball in the bony orbit.

What seven bones form the bony orbit? (Think! If you can’t remember, check a skull or your text.)

sphenoid ethmoid palatine

zygomatic maxillary

frontal lacrimal

3. Why does one often have to blow one’s nose after crying? Because tears drain into the nasal cavities via the

nasolacrimal ducts.

4. Identify the extrinsic eye muscle predominantly responsible for the actions described below.

lateral rectus 1. turns the eye laterally

medial rectus 2. turns the eye medially

inferior oblique 3. turns the eye up and laterally

inferior rectus 4. turns the eye inferiorly

superior rectus 5. turns the eye superiorly

superior oblique 6. turns the eye down and laterally

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5. What is a sty? Inflammation of a small oil or sweat gland associated with the eye exterior.

Conjunctivitis? Inflammation of the conjunctiva.

6. Using the terms listed on the right, correctly identify all structures provided with leader lines in the diagram.
c 1. anterior chamber
a b

l
l 2. anterior segment
c containing aqueous
d humor
t 3. bipolar neurons
p 4. ciliary body and
processes
e 5. ciliary muscle
e
f 6. choroid
m o
n a
p 7. cornea
f
j 8. dura mater
g
Blowup of q 9. fovea centralis
photosensitive
h
retina u 10. ganglion cells

u o 11. iris
b 12. lens
t
r 13. optic disc
s

i
k 14. optic nerve
r
q
Pigmented s 15. photoreceptors
epithelium
n 16. posterior chamber
i 17. retina
j h 18. sclera
k
d 19. scleral venous sinus
m 20. suspensory
ligaments
g 21. vitreous body in
posterior segment

Notice the arrows drawn close to the left side of the iris in the diagram above. What do they indicate?

The flow of aqueous humor from the ciliary processes of the ciliary body to the scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm).

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5. What is a sty? Inflammation of a small oil or sweat gland associated with the eye exterior.

Conjunctivitis? Inflammation of the conjunctiva.

6. Using the terms listed on the right, correctly identify all structures provided with leader lines in the diagram.
c 1. anterior chamber
a b

l
l 2. anterior segment
c containing aqueous
d humor
t 3. bipolar neurons
p 4. ciliary body and
processes
e 5. ciliary muscle
e
f 6. choroid
m o
n a
p 7. cornea
f
j 8. dura mater
g
Blowup of q 9. fovea centralis
photosensitive
h
retina u 10. ganglion cells

u o 11. iris
b 12. lens
t
r 13. optic disc
s

i
k 14. optic nerve
r
q
Pigmented s 15. photoreceptors
epithelium
n 16. posterior chamber
i 17. retina
j h 18. sclera
k
d 19. scleral venous sinus
m 20. suspensory
ligaments
g 21. vitreous body in
posterior segment

Notice the arrows drawn close to the left side of the iris in the diagram above. What do they indicate?

The flow of aqueous humor from the ciliary processes of the ciliary body to the scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm).

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7. Match the key responses with the descriptive statements that follow.

Key: a. aqueous humor e. cornea j. retina

b. choroid f. fovea centralis k. sclera
c. ciliary body g. iris l. scleral venous sinus
d. ciliary processes of h. lens m. suspensory ligament
the ciliary body i. optic disc n. vitreous humor

m; suspensory ligament 1. attaches the lens to the ciliary body

a; aqueous humor 2. fluid filling the anterior segment of the eye

k; sclera 3. the “white” of the eye

i; optic disc 4. part of the retina that lacks photoreceptors

c; ciliary body 5. modification of the choroid that controls the shape of the
crystalline lens

c; ciliary body 6. contains the ciliary muscle

l; scleral venous sinus 7. drains the aqueous humor from the eye

j; retina 8. tunic containing the rods and cones

n; vitreous humor 9. substance occupying the posterior segment of the eyeball

b; choroid 10. forms the bulk of the heavily pigmented vascular tunic

c; ciliary body , g; iris 11. smooth muscle structures

f; fovea centralis 12. area of critical focusing and discriminatory vision

d; ciliary processes of the ciliary body 13. form (by filtration) the aqueous humor

a; aqueous humor , e; cornea , h; lens ,

n; vitreous humor 14. light-bending media of the eye

e; cornea 15. anterior continuation of the sclera—your “window on the world”

k; sclera 16. composed of tough, white, opaque, fibrous connective tissue

8. The iris is composed primarily of two smooth muscle layers, one arranged radially and the other circularly.

Which of these dilates the pupil? The radial layer

9. You would expect the pupil to be dilated in which of the following circumstances? Circle the correct response(s).

a. in brightly lit surroundings c. during focusing for near vision

b. in dimly lit surroundings d. in observing distant objects

10. The intrinsic eye muscles are under the control of which of the following? (Circle the correct response.)

autonomic nervous system somatic nervous system

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Microscopic Anatomy of the Retina

11. The two major layers of the retina are the epithelial and nervous layers. In the nervous layer, the neuron populations are
arranged as follows from the epithelial layer to the vitreous humor. (Circle all proper responses.)

bipolar cells, ganglion cells, photoreceptors photoreceptors, ganglion cells, bipolar cells

ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

12. The axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve, which exits from the eyeball.

13. Complete the following statements by writing either rods or cones on each blank:

The dim light receptors are the rods . Only cones are

found in the fovea centralis, whereas mostly rods are found in the periphery of the retina.

Cones are the photoreceptors that operate best in bright light and allow for color vision.

Vi s u a l P a t h w a y s t o t h e B r a i n
14. The visual pathway to the occipital lobe of the brain consists most simply of a chain of five neurons. Beginning with the pho-
toreceptor cell of the retina, name them and note their location in the pathway.

