1 CHAPTER 30 WIND LOADS: COMPONENTS AND CLADDING

2 30.1 SCOPE

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3 30.1.1 Building Types

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4 This chapter applies to the determination of wind pressures on components and cladding (C&C)

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5 on buildings.

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6 1. Part 1 is applicable to an enclosed, or partially enclosed, or partially open
7 • Low-rise building (see definition in Section 26.2); or

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8 • Building with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m).
9 The building has a flat roof, gable roof, multispan gable roof, hip roof, monoslope roof,
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10 stepped roof, or sawtooth roof, and the wind pressures are calculated from a wind
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11
12
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pressure equation.
2. Part 2 is a simplified approach and is applicable to an enclosed
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13 • Low-rise building (see definition in Section 26.2); or

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14 • Building with h ≤ ft (18.3 m).

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15 The building has a flat roof, gable roof, or hip roof, and the wind pressures are determined
16 directly from a table.
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17 3.2.Part 32 is applicable to an enclosed, or partially enclosed , or partially open

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18 • Building with h > 60 ft (18.3 m).

19 The building has a flat roof, pitched roof, gable roof, hip roof, mansard roof, arched roof,
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20 or domed roof, and the wind pressures are calculated from a wind pressure equation.
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21 4. Part 4 is a simplified approach and is applicable to an enclosed

22 • Building with 60 ft<h ≤ 160 ft ( 18.3 m<h ≤ 48.8 m ).
23 The building has a flat roof, gable roof, hip roof, monoslope roof, or mansard roof, and the wind
24 pressures are determined directly from a table.
25 5.3.Part 5 3 is applicable to an open building of all heights that has a pitched free roof,
26 monoslope free roof, or troughed free roof.
27 6.4.Part 6 4 is applicable to building appurtenances such as roof overhangs, parapets, and
28 rooftop equipment.
1
 1 7.5.Part 7 5 is applicable to non-building structures – – circular bins, silos and tanks;; and
2 rooftop solar panels and roof pavers.
3 • Circular bins, silos, and tanks with h ≤ 120 ft (38.6 m);
4 • Rooftop Solar Panels: Buildings of all heights with flat roofs or Gable or Hip

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5 Roofs with roof slopes less than or equal to 7 degrees; and

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6 • Roof pavers: Buildings of all heights with roof slopes less than or equal to 7

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7 degrees.

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8 30.1.2 Conditions

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9 A building that has design wind loads determined in accordance with this chapter shall comply

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10 with all of the following conditions:
11 1. The building is a regular-shaped building as defined in Section 26.2; and
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12 2. The building does not have response characteristics that make it subject to across-wind
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loading, vortex shedding, or instability caused by galloping or flutter; nor does it have a
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14 site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions
15 warrant special consideration.
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16 30.1.3 Limitations
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17 The provisions of this chapter take into consideration the load magnification effect caused by
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18 gusts in resonance with along-wind vibrations of flexible buildings. The loads on buildings that
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19 do not meet the requirements of Section 30.1.2 or that have unusual shapes or response
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20 characteristics shall be determined using recognized literature documenting such wind load
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21 effects or shall use the wind tunnel procedure specified in Chapter 31.
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22 30.1.4 Shielding

23 There shall be no reductions in velocity pressure caused by apparent shielding afforded by

24 buildings and other structures or terrain features.

25 30.1.5 Air-Permeable Cladding

2
 1 Design wind loads determined from Chapter 30 shall be used for air-permeable claddings,
2 including modular vegetative roof assemblies, unless approved test data or recognized literature
3 demonstrates lower loads for the type of air-permeable cladding being considered.

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4 30.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

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5 30.2.1 Wind Load Parameters Specified in Chapter 26

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6 The following wind load parameters are specified in Chapter 26:

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7 • Basic wind speed, V (Section 26.5).

8 • Wind directionality factor, Kd (Section 26.6).

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9 • Exposure category (Section 26.7).

10 • Topographic factor, K zt (Section 26.8).

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• K e (Section 26.9).
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11 Ground elevation factor,

•
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12 Velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kh K h (Section 26.10.1);

13 • Velocity pressure, (Section 26.10.2).

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14 • Gust-effect factor (Section 26.11).

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15 • Enclosure classification (Section 26.12).

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16 Internal pressure coefficient, ( GC pi ) (Section 26.13).

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17 30.2.2 Minimum Design Wind Pressures

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18 The design wind pressure for C&C of buildings shall not be less than a net pressure of 16 lb/ft2
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19 (0.77 kN/m2) acting in either direction normal to the surface.

20 30.2.3 Tributary Areas Greater than 700 ft2 (65 m2)

21 C&C elements with tributary areas greater than 700 ft2 (65 m2) shall be permitted to be designed
22 using the provisions for main wind force resisting systems.

23 30.2.4 External Pressure Coefficients

3
 1 Combined gust-effect factor and external pressure coefficients for C&C, ( GC p ), are given in

2 the figures associated with this chapter. The pressure coefficient values and gust-effect factor
3 shall not be separated.

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4 PART 1: LOW-RISE BUILDINGS

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5 User Note: Use Part 1 of Chapter 30 to determine wind pressures on C&C of enclosed, and

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6 partially enclosed, and partially open low-rise buildings that have roof shapes as specified in the
7 applicable figures. The provisions in Part 1 are based on the Envelope Procedure, with wind

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8 pressures calculated using the specified equation as applicable to each building surface. For

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9 buildings for which these provisions are applicable, this method generally yields the lowest wind
10 pressures of all analytical methods contained in this standard.
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11 30.3 BUILDING TYPES
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12
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The provisions of Section 30.3 are applicable to an enclosed, and partially enclosed, and partially
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13 open
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14 • Low-rise building (see definition in Section 26.2); or

• Building with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m).
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15
16 The building has a flat roof, gable roof, multispan gable roof, hip roof, monoslope roof, stepped
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17 roof, or sawtooth roof. The steps required for the determination of wind loads on C&C for these
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18 building types are shown in Table 30.3-1.

19
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20 30.3.1 Conditions
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21 For the determination of the design wind pressures on the C&C using the provisions of
22 Section 30.3.2, the conditions indicated on the selected figure(s) shall be applicable to the
23 building under consideration.

24 30.3.2 Design Wind Pressures

4
 1 Design wind pressures on C&C elements of low-rise buildings and buildings with h ≤ 60 ft
2 (18.3 m) shall be determined from the following equation:
3

4 =p qh [(GC p ) − (GC pi )](lb / ft 2 ) 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 ��𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 � − �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �� (lb/ft2) (30.3-1)

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=p qh [(GC p ) − (GC pi )](N / m 2 ) 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 ��𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 � − �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �� (N/m2) (30.3-1.SI)

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5

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6 where

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7 qh =Vvelocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h as defined in Section 26.10;

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8 K d = Wwind directionality factor, see Section 26.6; and
9 ( GC p )= Eexternal pressure coefficients given in:

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10 • Figure. 30.3-1 (walls).
11 • Figuress. 30.3-2A–IG (flat roofs, gable roofs and hip roofs),30.5.2.
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12 • Figure 30.3-3 (stepped roofs).
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13 •
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Figure. 30.3-4 (multispan gable roofs).
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14 Figsure. 30.3-5A–B (monoslope roofs).

15 • Figure. 30.3-6 (sawtooth roofs).
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16 • Figure. 30.3-7 (domed roofs).

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17 • Figure. 2730.3-83, Note 4 (arched roofs).

18 • Figure. 30.3-2A (bottom surfaces of elevated buildings)
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19 ( GC pi )= internal pressure coefficient given in Table 26.13-1.

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20 PART 2: LOW-RISE BUILDINGS (SIMPLIFIED)

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21 User Note: Part 2 of Chapter 30 is a simplified method to determine wind pressures on C&C of
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22 enclosed low-rise buildings that have flat, gable, or hip roof shapes. The provisions of Part 2 are
23 based on the Envelope Procedure of Part 1 with wind pressures determined from a table and
24 adjusted as appropriate.

25 30.4 BUILDING TYPES

26 The provisions of Section 30.4 are applicable to an enclosed

5
 1 • Low-rise building (see definition in Section 26.2); or
2 • Building with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m).
3 The building has a flat roof, gable roof, or hip roof. The steps required for the determination of
4 wind loads on C&C for these building types are shown in Table 30.4-1.

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5

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6

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7 30.3.2.1 Bottom Horizontal Surface of Elevated Buildings. Design wind pressures for C&C

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8 elements on the bottom flat horizontal surface of elevated buildings shall be determined using the

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9 roof pressure coefficients from Figure 30.3-2A with the following modifications:
10 1. h B shall be the height above grade of the bottom surface of the elevated building, as

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11 depicted in Figure 30.3-1A. The value of h shall equal h B for determining zone
12 dimensions from Figure 30.3-2A. For elevated buildings with a flat bottom horizontal
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13 building surface and situated on a slope, h B shall be taken as the maximum height

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14 between the slope and the bottom of the elevated building.
15
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2. Areas of the horizontal surface above partially enclosed spaces and areas extending a B
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16 perpendicular to walls beneath the elevated building with plan dimension greater than 4 ft
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17 (1.2 m), as shown in the shaded regions in Figure 30.3-1A, shall be designed to resist
18 positive pressures equal to the Zone 4 wall pressures obtained using Figure 30.3-1. The
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19 value of a B shall equal 0.4h B or the width of the wall, whichever is smaller for
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20 determining zone dimensions from Figure 30.3-1A.

21 The loading convention shall denote downward loading on the bottom surface with negative
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22 pressure coefficients and upward loading on the bottom surface with positive pressure
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23 coefficients.
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24 EXCEPTION: The provisions of Section 30.3.2.1 do not apply to buildings with h B < h B < 2
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25 ft (0.61 m).
26
27 Table 30.3-1. Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed,
28 and Partially Open Low-Rise Buildings.
29
Step 1: Determine Risk Category; see Table 1.5-1.

6
 Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category; see Figures. 26.5-1
and 26.5-2.
Step 3: Determine the wind load parameters:

• Wind directionality factor, K d ; see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.

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• Exposure Ccategory B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

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• Topographic factor, K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure. 26.8-1.

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• Ground elevation factor, K e ; Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1.

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• Enclosure classification; see Section 26.12.
• Internal pressure coefficient, ( GC pi ); see Section 26.13 and Table 26.13-1.

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Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K h ; see Table 26.10-1.
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Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qh , Equation. (26.10-1).
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Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient, ( GC p ):
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• Walls; see Fig.ure 30.3-1.

•
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Flat roofs, gable roofs, hip roofs; see Figure. 30.3-2.

