Module Title Functions (Preliminaries to Calculus 1)

Module No. 1
Total Study Hours 5 hours
Module and Learning Prof. Jose M. De Leon
Facilitator/Contacts 09279036757
joey.2k.ph@gmail.com
Module Introduction This module will be a review of some preliminary concepts
needed in the study of calculus. Basically, this review module
will covers functions, solving trigonometric functions,
exponential and logarithmic functions, exponential and
logarithmic equations and common graphs. To facilitate
learning, you will be using a variety of learning materials such
as videos, lectures and power point presentation and problem
sets to work on. Online quizzes and completed modular
activities will be the main assessment tools at the end of the
modular learning
Module Aims This module aims to do a very cursory review of some
algebra and trigonometry skills that are vital to a calculus
course. Also, this module will develop student’s critical
thinking skills by developing empirical understanding of how
theorems are applied to real life problems or situations.
Module Learning By the end of this module, you should be able to:
Outcomes 1. Evaluate functions and determine the domain and range
of a function and function composition
2. Define inverse function and discuss the process of finding
an inverse function
3. Define and determine trigonometric functions
4. Discuss exponential and logarithmic functions
5. Discuss various methods for solving equations that
involves logarithmic and exponential functions
6. Graph functions that typically showed up in calculus class.
Content The following are the content or topics to be discussed in the
module
1. Functions
2. Inverse functions
3. Trigonometric functions
4. Exponential and logarithmic functions
5. Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
6. Common graphs
Teaching and Learning Lecture – Discussion, Video Presentation, Collaborative
Activities Learning, Power Point Presentation, and Modular Instruction
Assessment Methods Problem Set, Online Quizzes, Completion of Module
Activities, and
Assignment
References/ Readings Anton, H. Bivens, I.C, and Davis, S., Calculus Early
Transcendentals, 10th Editions, Wiley, 2011

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 Burtgmeier, James W., Monte B. BOisen Jr., and Max D.
Larsen. 1990. Calculus with Applications. New York:
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Kuhfttig, Peter K.F. 1983. Technical Calculus with Analytic

Geometry. Monterey, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co

Leithold, Louis, The Calculus 7, Harper Collins, 1996

DISCUSSIONS OF THE LESSON

LESSON 1. FUNCTIONS

A. Definition of Function

In this lesson, you are expected to familiarize yourself with functions and function
notation. First, what exactly is a function? The simplest definition is an equation will be a
function if, for any x in the domain of the equation (the domain is all the x’s that can be
plugged into the equation), the equation will yield exactly one value of y when we
evaluate the equation at a specific x.
Let us illustrate the definition of a function using the following examples:

Example 1.1. Determine if each of the following is a function.

a. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 b. 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙 + 𝟏

Solution: Solution:
This first one is a function. Given an x, This is not a function. Choose a value of x,
there is only one way to square it and say x = 3 and plug this into the equation
then add 1 to the result. So, no matter 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + 1, the equation becomes y2 =
what value of x you put into the 3+1 = 4. Solving for y, there are two
equation, there is only one possible possible values of y that we could use
value of y when we evaluate the here. We could use y = 2 or y = −2 . Since
equation at that value of x. there are two possible values of y that we
get from a single x, then, this equation
isn’t a function. Note that this only needs
to be the case for a single value of x to
make an equation not be a function. For
instance, we could have used x = −1 and
in this case, we would get a single y ( y =
0). However, because of what happens at
x = 3 this equation will not be a function.

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B. Function Notation

Function notation is nothing more than a fancy way of writing the y in a function
that will allow us to simplify notation and some of our work a little.

Let’s take a look at the following function.

y = 2x2 – 5x + 3

Using the function notation, we can write this function in any of the following:

f(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3 g(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3

h(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3 R(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3
w(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3 y(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3

Take note that the above notation is NOT a letter times x, this is just a fancy
way of writing y. So, why is this useful? Well let’s take the function above and let’s get
the value of the function at x = −3.

Say, f(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3, when x = −3, then we can write the given function as
f(−3) = 2x2 – 5x + 3, this means that to evaluate the function, you have to plug in −3 to
every variable x of the function, thus

f(−3) = 2 (−3)2 – 5(−3) + 3

= 2(9) + 15 +3
= 18 + 15 + 3
= 36

Thus the value of f(−3) = 36.

TRY THIS!!!

Example 1. 2. Given (𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 11 , find each of the following

a. 𝑓(2)
b. 𝑓( −10)
c. 𝑓(𝑡)
d. 𝑓 ( 𝑡 − 3)
e. 𝑓(𝑥 − 3)
f. 𝑓(4𝑥 − 1)

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C. Root of a Function

A root of a function is nothing more than a number for which the function is zero.
In other words, finding the roots of a function, g(x), is equivalent to solving g(x) = 0

Example 1. 3. Determine all the roots of 𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 9𝑡 3 − 18𝑡 2 + 6𝑡

Solution

So, we will need to solve, 9𝑡 3 − 18𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 = 0

First, we should factor the equation as much as possible. Doing this gives, we have
3𝑡(3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 2) = 0

Recall that if a product of two things are zero then one (or both) of them had to be zero.
This means that,
3𝑡 = 0 OR 3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 2 = 0

From the first equation, it’s clear that one of the roots must then be t = 0 . To get the
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
remaining roots we will need to use the quadratic formula, = , on the
2𝑎
1
second equation. Doing this gives, 𝑡 = 1 ± . Thus the complete list of all the roots
√3
of the function are as follows:

3+ √3 3− √3
𝑡 = 𝑜, 𝑡 = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 =
3 3

TRY THIS!!!