(1) photo receptor cell; retina (4) neuron; lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

(2) bipolar cell; retina (5) cortical neuron; occipital (visual) cortex of the

(3) ganglion cell; retina cerebral hemisphere(s)

15. Visual field tests are done to reveal destruction along the visual pathway from the retina to the optic region of the brain. Note
where the lesion is likely to be in the following cases:

Normal vision in left eye visual field; absence of vision in right eye visual field: Right optic nerve

Normal vision in both eyes for right half of the visual field; absence of vision in both eyes for left half of the visual

field: Right optic tract (or right optic cortex)

16. How is the right optic tract anatomically different from the right optic nerve? The right optic nerve contains fibers from the

right eye only. The right optic tract contains fibers from the lateral aspect of the right eye and the medial aspect of the left eye.

Dissection of the Cow (Sheep) Eye

17. What modification of the choroid that is not present in humans is found in the cow eye? Tapetum lucidum

What is its function? To reflect light that enters the eye, thus increasing light stimulation of the retina under dim light conditions.

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18. What does the retina look like? Thin yellowish white membrane. (Often becomes crumpled during dissection of the eye.)

At what point is it attached to the posterior aspect of the eyeball? At the optic disc.

Vi s u a l Te s t s a n d E x p e r i m e n t s
19. Match the terms in column B with the descriptions in column A:

Column A Column B

g; refraction 1. light bending a. accommodation

a; accommodation 2. ability to focus for close (under 20 ft) vision b. astigmatism

d; emmetropia 3. normal vision c. convergence

e; hyperopia 4. inability to focus well on close objects (farsightedness) d. emmetropia

f; myopia 5. nearsightedness e. hyperopia

b; astigmatism 6. blurred vision due to unequal curvatures of the lens or cornea f. myopia

c; convergence 7. medial movement of the eyes during focusing on close objects g. refraction

20. Complete the following statements:

In farsightedness, the light is focused 1 the retina. The lens 1. behind

required to treat myopia is a 2 lens. The “near point” increases
with age because the 3 of the lens decreases as we get older. 2. concave
A convex lens, like that of the eye, produces an image that is
upside down and reversed from left to right. Such an image is called 3. elasticity
a 4 image.
4. real

21. Use terms from the key to complete the statements concerning near and distance vision.

Key: a. contracted b. decreased c. increased d. relaxed e. taut

During distance vision: The ciliary muscle is d , the suspensory ligament is e , the convexity of the lens

is b , and light refraction is b . During close vision: The ciliary muscle is a , the suspensory ligament is

d , lens convexity is c , and light refraction is c .

22. Explain why vision is lost when light hits the blind spot. This area lacks photoreceptors.

23. What is meant by the term negative afterimage and what does this phenomenon indicate? Relative to retinal function, a

negative afterimage is a dark image of a bright object (e.g. light bulb) that is “seen” when the eyes are closed after viewing the bright

object. It indicates that the rhodopsin pigments have been bleached.

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24. Record your Snellen eye test results below:

Left eye (without glasses) (with glasses)

Right eye (without glasses) (with glasses)

Is your visual acuity normal, less than normal, or better than normal?

Explain.

Explain why each eye is tested separately when using the Snellen eye chart. There is usually a slight difference in the visual

acuity of the two eyes.

Explain 20/40 vision. Poorer than normal vision. Able to read #40 letters at 20 feet. The normal eye reads these letters at 40 feet.

Explain 20/10 vision. Better than normal vision. Can read #10 letters at 20 feet. The normal eye would have to be 10 feet away to

read these letters.

25. Define astigmatism: Blurred vision due to unequal curvatures of the lens or cornea.

How can it be corrected? With specially ground (circularly ground) lenses.

26. Record the distance of your near point of accommodation as tested in the laboratory:

right eye left eye

Is your near point within the normal range for your age?

27. Define presbyopia: “Old vision.” A hyperopia resulting from decreasing lens elasticity with advancing age.

What causes it? Decreased function of an increasingly inelastic lens.

28. To which wavelengths of light do the three cone types of the retina respond maximally?

red , blue , and green

29. How can you explain the fact that we see a great range of colors even though only three cone types exist?

When more than one cone type is stimulated simultaneously, intermediate colors (of the visible spectrum) are seen.

30. What is the usual cause of color blindness? Malfunction or absence of one or more of the three cone types.

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31. Explain the difference between binocular and panoramic vision. Binocular—visual fields overlap considerably but not

completely; therefore, slightly different views are received by each eye. Panoramic—little or no overlap of visual fields; therefore,

each eye “sees” a different view.

What is the advantage of binocular vision? Allows for depth perception.

What factor(s) are responsible for binocular vision? The slight difference between the visual fields of the two eyes and the partial

crossover at the optic chiasma.

32. In the experiment on the convergence reflex, what happened to the position of the eyeballs as the object was moved closer

to the subject’s eyes? Eyeballs turned medially.

What extrinsic eye muscles control the movement of the eyes during this reflex? Medial recti

What is the value of this reflex? Allows the image to be precisely focused on the fovea of each eye.

What would be the visual result of an inability of these muscles to function? Diplopia (double vision)

33. In the experiment on the photopupillary reflex, what happened to the pupil of the eye exposed to light?

It constricted. What happened to the pupil of the nonilluminated eye? It constricted.

Explanation? Regulation of pupil constriction by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is coordinate (i.e.

consensual) and prevents overillumination of the delicate retinal cells.

34. Why is the ophthalmoscopic examination an important diagnostic tool? Allows noninvasive examination of the retinal

condition and vasulature.

35. Many college students struggling through mountainous reading assignments are told that they need glasses for “eyestrain.”
Why is it more of a strain on the extrinsic and intrinsic eye muscles to look at close objects than at far objects?

No accommodation or convergence is required for distant vision.

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