• Stepped roofs; see Figure. 30.3-3.
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• Multispan gable roofs; see Figure. 30.3-4.

•
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Monoslope roofs; see Figure. 30.3-5.

• Sawtooth roofs; see Figure. 30.3-6.
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• Domed roofs; see Figure. 30.3-7.

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• Arched roofs; see Figure. 2730.3-38., Note 4.

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• Bottom horizontal surface of elevated buildings; see Section 30.3.2.1.

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Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p ; Equation. (30.3-1).

1

2 30.4.1 Conditions.

3 For the design of C&C, the building shall comply with all the following conditions:

7
 1 1. The mean roof height h must be less than or equal to 60 ft (18.3 m) [ h ≤ 60 ft (
2 h ≤ 18.3 m )].

3 2. The building is enclosed as defined in Section 26.2 and conforms to the wind-borne
4 debris provisions of Section 26.12.3.

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5 3. The building is a regular-shaped building as defined in Section 26.2.

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6 4. The building does not have response characteristics that make it subject to across-wind

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7 loading, vortex shedding, or instability caused by galloping or flutter; nor does it have a

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8 site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions

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9 warrant special consideration.
10 5. The building has either a flat roof, a gable roof with θ ≤ 45° , or a hip roof with θ ≤ 27° .

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11 30.4.2 Design Wind Pressures.
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12 Net design wind pressures, pnet , for C&C of buildings designed using the procedure specified
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13
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herein represent the net pressures (sum of internal and external) that shall be applied normal to
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14 each building surface as shown in Fig. 30.4-1. pnet shall be determined by the following
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15 equation:
16 pnet = λK zt pnet 30 (30.4-1)
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17 where
λ = adjustment factor for building height and exposure from Fig. 30.4-1;
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18
topographic factor as defined in Section 26.8, evaluated at 0.33 mean roof height, 0.33h ; and
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19 K zt =

20 pnet 30 = net design wind pressure for Exposure B, at h = 30 ft ( h = 9.1 m ), from Fig. 30.4-1.
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21
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8
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FIGURE 30.3-1. Components and cladding, h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m): external pressure coefficients, (
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2
3 GC p ), for enclosed, partially enclosed, and partially open buildings—walls.
4

9
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1
2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-1A. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)]: External Pressure

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4 Coefficient Zones for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Elevated Buildings
5 with Partially Enclosed Spaces and Areas Beneath the Elevated Building—Bottom
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6 Horizontal Surface of Elevated Buildings.

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10
 ite rm T
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2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-2A. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients ( GC p ) for Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings—

5 Gable Roofs, θ ≤ 7° .
6

11
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St B
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D ut O C
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12
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1
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2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-2B. Components and Cladding[h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed uildings, and Partially Oopen

5 Buildings —Gable Roofs, 7° < θ ≤ 20° .

6

13
 1
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St B
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D ut O C
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14
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2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-2C. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed uildings, and Partially Open

5 Buildings —Gable Roofs, 20° < θ ≤ 27° .

6

15
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St B
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16
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2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-2D. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings —

5 Gable Roofs, 27° < θ ≤ 45° .

17
 1
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St B
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D ut O C
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18
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2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-2E. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed and Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings —

5 Hip Roofs, 7° < θ ≤ 20° (Roof).

19
 1
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St B
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20
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2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-2F Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 60 ft ( h ≤ 18.3 m )]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings—Hip Roofs,

5 7° < θ ≤ 20° (Overhang)

6

21
 ite rm T
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2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-2GF. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings

5 — Hip Roofs, 20° < θ ≤ 27° (roof and overhang).

6

22
 1
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St B
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D ut O C
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N U M
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23
at
 ite rm T
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at
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M
D ut O C
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1
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2
3 FIGURE 30.3-2HG. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)] External Pressure
4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings —

5 Hip Roofs, 27° < θ ≤ 45° 𝛉𝛉 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒°(Roof).

6

24
 ite rm T
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at
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D ut O C
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/
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2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-2I Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 60 ft ( h ≤ 18.3 m )]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings—Hip Roofs,

5 27° < θ ≤ 45° (Overhang)

6

25
 1
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St B
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D ut O C
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N U M
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C Fo AF
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26
at
 ite rm T
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at
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St B

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2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-3. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings,

5 ϴ ≤ 7° — Stepped Roofs.
6

27
 1
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St B
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D ut O C
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28
at
 ite rm T
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at
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St B

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2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-4. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed, Partially Open Buildings —

5 Multispan Ggable Roofs.

6

29
 1
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St B
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D ut O C
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N U M
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30
at
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2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-5A. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings

5 — Monoslope Roofs, 3° < θ ≤ 10° .

6

31
 ite rm T
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2
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3 FIGURE 30.3-5B. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings—

5 Monoslope Roofs, 10° < θ ≤ 30° .

6

32
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St B
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33
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2
3 FIGURE 30.3-6. Components and Cladding [h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: External Pressure
4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings

5 — Sawtooth Roofs.
6

34
 ite rm T
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1
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ot nd E
2

n
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3 FIGURE 30.3-7. Components and Cladding (all heights): External Pressure Coefficients, (
4
se li
GC p ), for Enclosed, and Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings and Structures
M

5 —Domed Roofs.
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6
C
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35
 1 ____________________________________________________________________________
2 Notation:
3 L = Horizontal dimension of building, ft (m), measured normal to ridge.
4 r = Rrise-to-span ratio = ‘rise’/L.

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5 h = Roof height as defined in Chapter 26 for roof angle θ.

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6 θ = Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees, measured at eave.

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7

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8 External Pressure Coefficient, GC p

D
Conditions Rise-to-Span Ratio, r GC p
Zone A Zone B

U er NT
Roof on elevated 0 < r < 0.2 -1.08 -0.84-1.2r
structure 1.8r-0.36
ot nd E
0.2 ≤ r < 0.3 7.2r-2.52 -0.84-1.2r

n
N U M
-0.6
se li 3.3r-0.84
M

0.3 ≤ r ≤ 0.6 -0.84-1.2r

-0.6
D ut O

Roof springing from 1.68r

0 < r ≤ 0.6 -0.84-1.2r
C

ground level -0.6

9
e C
/

10 Notes
rik LI

11 1. At roof perimeter Zone C, use the roof zones (Zone 2 and 3) and external pressure
12 coefficients in Fig. 30.3-2A, B, C, and D with “theta” based on springline slope. In the
o
St B

13 case of Fig. 30.3-2A, use 0.6h as the size of the roof perimeter zone C. For roof Zones A
PU

14 and B, use external pressure coefficients shown in this table.

o

15 2. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces,
16 respectively.
17 3. Where multiple values of GCp are listed, the roof zone is subjected to either positive or
18 negative pressures and the structure shall be designed for all conditions.
19

36
 1 FIGURE 30.3-8. Components and Cladding (all heights): External Pressure Coefficients, (
2 GC p ), (gc p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Buildings and Structures

3 — Arched Roofs.
4

ite rm T
5

C Fo AF
6 Table 30.4-1 Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Enclosed Low-Rise Buildings

at
7 (Simplified Method)

or e R
8

D
Step 1: Determine risk category; see Table 1.5-1.
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable risk category; see Figs. 26.5-1 and

U er NT
26.5-2.
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
ot nd E
n
• Exposure category B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.
N U M
se li
• Topographic factor, K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Fig. 26.8-1.
M

Step 4: Enter figure to determine wind pressures at h = 30 ft ,; see Fig. 30.4-1.

Step 5: Enter figure to determine adjustment for building height and exposure, λ
D ut O

; see Fig. 30.4-1.

C

Step 6: Determine adjusted wind pressures, pnet ; see Eq. (30.4-1).

e C
/

9
rik LI

10 PART 32: BUILDINGS WITH [h ˃ 60 ft (h ˃ 18.3 m)]

o
St B

11 User Note: Use Part 3 2 of Chapter 30 for determining wind pressures for C&C of enclosed, and
PU

12 partially enclosed, and partially open buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m) that have roof shapes as
13 specified in the applicable figures. These provisions are based on the Directional Procedure with
14 wind pressures calculated from the specified equation applicable to each building surface.

15 30.5 4 BUILDING TYPES

16 The provisions of Section 30.5 4 are applicable to an enclosed, or partially enclosed, or partially
17 open building with a mean roof height [h ˃ 60 ft (h ˃ 18.3 m)] with a flat roof, pitched roof,

37
 1 gable roof, hip roof, mansard roof, arched roof, or domed roof. The steps required for the
2 determination of wind loads on C&C for these building types are shown in Table 30.54-1.
3

ite rm T
4 30.54.1 Conditions

C Fo AF
5 For the determination of the design wind pressures on the C&C using the provisions of

at
6 Section 30.54.2, the conditions indicated on the selected figure(s) shall be applicable to the

or e R
7 building under consideration.

D
8 30.54.2 Design Wind Pressures

U er NT
9 Design wind pressures on C&C for all buildings with [h ˃ 60 ft (h ˃ 18.3 m)] h > 60 ft (ℎ >
10 18.3 mh < 18.3 m) ) shall be determined from the following equation:
ot nd E
n
11 =p q(GC p ) − qi (GC pi )(lb/ft 2 ) 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 (𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 ) − 𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � (lb/ft2) (30.45-1)
N U M

12 =
se li
p q(GC p ) − qi (GC pi )(N / m 2 ) 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 (𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 ) − 𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � (N/m2) (30.54-1.SIsi)
M

122T

13 where
D ut O

14 q= qz Ffor windward walls calculated at height z above the ground;

C

15 q= qh Ffor leeward walls, sidewalls, and roofs evaluated at height h ;

16 K d = Wwind directionality factor, see Section 26.6;

e C
/

17 qi = qh Ffor windward walls, sidewalls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed and partially open
rik LI

18 buildings and for negative internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings;
o
St B

19 qi = qz Ffor positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings where height z
PU

20 is defined as the level of the highest opening in the building that could affect the positive internal
o

21 pressure. For positive internal pressure evaluation, qi may conservatively be evaluated at height

22 h ( qi = qh ) ;

23 λ
24 Table 30.54-1. Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Enclosed, or Partially Enclosed,
25 or Partially Open Building with h ˃ 60 ft (h ˃ 18.3 m)] h > 60 ft ( h > 18.3 m )
26

38
 Step 1: Determine Risk Category; see Table 1.5-1.
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category; see Figuress. 26.5-
1 and 26.5-2.
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

ite rm T
• Wind directionality factor, K d ; see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.