Example 1.4. Find all the roots of f(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3.

Example 1.5. Find the roots of 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 11

D. Domain and Range of a Function

One of the more important ideas about functions is that of the domain and range
of a function. In simplest terms the domain of a function is the set of all values that
can be plugged into a function and have the function exist and have a real
number for a value. So, for the domain we need to avoid division by zero, square roots
of negative numbers, logarithms of zero and logarithms of negative numbers (if not

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familiar with logarithms we’ll take a look at them a little later), etc. The range of a
function is simply the set of all possible values that a function can take.

Example 1.6. Find the domain and range of each of the following functions.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 3
2. 𝑔(𝑡) = √4 − 7𝑡
3. ℎ(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 5

Solutions:

1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑
We know that this is a line and that it’s not a horizontal line (because the slope is 5
and not zero…). This means that this function can take on any value and so the range is
all real numbers. Using “mathematical” notation this is,

Range : (−∞, ∞)

Similarly, since the function is generally a polynomial and we know that we can plug
any value into a polynomial and so the domain in this case is also all real numbers.
Thus,
Domain : −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞; or (−∞, ∞)

2. 𝒈(𝒕) = √𝟒 − 𝟕𝒕

This is a square root and we know that square roots are always positive or zero.
Then, we know then that the range will be,

Range: [0, ∞)

For the domain, to make sure that we don’t take square roots of any negative
numbers, otherwise the range will not be Real Numbers, so we need to require that,

4 – 7t ≥ 0, that is

4 ≥ 7t, thus

4 4
≥𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡 ≤
7 7

The domain therefore, is

4 4
Domain: 𝑡 ≤ or (−∞, ]
7 7

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3. 𝒉(𝒙) = −𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓

Here we have a quadratic, which is a polynomial, so we again know that the domain
is all real numbers or,

Domain: −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞ or (−∞, ∞)

However, we know that the graph of this polynomial is a parabola that opens
downward (because the coefficient of the x2 is negative) and so the vertex will be the
highest point on the graph. If we know the vertex we can then get the range. The x
coordinate of the vertex is then,

−𝑏 − 12
𝑥= = = 3, thus 𝑦 = ℎ(3) = −2(3)2 + 12(3) + 5 = 23 ⇒ (3, 23)
2𝑎 2 (−2)

Thus, the range of the polynomial function is Range: (−∞, 23]

TRY THIS!!!

Find the domain and range of each of the following functions.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5
𝑥−4
2. 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥 2 −2𝑥−15

3. ℎ(𝑡) = √6 + 𝑡 − 𝑡 2
𝑥
4. 𝑑(𝑥) =
√𝑥 2 −9

E. Function Composition

The composition of the functions 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥), is a combination of functions

resulting to another function. That is,

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 (𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))

In other words, compositions are evaluated by plugging the second function listed
into the first function listed. Note as well that order is important here. Interchanging the
order will more often than not result in a different answer.

Examples 1.7. Given (𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙 , find each of the
following.
1. (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(5)
2. (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥)
3. (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥)
4. (g ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥)

Solutions:

1. (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(5) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 3(1 − 20𝑥)2 − (1 − 20𝑥) + 10

𝑓(𝑔(5)) = 3(1 − 20(5))2 − (1 − 20(5)) + 10 = 29, 512
Another solution
(𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(5) = 𝑓(𝑔(5)) = 𝑓(1 − 20(5) = 𝑓(−99)
𝑓(−99) = 3(−99)2 − 99 + 10 = 𝟐𝟗, 𝟓𝟏𝟐

2. (𝑓 ◦ g)(x) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥) = 3(1 − 20𝑥)2 − (1 − 20𝑥) + 10

= 1200x2 – 100x + 12

3. (𝒈 ◦ f)(x) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 20(3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 10) = −𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟗𝟗

4. (𝒈 ◦ g)(x) = 𝑔(𝑔(𝑥)) = 1 − 20(1 − 20𝑥) = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟗

TRY THIS!!!
𝟏 𝟐
Given (𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙 + , Find each of the following
𝟑 𝟑
1. (𝑓 ◦ 𝑔)(𝑥)
2. (𝑔 ◦ 𝑓)(𝑥)

What can you deduce from the given functions?

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Lesson 2: INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Given two one-to-one functions f(x) and g(x) if (𝒇 ◦ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒙 AND (𝒈 ◦

𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝒙, then we say that f(x) and g(x) are inverses of each other. Specifically, we
say that g(x) is the inverse of f(x) and denoted by

𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)

Similarly, we say that f(x) is the inverse of g(x) and denote it by

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒈−𝟏 (𝒙)

NOTE: The inverse of the function f is denoted by f -1 and is pronounced "f inverse".
Although the inverse of a function looks like you're raising the function to the -1 power, it
isn't. The inverse of a function does not mean the reciprocal of a function .