C Fo AF
• Exposure Ccategory B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

at
• Topographic factor,

or e R
• K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure. 26.8-1.

D
• Ground elevation factor, K e ; see Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1

U er NT
• Enclosure classification; see Section 26.12.
• Internal pressure coefficient, ( GC pi ); see Section 26.13 and Table 26.13-1.
ot nd E
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient,

n
N U M
K z or K h ; see Table 26.10-1.
se li
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qh , Equation. (26.10-1).
M

Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient, (

D ut O

GC p ):
C

• Walls and flat roofs ( θ<10° ), see Figure. 30.54-1

• Gable and hip roofs, see Figure. 30.3-2 per Note 6 of Figure. 30.45-1
e C
/

• Arched roofs, see Figure. 2730.3-83, Note 4

rik LI

•
o
St B

.
PU

• Domed roofs, see Figure. 30.3-7

o

• Bottom horizontal surface of elevated buildings; see Section 30.4.2.1

Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p , Equation. (30.45-1).
1
2

39
 1
PU
St B
rik LI
e C
o
D ut O C
o / M
N U M
ot nd E
U er NT
se li D
n
or e R
C Fo AF
ite rm T

40
at
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B
PU

1
2 FIGURE 30.54-1. Components and Cladding, Part 3 2 [h ˃ 60 ft (h ˃ 18.3 m)]: External
3 Pressure Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, Partially Open Buildings—

4 Walls and Roofs.

5
6 ( GC p ) = Eexternal pressure coefficients given in:

41
 1 • Figure. 30.54-1 for walls and flat roofs,
2 • Figure. 2730.3-83, Note 4, for arched roofs,
3 • Figure. 30.3-7 for domed roofs,
4 • Note 6 of Figure. 30.54-1 for other roof angles and geometries;

ite rm T
5 • Figure. 30.4-1 for bottom surfaces of elevated buildings

C Fo AF
6

at
7 ( GC pi ) = Iinternal pressure coefficient given in Table 26.13-1.

or e R
8 q and qi shall be evaluated using exposure as defined in Section 26.7.3.

D
9
10 30.4.2.1 Bottom Horizontal Surface of Elevated Buildings. Design wind pressures for C&C

U er NT
11 elements on the bottom flat horizontal surface of elevated buildings shall be determined using the
12 roof pressure coefficients from Figure 30.4-1 with the following modifications:
ot nd E
n
13 1. The velocity pressure, q, used in Equation 30.4-1 shall be calculated at a height equal
N U M
14 se li
to the height above grade of the bottom horizontal surface plus 25% percent of the height
M

15 of the elevated building above the horizontal bottom surface, calculated as [ h B + 0.25(h -
16 h B ) ]. For elevated buildings with a flat bottom horizontal building surface and situated
D ut O

17 on a slope, h B shall be taken as the maximum height between the slope and the bottom of
C

18 the elevated building.

19 2. Areas of the horizontal surface above partially enclosed spaces and areas extending a
e C
/

20 distance a B perpendicular to walls with plan dimension greater than 4 ft (1.2 m), as
rik LI

21 shown by the shaded regions in Figure 30.4-1A, shall be designed to resist positive
o
St B

22 pressures equal to the Zone 4 wall pressures obtained using Figure 30.4-1. The value of
23 a B shall equal 0.4h B or the width of the wall, whichever is smaller, for determining zone
PU

24 dimensions from Figure 30.4-1A.

25 The loading convention shall denote downward loading on the bottom surface with negative
26 pressure coefficients and upward loading on the bottom surface with positive pressure
27 coefficients.
28

42
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M

1
se li
M

2
D ut O

3 FIGURE 30.4-1A. Components and Cladding, Part 3 [h > 60 ft (h > 18.3 m)]: External
4 Pressure Coefficient Zones for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed, and Partially Open Elevated
C

5 Buildings with Partially Enclosed Spaces and Areas Beneath the Elevated Building—
e C
/

6 Bottom Horizontal Surface of Elevated Buildings.

7
rik LI

8
o
St B

9 EXCEPTION: In buildings with a mean roof height h greater than 60 ft (18.3 m) and less than
PU

10 90 ft (27.4 m), ( GC p ) values from Figures. 30.3-1 through 30.3-6 shall be permitted to be used
o

11 if the height-to-width ratio is 1 or lessmean roof height h does not exceed least horizontal
12 dimension.
13 Table 30.6-1 Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Enclosed Building with
14 60 ft<h ≤ 160 ft ( 18.3 m<h ≤ 48.8 m )

15
Step 1: Determine risk category of building; see Table 1.5-1.

43
 Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable risk category; see Figs. 26.5-1 and
26.5-2.
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
• Exposure category B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

ite rm T
Step 4: For flat, gable, hip, monoslope, and mansard roofs with h ≤ 60 ft ( h ≤ 18.3 m ), refer

C Fo AF
to the figures in Table 30.6-2 and determine roof and wall pressures directly from Fig. 30.4-1.

at
Step 5: For flat and monoslope roofs with h > 60 ft ( h > 18.3 m ), see Table 30.6-2 to

or e R
determine pressure on walls and roof, ph , pz .

D
For flat, hip, gable, monoslope, and mansard roofs with h > 60 ft ( h > 18.3 m ) and roof slope
θ ≤ 7 degrees, apply roof pressures as shown in Table 30.6-2. For hip and gable roofs with

U er NT
h > 60 ft ( h > 18.3 m ) and all roof slopes θ > 7 degrees, apply Fig. 30.4-1 with appropriate

velocity pressure qh .
ot nd E
n
N U M
Step 6: Determine topographic factor, K zt , and apply factor to pressures determined from
se li
tables (if applicable); see Section 26.8.
M

PART 4: BUILDINGS WITH 60 ft<h ≤ 160 ft ( 18.3 m<h ≤ 48.8 m ) (SIMPLIFIED)

D ut O

1
C

2 User Note: Part 4 of Chapter 30 is a simplified method for determining wind pressures for C&C
3 of enclosed buildings with 60 ft<h ≤ 160 ft ( 18.3 m<h ≤ 48.8 m ) that have roof shapes as
e C
/

4 specified in the applicable figures. These provisions are based on the Directional Procedure from
rik LI

5 Part 3 with wind pressures selected directly from a table and adjusted as applicable. Fig. 30.4-1
o
St B

6 in Part 2 is referenced for buildings with h ≤ 60 ft ( h ≤ 18.3 m ) for all roof shapes and for the
PU

7 specified roof shapes when h > 60 ft ( h > 18.3 m ).

o

8 30.6 BUILDING TYPES

9 The provisions of Section 30.6 are applicable to an enclosed building that has a mean roof height
10 60 ft < h ≤ 160 ft ( 18.3 m<h ≤ 48.8 m ) with a flat roof, gable roof, hip roof, monoslope roof, or

11 mansard roof. The steps required for the determination of wind loads on C&C for these building
12 types are shown in Table 30.6-1.
13

44
 1 30.6.1 Wind Load: Components and Cladding

2 30.6.1.1 Wall and Roof Surfaces.

3 Design wind pressures on the designated zones of walls and roof surfaces shall be determined from

ite rm T
4 Table 30.6-2 as applicable based on the applicable basic wind speed V , mean roof height h , and

C Fo AF
roof slope θ . Buildings with a mean roof height greater than 60 ft (18.3 m) but less than 70 ft

at
5
6 (21.3 m) shall use the 70 ft (21.3 m) design wind pressures. Tabulated pressures shall be multiplied

or e R
7 by the exposure adjustment factor (EAF) shown in the table if exposure is different from Exposure

D
8 C. Pressures in Table 30.6-2 are based on an effective wind area of 10 ft 2 ( 0.93 m 2 ). Reductions
9 in wind pressure for larger effective wind areas may be taken based on the reduction factors (RF)

U er NT
10 shown in the table. Pressures are to be applied over the entire zone shown in the figures.
11
ot nd E
n
12 Final design wind pressure shall be determined from the following equation:
N U M
13 se li
M

14 p = ptable ( EAF )( RF ) K zt (30.6-1)

15
D ut O

16 where
C

17 RF= effective area reduction factor from Table 30.6-2;

18
e C
/

19 EAF=exposure adjustment factor from Table 30.6-2; and

rik LI

20
o
St B

21 K zt =topographic factor as defined in Section 26.8.

PU

22
o

23 For flat, hip, gable, monoslope, and mansard roofs with all roof slopes θ and h ≤ 60 ft (
24 h ≤ 18.3 m ), roof pressures shall be obtained from Part 2 and Fig. 30.4-1.

25
26 For flat, hip, gable, monoslope, and mansard roofs with h > 60 ft ( h > 18.3 m ) and roof slope
27 θ ≤ 7 degrees, roof and wall pressures shall be applied as shown in Table 30.6-2. For hip and
28 gable roofs with h > 60 ft ( h > 18.3 m ) and all roof slopes θ > 7 degrees, Fig. 30.4-1 shall be
29 applied with the appropriate velocity pressure qh . For monoslope and mansard roofs with h > 60 ft

45
 1 ( h > 18.3 m ) and all roof slopes θ > 7 degrees, refer to figures in Table 30.6-2 for roof zone
2 designations. Roof pressures shall be applied from Fig. 30.4-1 with appropriate velocity pressure
3 qh . Where Fig. 30.4-1 applies, adjustment factor λ shall be applied to roof and wall pressures

4 shown in figure for other exposure and height conditions.

ite rm T
C Fo AF
5 30.6.1.2 Parapets.

at
6 Design wind pressures on parapet surfaces shall be based on wind pressures for the applicable

or e R
7 edge and corner zones in which the parapet is located, as shown in Table 30.6-2, modified based

D
8 on the following two load cases:
•

U er NT
9 Load Case A shall consist of applying the applicable positive wall pressure from the
10 table to the front surface of the parapet while applying the applicable negative edge or
11 corner zone roof pressure from the table to the back surface.
ot nd E
n
12 • Load Case B shall consist of applying the applicable positive wall pressure from the
N U M
13 se li table to the back of the parapet surface and applying the applicable negative wall
M

14 pressure from the table to the front surface.

15 Pressures in Table 30.6-2 are based on an effective wind area of 10 ft 2 ( 0.93 m 2 ). Reduction in
D ut O

16 wind pressure for larger effective wind area shall be permitted to be taken based on the reduction
C

17 factor shown in the table.

18 Pressures are to be applied to the parapet in accordance with Fig. 30.6-1. The height h to be used
e C
/

19 with Fig. 30.6-1 to determine the pressures shall be the height to the top of the parapet.
rik LI

20 Determine final pressure from Eq. (30.6-1).

o
St B

21 30.6.1.3 Roof Overhangs.

PU

22 Design wind pressures on roof overhangs for flat, hip, gable, mansard, and monoslope roofs with
23 h ≤ 60 ft ( h ≤ 18.3 m ) shall be based on roof zones as shown in the figures in Table 30.6-2 and

24 the tabulated pressures shown in Fig. 30.4-1. Design wind pressures on roof overhangs with
25 h > 60 ft ( h > 18.3 m ) as shown in the figures in Table 30.6-2 shall be based on wind pressures

26 shown for the applicable zones in Table 30.6-2 modified as described herein. For Zones 1 and 2,
27 a multiplier of 1.0 shall be used on pressures shown in Table 30.6-2. For Zone 3, a multiplier of
28 1.15 shall be used on pressures shown in Table 30.6-2. For roofs having other shapes as shown in

46
 1 the figures in Table 30.6-2 and h > 60 ft ( h > 18.3 m ), design wind pressures on roof overhangs
2 shall be based on the roof zones shown and the roof pressures as shown in Fig. 30.4-1 using the

3 appropriate velocity pressure qh for the building height.

ite rm T
4
Table 30.6-2 Components and Cladding, Part 4 [ h ≤160 ft ( h ≤ 48.8 m )]: C&C Zones for

C Fo AF
5

at
6 Enclosed Buildings—C&C Wall and Roof Pressures
7

or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI

8
9
o
St B

10 Table 30.6-2 (Continued). Components and Cladding, Part 4 [h ≤160 ft (h ≤48.8 m)]: C&C
PU

11 Zones for Enclosed Buildings—C&C Wall and Roof Pressures

o

12

47
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
1 se li
M

2 Notes for C&C Wall and Roof Pressures Table:

3
D ut O

4 1. For each roof form, Exposure C, V and h determine roof and wall cladding pressures for
C

5 the applicable zone from these tables. For other Exposures B or D, multiply pressures
6 from table by the appropriate exposure adjustment factor determined from figure, Roof
e C
/

7 and Wall Pressures for Components and Cladding, Exposure Adjustment Factor.
rik LI

8 2. Interpolation between h values is permitted. For pressures at other V values than shown in
o
St B

9 the C&C Wall and Roof Pressures table, multiply table value for any given V' in the table
10 as shown in the equation below:
PU

11 Pressure at desired V = pressure from table at V' × [V desired/V']2

12 3. Where two load cases are shown, both positive and negative pressures shall be
13 considered.
14 4. Pressures are shown for an effective wind area equal to 10 ft2 (0.93 m2). For larger
15 effective wind areas, the pressure shown may be reduced by the reduction coefficient
16 applicable to each zone, as indicated in the table and figure for Effective Wind Area
17 Reduction Factors.
18 5. Metric conversion: 1.0 ft = 0.3048 m.
48
 1
2 Table 30.6-2 (Continued). Components and Cladding, Part 4 [h ≤160 ft (h ≤48.8 m)]: C&C
3 Zones for Enclosed Buildings—C&C Wall and Roof Pressures
4

ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M

5
D ut O

6
C

7
8 Reduction Factors for Pressures Shown in C&C Wall and Roof Pressures Tables
e C
/

9
rik LI

Roof Form Sign Pressure Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

o
St B

Flat/gable/hip/mansard (0 < 7 deg.) Plus D D D C E

PU

Minus NA NA NA D D
o

Monoslope Plus A B D C E

Minus C C C D D

Overhang All A A B NA NA

10
11 Adjustment Factor,λ, for Building Height and Exposure for Roof Shapes and Roofs with
12 h ≤ 160 ft (h ≤ 48.8 m)

49
 1
Mean Roof Exposure
Height, ft B C D
160 1.613 1.994 2.220

ite rm T
150 1.584 1.967 2.195

C Fo AF
140 1.553 1.939 2.169

at
130 1.520 1.909 2.141

or e R
120 1.486 1.877 2.111

D
110 1.450 1.843 2.079
100 1.411 1.807 2.045

U er NT
90 1.369 1.767 2.008
80 1.323 1.724 1.967
ot nd E
n
70 1.274 1.676 1.922
N U M
se li 60
50
1.219
1.157
1.622
1.561
1.871
1.813
M

40 1.086 1.490 1.744

D ut O

30 1.000 1.402 1.659

C

20 0.891 1.287 1.546

15 0.820 1.212 1.471
e C
/

2
rik LI

3 Notes
o

4
St B

5 1. For flat, hip, gable, monoslope, and mansard roofs with h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m) and all roof
PU

slopes θ, apply requirements of Part 2 and Fig. 30.4-1.

o

6
7 2. For flat, hip, gable, monoslope, and mansard roofs with h > 60 ft (h > 18.3 m) and roof
8 slope θ ≤ 7° degrees, apply roof pressures as shown in C&C Wall and Roof Pressures
9 tables.
10 3. For hip and gable roofs with h > 60 ft (h > 18.3 m) and all roof slopes θ > 7°, apply Fig.
11 30.4-1 and appropriate velocity pressure qh. Refer to Note 6 in Fig. 30.5-1.
12 4. For monoslope and mansard roofs with h > 60 ft (h > 18.3 m) and all roof slopes θ > 7°,
13 refer to figures in “Parameters for Application” for roof zone designations and apply roof

50
 1 pressures from Fig. 30.4-1 with appropriate velocity pressure qh. Refer to Note 6 of Fig.
2 30.5-1.
3 5. Where Fig. 30.4-1 applies, apply adjustment factor λ to roof pressures shown in
4 “Adjustment Factor, λ , for Building Height and Exposure” for other exposure and height

ite rm T
5 conditions.

C Fo AF
6 6. Metric conversions: 1.0 ft = 0.3038 m; 1.0 ft2 = 0.0929 m2; lb/ft2 = 0.0479 kN/m2.

at
7

or e R
8 Table 30.6-2 (Continued). Components and Cladding, Part 4 [h ≤160 ft (h ≤48.8 m)]: C&C

D
9 Zones for Enclosed Buildings—C&C Wall and Roof Pressures
10

U er NT
120 Flat Roof 1 -54.7 -85.9 -117.0 -44.3 -68.6 -59.8 -93.9 -127.9 —48.4 -74.9 -65.1 -
2 16.6 16.6 16.6 40.9 40.9 18.2 18.2 18.2 44.7 44.7 19.8
ot nd E
Monoslope 1 -51.2 -61.6 -106.7 -44.3 -68.6 -56.0 -67.4 -116.6 —48.4 -74.9 -61.0 -

n
N U M
Roof 2 20.1 20.1 20.1 40.9 40.9 22.0 22.0 22.0 44.7 44.7 23.9 2
110
se li
Flat Roof 1 -53.7 -84.3 -114.9 -43.5 -67.3 -58.7 -92.2 -125.6 —47.6 -73.6 -63.9 -
M

2 16.3 16.3 16.3 40.1 40.1 17.8 17.8 17.8 43.8 43.8 19.4
D ut O

Monoslope 1 -50.3 -60.5 -104.7 -43.5 -67.3 -55.0 -66.1 -114.5 —47.6 -73.6 -59.9 -
Roof 2 19.7 19.7 19.7 40.1 40.1 21.6 21.6 21.6 43.8 43.8 23.5 2
C

100 Flat Roof 1 -52.7 -82.6 -112.6 -42.7 -66.0 -57.5 -90.3 -123.1 —46.6 -72.1 -62.7 -
e C
/

2 16.0 16.0 16.0 39.3 39.3 17.5 17.5 17.5 43.0 43.0 19.0
rik LI

Monoslope 1 -49.3 -59.3 -102.6 -42.7 -66.0 -53.9 -64.8 -112.2 —46.6 -72.1 -58.7 -
Roof 2 19.3 19.3 19.3 39.3 39.3 21.1 21.1 21.1 43.0 43.0 23.0 2
o
St B

11
PU

12 continues
o

13 Table 30.6-2 (Continued). Components and Cladding, Part 4 [h ≤160 ft (h ≤48.8 m)]: C&C
14 Zones for Enclosed Buildings—C&C Wall and Roof Pressures
15
90 Flat Roof 1 - - - — - - - - — - -
51.5 80.8 110.2 41.7 64.5 56.3 88.3 120.4 45.6 70.5 6
2 16.0 16.0 16.0 38.5 38.5 17.1 17.1 17.1 42.0 42.0
Monoslope 1 - - - -41.7 - - - - — - -

51
 Roof 48.2 58.0 100.4 64.5 52.7 63.4 109.7 45.6 70.5 5
2 18.9 18.9 18.9 38.5 38.5 20.7 20.7 20.7 42.0 42.0 2
80 Flat Roof 1 - - - -40.7 - - - - — - -
50.2 78.8 107.5 63.0 54.9 86.2 117.5 44.5 68.8 5

ite rm T
2 16.0 16.0 16.0 37.5 37.5 16.7 16.7 16.7 41.0 41.0

C Fo AF
Monoslope 1 - - -97.9 -40.7 - - - - — - -

at
Roof 47.1 56.6 63.0 51.4 61.9 107.0 44.5 68.8 5

or e R
2 18.4 18.4 18.4 37.5 37.5 20.2 20.2 20.2 41.0 41.0 2

D
70 Flat Roof 1 - - - -39.6 - - - - — - -
48.8 76.7 104.5 61.2 53.4 83.8 114.2 43.2 66.9 5

U er NT
2 16.0 16.0 16.0 36.5 36.5 16.2 16.2 16.2 39.9 39.9
Monoslope 1 - - -95.2 -39.6 - - - - — - -
ot nd E
n
Roof 45.8 55.0 61.2 50.0 60.1 104.1 43.2 66.9 5
N U M
se li
60 and Flat Roof
2
1
17.9 17.9 17.9 36.5 36.5 19.6 19.6 19.6
See Fig. 30.4-1
39.9 39.9 2
M

below 2
D ut O

Monoslope 1
C

Roof 2
1 continues
e C
/

2
Table 30.6-2 (Continued). Components and Cladding, Part 4 [h ≤160 ft (h ≤48.8 m)]: C&C
rik LI

3
4 Zones for Enclosed Buildings—C&C Wall and Roof Pressures
o
St B

5
PU

6
o

V (mi/h )
130 140 150
h (ft) Roof Form Load Zone Zone Zone
Case 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1
160 Flat Roof 1 -81.2 -127.4 -173.7 -65.8 -101.7 -94.2 -147.8 -201.4 -76.3 -118.0 -108.1
2 24.7 24.7 24.7 60.6 60.6 28.6 28.6 28.6 70.3 70.3 32.8

52
 Monoslope Roof 1 -76.0 -91.5 -158.3 -65.8 -101.7 -88.2 -106.1 -183.5 -76.3 -118.0 -101.2
2 29.8 29.8 29.8 60.6 60.6 34.6 34.6 34.6 70.3 70.3 39.7
150 Flat Roof 1 -80.1 -125.7 -171.3 -64.9 -100.4 -92.9 -145.8 -198.7 -75.2 -116.4 -106.6
2 24.3 24.3 24.3 59.8 59.8 28.2 28.2 28.2 69.4 69.4 32.4

ite rm T
Monoslope Roof 1 -75.0 -90.2 -156.1 -64.9 -100.4 -87.0 -104.6 -181.1 -75.2 -116.4 -99.9

C Fo AF
2 29.4 29.4 29.4 59.8 59.8 34.1 34.1 34.1 69.4 69.4 39.1

at
140 Flat Roof 1 -78.9 -123.9 -168.9 -63.9 -98.9 -88.6 -139.1 -189.6 -71.8 -111.1 -105.1

or e R
2 24.0 24.0 24.0 59.0 59.0 26.9 26.9 26.9 66.2 66.2 31.9

D
Monoslope Roof 1 -73.9 -88.9 -153.9 -63.9 -98.9 -83.0 -99.8 -172.8 -71.8 -111.1 -98.4
2 29.0 29.0 29.0 59.0 59.0 32.5 32.5 32.5 66.2 66.2 38.6

U er NT
130 Flat Roof 1 -77.7 -122.0 -166.2 -63.0 -97.4 -90.1 -141.5 -192.8 -73.0 -112.9 -103.5
2 23.6 23.6 23.6 58.0 58.0 27.4 27.4 27.4 67.3 67.3 31.4
ot nd E
Monoslope Roof 1 -72.8 -87.6 -151.5 -63.0 -97.4 -84.4 -101.5 -175.7 -73.0 -112.9 -96.9

n
N U M

120
se li
Flat Roof
2
1
28.5
-76.4
28.5 28.5 58.0 58.0 33.1 33.1 33.1 67.3 67.3 38.0
-119.9 -163.5 -61.9 -95.8 -88.6 -139.1 -189.6 -60.6 -111.1 -101.7
M

2 23.2 23.2 23.2 57.1 57.1 26.9 26.9 26.9 60.6 60.6 30.9
D ut O

Monoslope Roof 1 -71.6 -86.1 -149.0 -61.9 -95.8 -77.4 -99.8 -172.8 -71.8 -111.1 -95.3
C

2 28.1 28.1 28.1 57.1 57.1 32.5 32.5 32.5 66.2 66.2 37.3
110 Flat Roof 1 -75.0 -117.8 -160.5 -60.8 -94.0 -87.0 -136.6 -186.1 -70.5 -109.0 -99.9
e C
/

2 22.8 22.8 22.8 56.0 56.0 26.4 26.4 26.4 65.0 65.0 30.3
rik LI

Monoslope Roof 1 -70.3 -84.5 -146.3 -60.8 -94.0 -81.5 -98.0 -169.6 -70.5 -109.0 -93.6
2 27.5 27.5 27.5 56.0 56.0 31.9 31.9 31.9 65.0 65.0 36.7
o
St B

100 Flat Roof 1 -73.5 -115.4 -157.3 -59.6 -92.2 -85.3 -133.9 -182.4 -69.1 -106.9 -97.9
PU

2 22.3 22.3 22.3 54.9 54.9 25.9 25.9 25.9 63.7 63.7 29.7
o

Monoslope Roof 1 -68.9 -82.8 -143.4 -59.6 -92.2 -79.9 -96.1 -166.3 -69.1 -106.9 -91.7
2 27.0 27.0 27.0 54.9 54.9 31.3 31.3 31.3 63.7 63.7 35.9
1 continues
2
3 Table 30.6-2 (Continued). Components and Cladding, Part 4 [h ≤160 ft (h ≤48.8 m)]: C&C
4 Zones for Enclosed Buildings—C&C Wall and Roof Pressures
5

53
 1
90 Flat Roof 1 -71.9 - - - - - - - - - -
112.9 153.9 58.3 90.1 83.4 130.9 178.4 67.6 104.5 9
2 21.9 21.9 21.9 53.7 53.7 25.3 25.3 25.3 62.3 62.3 2

ite rm T
Mono slope 1 -67.4 -81.0 - - - - -94.0 - - - -

C Fo AF
Roof 140.2 58.3 90.1 78.1 162.6 67.6 104.5 8

at
2 26.4 26.4 26.4 53.7 53.7 30.6 30.6 30.6 62.3 62.3 3

or e R
80 Flat Roof 1 -70.2 - - - - - - - - - -

D
110.1 150.1 56.8 87.9 81.4 127.7 174.1 65.9 102.0 9
2 21.3 21.3 21.3 52.4 52.4 24.7 24.7 24.7 60.8 60.8 2

U er NT
Mono slope 1 -65.7 -79.0 - - - - -91.7 - - - -
Roof 136.8 56.8 87.9 76.2 158.6 65.9 102.0 8
ot nd E
2 25.8 25.8 25.8 52.4 52.4 29.9 29.9 29.9 60.8 60.8 3

n
N U M
70 se li
Flat Roof 1 -68.2 -
107.1
-
145.9
-
55.3
-
85.5
-
79.1
-
124.2
-
169.2
-
64.1
-99.1 -
9
M

2 20.7 20.7 20.7 50.9 50.9 24.0 24.0 24.0 59.1 59.1 2
D ut O

Mono slope 1 -63.9 -76.9 - - - - -89.1 - - -99.1 -

C

Roof 133.0 55.3 85.5 74.1 154.2 64.1 8

2 25.0 25.0 25.0 50.9 50.9 29.0 29.0 29.0 59.1 59.1 3
e C
/

60 Flat Roof 1 See Fig. 30.4-1

rik LI

and 2
belo Mono slope 1
o
St B

w Roof 2
PU

2 continues
3
4 Table 30.6-2 (Continued). Components and Cladding, Part 4 [h ≤160 ft (h ≤48.8 m)]: C&C
5 Zones for Enclosed Buildings—C&C Wall and Roof Pressures
6
V (mi/h)
160 180 200

54
 Load Zone Zone Zone
h (ft) Roof Form Case 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1
160 Flat Roof 1 -123.0 -193.0 -263.1 -99.6 -154.1 -155.6 -244.3 -333.0 -126.1 -195.0 -192.2
2 37.4 37.4 37.4 91.8 91.8 47.3 47.3 47.3 116.2 116.2 58.4

ite rm T
Monoslope Roof 1 -115.2 -138.5 -239.7 -99.6 -154.1 -145.8 -175.3 -303.4 -126.1 -195.0 -180.0

C Fo AF
2 45.1 45.1 45.1 91.8 91.8 57.1 57.1 57.1 116.2 116.2 70.5

at
150 Flat Roof 1 -121.3 -190.4 -259.5 -98.3 -152.0 -153.5 -241.0 -328.5 -124.4 -192.4 -189.6

or e R
2 36.9 36.9 36.9 90.6 90.6 46.6 46.6 46.6 114.7 114.7 57.6

D
Monoslope Roof 1 -113.6 -136.7 -236.5 -98.3 -152.0 -143.8 -173.0 -299.3 -124.4 -192.4 -177.6
2 44.5 44.5 44.5 90.6 90.6 56.4 56.4 56.4 114.7 114.7 69.6

U er NT
140 Flat Roof 1 -119.6 -187.7 -255.8 -96.9 -149.8 -151.3 -237.5 -323.7 -122.6 -189.6 -186.8
2 36.3 36.3 36.3 89.3 89.3 46.0 46.0 46.0 113.0 113.0 56.8
ot nd E
Monoslope Roof 1 -112.0 -134.7 -233.1 -96.9 -149.8 -141.8 -170.5 -295.0 -122.6 -189.6 -175.0

n
N U M

130
se li
Flat Roof
2
1
43.9 43.9 43.9 89.3 89.3 55.6 55.6 55.6 113.0 113.0 68.6
-117.7 -184.8 -251.8 -95.4 -147.5 -149.0 -233.9 -318.7 -120.7 -186.7 -183.9
M

2 35.8 35.8 35.8 87.9 87.9 45.3 45.3 45.3 111.3 111.3 55.9
D ut O

Monoslope Roof 1 -110.3 -132.6 -229.5 -95.4 -147.5 -139.6 -167.8 -290.4 -120.7 -186.7 -172.3
C

2 43.2 43.2 43.2 87.9 87.9 54.7 54.7 54.7 111.3 111.3 67.5
120 Flat Roof 1 -115.8 -181.7 -247.6 -93.8 -145.1 -146.5 -229.9 -313.4 -118.7 -183.6 -180.9
e C
/

2 35.2 35.2 35.2 86.4 86.4 44.5 44.5 44.5 109.4 109.4 54.9
rik LI

Monoslope Roof 1 -108.4 -130.4 -225.6 -93.8 -145.1 -137.2 -165.0 -285.6 -118.7 -183.6 -169.4
2 42.5 42.5 42.5 86.4 86.4 53.8 53.8 53.8 109.4 109.4 66.4
o
St B

110 Flat Roof 1 -113.7 -178.4 -243.1 -92.1 -142.4 -143.8 -225.8 -307.7 -116.5 -180.3 -177.6
PU

2 34.5 34.5 34.5 84.9 84.9 43.7 43.7 43.7 107.4 107.4 53.9
o

Monoslope Roof 1 -106.5 -128.0 -221.5 -92.1 -142.4 -134.7 -162.0 -280.4 -116.5 -180.3 -166.3
2 41.7 41.7 41.7 84.9 84.9 52.8 52.8 52.8 107.4 107.4 65.2
100 Flat Roof 1 -111.4 -174.8 -238.3 -90.2 -139.6 -141.0 -221.3 -301.6 -114.2 -176.7 -174.1
2 33.8 33.8 33.8 83.2 83.2 42.8 42.8 42.8 105.3 105.3 52.9
Monoslope Roof 1 -104.3 -125.5 -217.1 -90.2 -139.6 -132.1 -158.8 -274.8 -114.2 -176.7 -163.0
2 40.9 40.9 40.9 83.2 83.2 51.8 51.8 51.8 105.3 105.3 63.9
1 continues

55
 1
2 Table 30.6-2 (Continued). Components and Cladding, Part 4 [h ≤160 ft (h ≤48.8 m)]: C&C
3 Zones for Enclosed Buildings—C&C Wall and Roof Pressures
4

ite rm T
5

C Fo AF
90 Flat Roof 1 -108.9 -171.0 -233.1 -88.3 -136.5 -137.9 -216.4 -295.0 -111.7 -172.8 -170.2

at
2 33.1 33.1 33.1 81.4 81.4 41.9 41.9 41.9 103.0 103.0 51.7

or e R
Monoslope Roof 1 -102.1 -122.7 -212.4 -88.3 -136.5 -129.2 -155.3 -268.8 -111.7 -172.8 -159.5

D
2 40.0 40.0 40.0 81.4 81.4 50.6 50.6 50.6 103.0 103.0 62.5
80 Flat Roof 1 -106.3 -166.8 -227.4 -86.1 -133.2 -134.5 -211.1 -287.8 -109.0 -168.6 -166.1

U er NT
2 32.3 32.3 32.3 79.4 79.4 40.9 40.9 40.9 100.5 100.5 50.4
Monoslope Roof 1 -99.6 -119.7 -207.2 -86.1 -133.2 -126.0 -151.5 -262.2 -109.0 -168.6 -155.6
ot nd E
2 39.0 39.0 39.0 79.4 79.4 49.4 49.4 49.4 100.5 100.5 61.0

n
N U M
70 Flat Roof 1 -103.3 -162.2 -221.1 -83.7 -129.5 -130.8 -205.3 -279.8 -106.0 -163.9 -161.5
se li 2 31.4 31.4 31.4 77.2 77.2 39.7 39.7 39.7 97.7 97.7 49.1
M

Monoslope Roof 1 -96.8 -116.4 -201.4 -83.7 -129.5 -122.5 -147.3 -254.9 -106.0 -163.9 -151.2
D ut O

2 37.9 37.9 37.9 77.2 77.2 48.0 48.0 48.0 97.7 97.7 59.3
60 and Flat Roof 1
C

below 2
See Fig. 30.4-1
e C
/

Monoslope Roof 1
rik LI

2
6
o
St B

7
PU

56
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
1
2
ot nd E
n
3
N U M
4
se li
FIGURE 30.6-1 Components and Cladding, Part 4 [h ≤ 160 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: Parapet Wind
M

5 Loads for Enclosed Simple Diaphragm Buildings—Application of Parapet Wind Loads

6
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B
PU

7
8

57
 1 FIGURE 30.6-2 Components and Cladding, Part 4 [h ≤ 160 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)]: Roof
2 Overhang Wind Loads for Enclosed Simple Diaphragm Buildings—Application of Roof
3 Overhang Wind Loads
4

ite rm T
5

C Fo AF
2 2
6 Pressures in Table 30.6-2 are based on an effective wind area of 10 ft ( 0.93 m ). Reductions in

at
7 wind pressure for larger effective wind areas shall be permitted to be taken based on the

or e R
8 reduction multiplier shown in Table 30.6-2. Pressures on roof overhangs include the pressure

D
9 from the top and bottom surface of overhang. Pressures on the underside of the overhangs are
10 equal to the adjacent wall pressures. Refer to the overhang drawing shown in Fig. 30.6-2.

U er NT
11 Determine final pressure from Eq. (30.6-1).
ot nd E
12 PART 53: OPEN BUILDINGS

n
N U M
13
se li
User Note: Use Part 53 of Chapter 30 for determining wind pressures for C&C of open buildings
M

14 that have pitched, monoslope, or troughed roofs. These provisions are based on the Directional
15 Procedure with wind pressures calculated from the specified equation applicable to each roof
D ut O

16 surface.
C

17 30.75 BUILDING TYPES

e C
/
rik LI

18 The provisions of Section 30.75 are applicable to an open building of all heights that has a
19 pitched free roof, monosloped free roof, or troughed free roof. The steps required for the
o
St B

20 determination of wind loads on C&C for these building types is shown in Table 30.75-1.
PU

21 30.75.1 Conditions.

22 For the determination of the design wind pressures on C&Cs using the provisions of
23 Section 30.75.2, the conditions indicated on the selected figure(s) shall be applicable to the
24 building under consideration.

25 30.75.2 Design Wind Pressures.

58
 1 The net design wind pressure for component and cladding elements of open buildings of all
2 heights with monoslope, pitched, and troughed roofs shall be determined by the following
3 equation:
4

ite rm T
5 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁 p = qhGCN (30.57-1)

C Fo AF
U

at
6
7 where

or e R
8

D
9 qh = Vvelocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h using the exposure as defined in Section

U er NT
10 26.7.3 that results in the highest wind loads for any wind direction at the site; and
11 K d = Wwind directionality factor, see Section 26.6;
12
ot nd E
n
13
N U M
14
se li
Table 30.57-1. Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Open Buildings.
M

15
Step 1: Determine Risk Category; see Table 1.5-1.
D ut O

Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category; see Figures. 26.5-1
C

and 26.5-21.
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
e C
/

• Wind directionality factor, Kd , see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.

rik LI

• Exposure Ccategory B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

o
St B

• Topographic factor, K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure. 26.8-1.

PU

• Ground elevation factor, K e ; see Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1

• Gust-effect factor, G ; see Section 26.11.

Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or Kh ; see Table 26.10-1.

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qh , Equation. (26.10-1).

Step 6: Determine net pressure coefficients, C N :

59
 • Monoslope roof, see Figure. 30.75-1
• Pitched roof, see Figure. 30.75-2
• Troughed roof, see Figure. 30.75-3
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p , Equation. (30.75-1).

ite rm T
1

C Fo AF
2

at
3 G = Ggust-effect factor from Section 26.11; and

or e R
4 C N = Nnet pressure coefficient given in

D
5 • Figure. 30.57-1 for monosloped roof,

U er NT
6 • Figure. 30.57-2 for pitched roof, and
7 • Figure. 30.57-3 for troughed roof.
8
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B
PU

60
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B
PU

1
o

2
3 FIGURE 30.75-1. Components and Cladding ( 0.25 ≤ h / L ≤ 1.0 ): Net Pressure Coefficient,

4 C N , for Open Buildings—Monoslope Free Roofs, θ ≤ 45° .

5
6

61
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B
PU

1
o

2
3 FIGURE 30.75-2. Components and Cladding ( 0.25 ≤ h / L ≤ 1.0 ): Net Pressure Coefficient,

4 C N , for Open Buildings—Pitched Free Roofs, θ ≤ 45° .

5

62
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B

1
PU

2
3 FIGURE 30.75-3. Components and Cladding ( 0.25 ≤ h / L ≤ 1.0 ): Net Pressure Coefficient,

4 C N , for Open Buildings—Troughed Free Roofs, θ ≤ 45° .

5
6

63
 1 Net pressure coefficients, C N , include contributions from top and bottom surfaces. All load
2 cases shown for each roof angle shall be investigated. Plus and minus signs signify pressure
3 acting toward and away from the top surface of the roof, respectively.

ite rm T
4 PART 64: BUILDING APPURTENANCES AND ROOFTOP STRUCTURES AND

C Fo AF
5 EQUIPMENT

at
or e R
6 User Note: Use Part 64 of Chapter 30 for determining wind pressures for C&C on roof
7 overhangs and parapets of buildings. These provisions are based on the Directional Procedure

D
8 with wind pressures calculated from the specified equation applicable to each roof overhang or

U er NT
9 parapet surface.

10 30.8 6 PARAPETS
ot nd E
n
N U M
11
12
se li
The design wind pressure for C&C elements of parapets for all building types and heights,
except enclosed buildings with h ≤ 160 ft ( h ≤ 48.8 m ) for which the provisions of Part 4 are
M

13 used, sshall be determined from the following equation:

D ut O

14
C

15 =p q p ((GC p ) − (GC pi )) 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞𝑝𝑝 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 ��𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 � − �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �� (30.68-1)

122T

16 where
e C
/

17 q p = Vvelocity pressure evaluated at the top of the parapet;

rik LI

18 K d = Wwind directionality factor, see Section 26.6;

o
St B

19 ( GC p ) = Eexternal pressure coefficient given in

PU

20 • Figure. 30.3-1 for walls with h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m);

21 • Figures. 30.3-2A–C for flat roofs, gable roofs, and hip roofs; and
22 • Figure. 30.3-3 for stepped roofs;
23 • Figure. 30.3-4 for multispan gable roofs;
24 • Figures. 30.3-5A–B for monoslope roofs;
25 • Figure 30.3-6 for sawtooth roofs;
26 • Figure. 30.3-7 for domed roofs of all heights;

64
 1 • Figure. 30.54-1 for walls and flat roofs with h > 60 ft (18.3 m);
2 • Figure. 2730.3-38, Note 4, for arched roofs;

3 ( GC pi ) = Iinternal pressure coefficient from Table 26.13-1, based on the porosity of the parapet

ite rm T
4 envelope.
5

C Fo AF
at
6 Two load cases from Figure. 30.86-1 shall be considered:
7

or e R
8 • Load Case A: Windward parapet shall consist of applying the applicable positive wall

D
9 pressure from Fig. 30.3-1 [ h ≤ 60 ft ( h ≤ 18.3 m )] or Figure. 30.54-1 [ h > 60 ft (
h > 18.3 m )] to the windward surface of the parapet while applying the applicable

U er NT
10
11 negative edge or corner zone roof pressure from Figuress. 30.3-2A, B, or C, 30.3-3, 30.3-
12 4, 30.3-5A or B, 30.3-6, 30.3-7, Figure 30.3-8, or Figure 30.4-1 [ h > 60 ft ( h > 18.3 m )]
ot nd E
n
13 as applicable to the leeward surface of the parapet.
N U M
14 •
se li
Load Case B: Leeward parapet shall consist of applying the applicable positive wall
M

15 pressure from Figure 30.3-1 [ h ≤ 60 ft ( h ≤ 18.3 m )] or Figure. 30.54-1 [ h > 60 ft (

D ut O

16 h > 18.3 m )] to the windward surface of the parapet, and applying the applicable

17 negative wall pressure from Figure. 30.3-1 [ h ≤60 ft ( h ≤ 18.3 m )] or Figure. 30.54-1 [
C

18 h > 60 ft ( h >18.3 m )] as applicable to the leeward surface. Edge and corner zones shall
e C
/

19 be arranged as shown in the applicable figures. ( GC p ) shall be determined for

rik LI

20 appropriate roof angle and effective wind area from the applicable figures.
o
St B

21
PU

65
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
1
2
se li
M

3 FIGURE 30.68-1. Components and Cladding, Part 64 (All Building Heights): Parapet
D ut O

4 Wind Loads for, All Building Types—Parapet Wind Loads.

C

5
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B
PU

6
7
8 FIGURE 30.97-1 Components and Cladding (All Building Heights): Wind Loading on Roof
9 Overhangs for All Building Types—C&C Wind Loads on Roof Overhangs.
10
11

66
 1 Table 30.86-1. Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Parapets.
2
Step 1: Determine Risk Category of building; see Table 1.5-1.
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category; see Figures. 26.5-1

ite rm T
and 26.5-2.

C Fo AF
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

at
• Wind directionality factor, K d ; see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.

or e R
• Exposure Ccategory B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

D
• Topographic factor, K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure. 26.8-1.

U er NT
• Ground elevation factor, K e ; see Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1

• Enclosure classification; see Section 26.12.

ot nd E
n
• Internal pressure coefficient, ( GC pi ); see Section 26.13 and Table 26.13-1.
N U M
se li
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kh , at top of the parapet; see Table
M

26.10-1.
D ut O

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, q p , at the top of the parapet using Equation. (26.10-1).
C

Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient for wall and roof surfaces adjacent to parapet,

( GC p ):
e C
/

• Walls with h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m);, see Figure. 30.3-1.

rik LI

• Flat, gable, and hip roofs;, see Figures. 30.3-2A–I.

o
St B

• Stepped roofs;, see Figure. 30.3-3.

PU

• Multispan gable roofs;, see Figure. 30.3-4.

o

• Monoslope roofs;, see Figures. 30.3-5A–B.

• Sawtooth roofs;, see Figure. 30.3-6.
• Domed roofs of all heights;, see Figure. 30.3-7.
• Walls and flat roofs with h > 60 ft ( h > 18.3 m );, see Figure. 30.54-1.

• Arched roofs;, see Figure. 27.3-3, Note30.3-8 4.

67
 Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p , using Equation. (30.86-1) on windward and leeward face
of parapet, considering two load cases (Case A and Case B) as shown in Figure. 30.86-1.
1
2

ite rm T
3 If internal pressure is present, both load cases should be evaluated under positive and negative

C Fo AF
4 internal pressure.

at
5

or e R
6 The steps required for the determination of wind loads on component and cladding of parapets

D
7 are shown in Table 30.86-1.
8

U er NT
9 30.97 ROOF OVERHANGS
ot nd E
n
10 The design wind pressure for roof overhangs of enclosed, and partially enclosed, and partially
N U M
11 se li
open buildings of all heights, except enclosed buildings with h ≤ 160 ft ( h ≤ 48.8 m ) for which
M

12 the provisions of Part 4 are used, shall be determined from the following equation:
13
D ut O

14 =
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 ��𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 � − �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �� (lb/ft 2 p
) qh [(GC p ) − (GC pi )](lb / ft 2 ) (30.97-1)
C

15
e C

=
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 ��𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 � − �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �� (N/m qh [(GC p ) − (GC pi )](N / m 2 ) (30.97-1.siSI)
/

2 p
16 )
rik LI

17
18 where
o
St B

19
PU

20 qh = Vvelocity pressure from Section 26.10 evaluated at mean roof height h using exposure
21 defined in Section 26.7.3;
22 K d = Wwind directionality factor;, see Section 26.6;

23 ( GC p ) = the eExternal pressure coefficients at thefor overhangs, (GC p ), given in given in

24 Figures.ure 30.3-2A –C (flat roofs, gable roofs, and hip roofs)for gGable rRoofs , θ ≤ 7° [h ≤ 60
25 ft (18.3 m)], or calculated as the sum of the GC p of the overhang’s top and bottom surfaces
26 determined by the applicable roof and wall external pressure coefficient GC p figures. The GC p

68
 1 of the overhang’s top surface is the same as the applicable roof surface’s GC p ; the GC p of the
2 overhang’s bottom surface is the same as the adjacent wall’s GC p , adjusted for effective wind
3 area.including contributions from top and bottom surfaces of overhang. The external pressure
4 coefficient for the covering on the underside of the roof overhang is the same as the external

ite rm T
5 pressure coefficient on the adjacent wall surface, adjusted for effective wind area, determined

C Fo AF
6 from Fig. 30.3-1 or Fig. 30.5-1 as applicable ;

at
7 ( GC pi ) = Iinternal pressure coefficient given in Table 26.13-1.

or e R
8

D
9 The steps required for the determination of wind loads on C&C of roof overhangs are shown in
10 Table 30.97-1.

11

U er NT
30.810 ROOFTOP STRUCTURES AND EQUIPMENT FOR BUILDINGS
ot nd E
n
12 The C&C pressure on each wall of the rooftop structure shall be equal to the lateral force
N U M
13 se li
determined in accordance with Section 29.4.1 divided by the respective wall surface area of the
M

14 rooftop structure and shall be considered to act inward and outward. The C&C pressure on the
15 roof shall be equal to the vertical uplift force determined in accordance with Section 29.4.1
D ut O

16 divided by the horizontal projected area of the roof of the rooftop structure and shall be
C

17 considered to act in the upward direction.

18
e C
/

19
rik LI

20 Table 30.97-1. Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Roof Overhangs.
o
St B

21
PU

Step 1: Determine Risk Category of building; see Table 1.5-1.

o

Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category; see Figs. 26.5-1
and 26.5-2.
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

• Wind directionality factor, K d ; see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.

• Exposure Ccategory B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

• Topographic factor, K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure. 26.8-1.

69
 • Ground elevation factor, K e ; see Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1

• Enclosure classification; see Section 26.12.

• Internal pressure coefficient, ( GC pi ); see Section 26.13 and Table 26.13-1.

ite rm T
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K h ; see Table 26.10-1.

C Fo AF
qh , at mean roof height h using Equation. (26.10-1).

at
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure,

or e R
Step 6: Determine the external pressure coefficient, (
GC p ), at the overhang, using Figure 30.3-2A for gable roofs θ ≤ 7° [h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)], or

D
calculated as the sum of the GC p coefficients on the overhang’s top and bottom surfaces, as

U er NT
determined by the applicable roof and wall GC p given in fFigures:
• Gable roofs 7°< θ ≤ 45°, hHip rRoofs θ ≤ 45° [h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Figures
ot nd E
30.3-2B-G

n
Other roofs [h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Table 30.3-1 Step 6
N U M
•
se li • Flat roofs θ ≤ 7° [h > 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Figure 30.5-1
M

• Gable and hip roofs [h > 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Figure 30.5-1
D ut O

• Other roofs [h > 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Table 30.5-1 Step 6

• Walls [h ≤ 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Figure 30.3-1
C

• Walls [h > 60 ft (18.3 m)]: see Figure 30.5-1 using Figs. 30.3-2A–D, F, G, and
e C
/

I for flat, gabled, and hip roofs, per figure diagrams.

Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p , using Equation. (30.97-1); refer to Figure. 30.97-1.
rik LI

1
o
St B
PU

2 30.119 ATTACHED CANOPIES ON BUILDINGS WITH h ≤ 60 ft ( h ≤ 18.3 m )

o

3 The design wind pressure for canopies attached to the walls of low-rise buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (
4 h ≤ 18.3 m ) shall be determined from the following equation:

6 p = qh (GC p )(lb / ft 2 ) 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 �𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 � (lb/ft2) (30.119-1)

7

70
 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 �𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 � (N/m2) p = qh (GC p )(N / m ) (30.119-1.siSI)
2
1

2
3 where
4

ite rm T
C Fo AF
5 qh = Vvelocity pressure from Section 26.10 evaluated at mean roof height h using exposure

at
6 defined in Section 26.7.3; and

or e R
7 K d = Wwind directionality factor;, see Section 26.6; and

( GC p ) = Nnet pressure coefficients for attached canopies given in Figure. 30.119-1A–B

D
8

9 [buildings with h < 60 ft (h < 18.3 m)] and 30.9-2A-B [buildings with h > 60 ft (h > 18.3 m)] for

U er NT
10 contributions from both upper and lower surfaces individually and their combined (net) effect on
11 attached canopies.
ot nd E
12

n
N U M
se li
M
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B

13
PU

14
15 FIGURE 30.119-1A Pressure coefficients on separate surfaces of attached canopies on
16 buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m).
17

71
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
1
2
3 FIGURE 30.119-1B. Net pressure coefficients on attached canopies considering
ot nd E
n
4 simultaneous contributions from upper and lower surfaces on attached canopies on
N U M
5 se li
buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m).
M

6
7
D ut O

8
C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B
PU

72
 1
2 FIGURE 30.9-2A. Pressure coefficients on separate surfaces of attached canopies on
3 buildings with h > 60 ft (h > 18.3 m).
4

ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M
D ut O C

5
e C
/

6
rik LI

7 FIGURE 30.9-2B. Net pressure coefficients considering simultaneous contributions from

8 upper and lower surfaces on attached canopies on buildings with h > 60 ft (h > 18.3 m).
o
St B

9
PU

10
o

11 The steps required for the determination of wind loads on attached canopies are shown in
12 Table 30.119-1.
13
14 Table 30.119-1. Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads on Attached Canopies.
15
Step 1: Determine Risk Category of building;, see Table 1.5-1.

73
 Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category;, see Figure. 26.5-1
and 26.5-2.
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
• Wind directionality factor, K d ; see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.

ite rm T
• Exposure category B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

C Fo AF
• Topographic factor, K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure. 26.8-1.

at
or e R
• K v ; see Section 26.8 and Fig. 26.8-1.

D
• Ground elevation factor, K e ; see Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1

Kh ; see Table 26.10-1.

U er NT
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient,

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure,

ot nd E
qh , at mean roof height h using Equation. (26.10-1).

n
N U M
se li
Step 6: Determine surface or net pressure coefficient ( GC p ) or (
M

GC pn ) using Figures. 30.9-1A-B [(buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (h ≤ 18.3 m)] or Figures. 30.9-2A-

D ut O

B [(buildings with h > 60 ft (h > 18.3 m)]).Figs 30.11-1A or B.

Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p , using Equation. (30.119-1).
C

1 EXCEPTIONS:
e C
/
rik LI

2 1) As an alternative to using the (GCp) value from Figure. 30.9-2A for buildings with a mean
o
St B

3 roof height between 60 ft (18.3 m) and 90 ft (27.4 m), the value of GCp may be linearly
4 interpolated between the value for a mean roof height of 60 ft (18.3 m) from Figure. 30.9-1A
PU

5 and the value for a mean roof height of 90 ft (27.4 m) from Figure. 30.9-2A for each specific
6 hc/he of the attached canopy.
7 2) As an alternative to using the (GCpn) value from Figure. 30.9-2B for buildings with a mean
8 roof height between 60 ft (18.3 m) and 90 ft (27.4 m), the value of (GCpn) may be linearly
9 interpolated between the value for a mean roof height of 60 ft (18.3 m) from Figure. 30.9-1B
10 and the value for a mean roof height of 90 ft (27.4 m) from Figure. 30.9-2B for each specific
11 hc/he of the attached canopy.

74
 1
2 PART 75: NONBUILDING STRUCTURES

3 30.120 CIRCULAR BINS, SILOS, AND TANKS WITH h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )

ite rm T
4 Wind pressures on surfaces of isolated circular bins, silos, and tanks shall be calculated from

C Fo AF
at
5 Sections 30.120.1 to 30.120.5.
6

or e R
7 Grouped circular bins, silos, and tanks of similar size with center-to-center spacing greater than 2

D
8 diameters shall be treated as isolated structures. For spacings less than 1.25 diameters, the
9 structures shall be treated as grouped and the wind pressure shall be determined from

U er NT
10 Section 30.120.6. For intermediate spacings, linear interpolation of the C p (or C f ) values shall be

11 used.
ot nd E
n
12
N U M
13
se li
The steps required for the determination of wind loads for circular bins, silos, and tanks are
M

14 shown in Table 30.120-1.

15 .
D ut O

16 Table 30.120-1 Steps to Determine C&C Wind Loads for Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks.
C

17
Step 1: Determine Risk Category; see Table 1.5-1.
e C
/

Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V , for applicable Risk Category; see Figures. 26.5-1
rik LI

and 26.5-2.
o
St B

Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

PU

• Wind directionality factor, K d ; see Section 26.6 and Table 26.6-1.

o

• Exposure Ccategory B, C, or D; see Section 26.7.

• Topographic factor, K zt ; see Section 26.8 and Figure. 26.8-1.

• Ground elevation factor,

• K e ; see Section 26.9 and Table 26.9-1

• Enclosure classification; see Section 26.12.

75
 • Internal pressure coefficient; ( GC pi ); see Section 26.13 and Section 30.121.3.

Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, K z or Kh ; see Table 26.10-1.

Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qh , Equation. (26.10-1).

ite rm T
Step 6: Determine external pressure coefficient , ( GC p ).

C Fo AF
at
• Walls; see Sections 30.120.2 and 30.120.6.
•

or e R
Roofs; see Sections 30.120.4 and 30.120.6.
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p , using Equation. (30.120-1).

D
1 30.120.1 Design Wind Pressure.

2
U er NT
Design wind pressure on C&C for isolated circular bins, silos, and tanks in (lb / ft 2 ) (N / m 2 )
ot nd E
n
3 shall be determined from the following equation:
N U M
4 se li
M

5 =p qh ((GC p ) − (GC pi )) 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 ��𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 � − �𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 �� (30.120-1)

D ut O

6
7 where
C

8 qh = velocity Velocity pressure for all surfaces evaluated at mean roof height h
e C
/

9 K d = wWind directionality factor;, see Section 26.6.

rik LI

10 ( GC p ) = Eexternal pressure coefficients given in

o
St B

11 • Section 30.120.2 for walls

•
PU

12 Section 30.120.5 for underneath sides

o

13 • Section 30.120.4 for roofs

14 ( GC pi ) = Iinternal pressure coefficient given in Table 26.13-1 and Section 30.121.3.

15 30.120.2 External Walls of Isolated Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks.

76
 1 The external pressures on the walls of circular bins, silos, and tanks shall be determined from the

2 external pressure coefficients ( GC p ) as a function of the angle α, given as follows for the shape

3 ranges indicated:
4

ite rm T
GC p (α) = kbC(α)

C Fo AF
5 (30.102-2)

at
6

or e R
7 where the cylinder (diameter D ) is standing on the ground or supported by columns giving a
8 clearance height ( C ) less than the height of the cylinder ( H ), as shown in Figure. 30.120-1.

D
9

U er NT
10 H / D is in the range 0.25 to 4.0 inclusive. α = angle from the wind direction to a point on the wall
11 of a circular bin, silo, or tank, in degrees.
ot nd E
12

n
=kb 1.0 for C(α) ≥ −0.15, or
N U M

13 =
se li
1.0 − 0.55(C (α) + 0.15)log10 ( H / D) (30.120.-3)
M

for C(α) < −0.15

D ut O

14
−0.5 + 0.4 cos α + 0.8cos 2α + 0.3cos 3α
C(α) =
C

15 (30.120-4)
1− 0.1cos 4α − 0.05cos 5α
e C
/

16
17 Figure. 30.120-1 lists the external pressure coefficients for walls, which includes the graphic
rik LI

18 distribution of the external pressure, GC p (α) , around the perimeter of the wall.
o
St B
PU

77
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B

1
PU

2 FIGURE 30.120-1. Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )]: External Pressure

3 Coefficients, GC p , for Walls of Isolated Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks with D < 120 ft

4 (36.6 m) and 0.25 < H / D < 4.0 —Other Structures.

5

78
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B
PU

1
2
3 FIGURE 30.120-2. Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, GC p , for Roofs of Isolated Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks with D < 120 ft

5 (36.6 m) and 0.25 < H / D < 4.0 —Other Structures.

6

79
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M

1
se li
M

2 FIGURE 30.120-2. (Continued). Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )]:

D ut O

3 External Pressure Coefficients, GC p , for Roofs of Isolated Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks
C

4 with D < 120 ft (36.6 m) and 0.25 < H / D < 4.0 —Other Structures.
e C

5
/
rik LI

6 30.120.3 Internal Surface of Exterior Walls of Isolated Open-Topped Circular Bins, Silos,
o
St B

7 and Tanks
PU

8 The pressures on the internal surface of exterior walls of open-topped circular bins, silos, and
9 tanks shall be determined from Equation (30.120-5):
10

11 GC pi =
−0.9 − 0.35log10 ( H / D) (30.120-5)

12 30.120.4 Roofs of Isolated Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks.

80
 1 The external pressures on the roofs or lids of bins, silos, or tanks of circular cross section shall be

2 equal to the external pressure coefficients, ( GC p ), given in Figure. 30.120-2 for Zones 1, 2, 3,

3 and 4.
4

ite rm T
5 Zone 3 is applicable to the windward edges of roofs with slope less than or equal to 30 degrees°,

C Fo AF
at
6 and Zone 4 is applicable to the region near the cone apex for roofs with slope greater than 15
7 degrees°. The applicable areas are shown in Figure. 30.120-2.

or e R D
8 30.120.5 Undersides of Isolated Elevated Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks.

U er NT
9 ( GC p ) values for the undersides of elevated circular bins, silos, and tanks shall be taken as 1.2

10 and −0.9 for Zone 3 and 0.8 and –0.6 for Zone 1 and Zone 2, as shown in Figure. 30.120-2.
ot nd E
n
11 30.120.6 Roofs and Walls of Grouped Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks.
N U M
se li
M

12 Closely spaced groups with center-to-center spacing less than 1.25D , the external pressures of
13 grouped bins, silos, or tanks, shall be equal to the external pressure coefficients, (
D ut O

14 GC p ), given in Figure. 30.120-3 for Zones 1, 2, 3a, 3b, and 4 for roofs and Figure. 30.120-4 for
C

15 Zones 5a, 5b, 8, and 9 for walls.

e C

16
/
rik LI
o
St B
PU

81
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M

1
D ut O

2
C

3 FIGURE 30.10-3 Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )]: External Pressure
e C
/

4 Coefficients, GC p , for Roofs of Grouped Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks with D < 120 ft
rik LI

5 (36.6 m) and 0.25 < H / D < 4.0 (center-to-center spacing < 1.25D )—Other Structures.
o
St B

6
PU

82
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B
PU

1
o

2
3 FIGURE 30.10-4 Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, GC p , for Walls of Grouped Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks with D < 120 ft

5 (36.6 m) and 0.25 < H / D < 4.0 (center-to-center spacing < 1.25D )—Other Structures.
6
7

83
 1
2
3

ite rm T
4 30.131 ROOFTOP SOLAR PANELS FOR BUILDINGS OF ALL HEIGHTS WITH FLAT

C Fo AF
5 ROOFS OR GABLE OR HIP ROOFS WITH SLOPES LESS THAN 7 DEGREES

at
6

or e R D
7 The design wind pressures for rooftop solar modules and panels shall be determined in
8 accordance with Section 29.4.3 for rooftop solar arrays that conform to the geometric

U er NT
9 requirements specified in Section 29.4.3.

10 30.12 ROOF PAVERS FOR BUILDINGS OF ALL HEIGHTS WITH ROOF SLOPES
ot nd E
n
11 LESS THAN OR EQUAL to 7 DEGREES
N U M

12
se li
The design net uplift pressures for roof pavers, for buildings of all heights with roof slopes less
M

13 than or equal to 7 degrees, shall be determined from the following equations:

D ut O

14
C

15 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 (𝑙𝑙𝑏𝑏/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2 ) (30.12-1)

16
e C
/

17 where
rik LI

18 K d = Wind directionality factor, see Section 26.6

𝑞𝑞ℎ = Vvelocity pressure evaluated at mean height h, as defined in Section 26.10, of the roof on
o

19
St B

20 which the pavers are located;

PU

21 𝐶𝐶𝐿𝐿𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = Ddesign net uplift pressure coefficient which shall be taken as

22 (a) Tthe value of external pressure coefficient, GC p , from Figures 30.3-2A and 30.5-1,
23 or
24 (b) Ddetermined by approved wind tunnel tests performed in accordance with Chapter
25 31,
26 or
27 (c) Ddetermined by methods described in the recognized literature.

84
 1 30.143 Consensus Standards and Other Referenced Documents

2 No consensus standards and other documents that shall be considered part of this standard are
3 referenced in this chapter.

ite rm T
4

C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI

5
6
o
St B

7 FIGURE 30.120-3 Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )]: External Pressure
PU

8 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Roofs of Grouped Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks with D < 120 ft (

9 D < 36.6 m 36.6 m) and 0.25 < H / D < 4.0 (Center-to-Center Spacing < 1.25D )—Other

10 Structures
11

85
 ite rm T
C Fo AF
at
or e R D
U er NT
ot nd E
n
N U M
se li
M
D ut O C
e C
/
rik LI
o
St B
PU

1
o

2
3 FIGURE 30.120-4 Components and Cladding [ h ≤ 120 ft ( h ≤ 36.6 m )]: External Pressure

4 Coefficients, ( GC p ), for Walls of Grouped Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks with D < 120 ft

5 (36.6 m) and 0.25 < H / D < 4.0 (Center-to-Center Spacing < 1.25D )—Other Structures
6

86