A. FINDING THE INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

Given the function 𝑓(𝑥), the inverse function can be found following the following
steps:

1. First, replace 𝑓(𝑥) with y.

2. Replace every x with a y and replace every y with an x.
3. Solve the equation from step 2 for y.
4. Replace y with 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
5. Verify your work by checking that (𝒇 ◦ 𝒇−𝟏 )(𝒙) = 𝒙 and (𝒇−𝟏 ◦ 𝒇 )(𝒙) = 𝒙

Example 2.1. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2, find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

Solution:

Firs step, replace 𝑓(𝑥) with y, that is, 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐

Step two, replace all x’s with y and all y’s with x, so the equation become x = 3y – 2
Step three, solve the equation x = 3y – 2 for y, then it becomes 𝐱 + 𝟐 = 𝟑𝐲,
𝒙+𝟐
dividng both sides of the equaation by 3, it becomes = 𝒚 , finally, replace y
𝟑
𝐱+𝟐
with 𝑓 −1 (𝑥). Thus 𝐟 −𝟏 (𝐱) = .
𝟑

Let’s Check if the answer is correct

𝒙+𝟐 𝒙+𝟐
(𝒇 ◦ 𝒇−𝟏 )(𝒙) = 𝒇[𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)] = 𝒇 [ ] = 𝟑( ) − 𝟐 = 𝒙 AND
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑𝒙−𝟐+𝟐 𝐱+𝟐
(𝒇−𝟏 ◦ 𝒇 )(𝒙) = 𝒇−𝟏 [𝒇(𝒙)] = 𝒇−𝟏 [𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐] = = 𝒙, therefore 𝐟 −𝟏 (𝐱) =
𝟑 𝟑

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 TRY THIS !!!

Find the inverse of the given function

1. 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 3, find 𝑔−1 (𝑥)
𝑥+4
2. ℎ(𝑥) = , find ℎ−1 (𝑥)
2𝑥−5

B. GRAPH OF THE INVERSE FUNCTION

The inverse of a function differs from the function in that all the x-coordinates and
y-coordinates have been switched. That is, if (4,6) is a point on the graph of the
function, then (6,4) is a point on the graph of the inverse function.

Points on the identity function (y=x) will remain on the identity function when
switched. All other points will have their coordinates switched and move locations.

The graph of a function and its inverse are mirror images of each other. They are
reflected about the identity function y=x.

Example 2.2. Refer to the graphs.

In both cases, example 1 and example 2, we can see that the graph of the
inverse is a reflection of the actual function about the line y x = . This will always be the
case with the graphs of a function and its inverse.

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LESSON 3: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

A. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

All the trig functions can be defined in terms of a right triangle.

From this right triangle we get the following definitions of the six trig functions.

NOTE: Remembering both the relationship between all six of the trig functions and their
right triangle definitions will be useful in this course on occasion.

Example 3.1 Given the right triangle, the trigonometric relations is defined.

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B. BASIC ANGLES IN BOTH DEGREES AND RADIANS.

The following table gives some of the basic angles in both degrees and radians.

Below is unit circle with just the first quadrant filled in with the “standard” angles.
The way the unit circle works is to draw a line from the center of the circle outwards
corresponding to a given angle. Then look at the coordinates of the point where the line
and the circle intersect. The first coordinate, i.e. the x-coordinate, is the cosine of that
angle and the second coordinate, i.e. the y-coordinate, is the sine of that angle. We’ve
put some of the basic angles along with the coordinates of their intersections on the unit
circle.

Also, remember how the signs of angles work. If you rotate in a counter
clockwise direction the angle is positive and if you rotate in a clockwise direction
the angle is negative.

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Here is the same information, with some additional angles.

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Example 3.2. Evaluate the following

𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
a) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (− )
𝟑 𝟑
𝟕𝝅 𝟕𝝅
b) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (− )
𝟔 𝟔

Solutions:

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Page | 14
TRY THIS !!!

Evaluate the following:

𝝅 𝟕𝝅
a) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (− ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( )
𝟒 𝟒
𝟐𝟓𝝅
b) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 ( )
𝟔

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LESSON 4: EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

A. Exponential Functions

1. Definition of Exponential Functions

In this lesson we’re going to review one of the more common functions in both
calculus and the sciences, that is, the Exponential Functions.

Let’s take 𝐛 > 𝐨, 𝐛 ≠ 𝟏 , The exponential functions is then define as a function in

the form of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒙 .

Notice that we avoid b = 1 because that would yield to a constant function f(x) = 1
we also avoid b = 0 since this would also give a constant function and we avoid
negative values of b for the following reasons.

Suppose that we allow b to be negative, so that the function will be g(x) = (- 4)x
Let’s do some evaluation, let say that g(2) = (- 4)2 = 16 and g(1/2) = (-4)1/2 = √−𝟒 = 𝟐𝐢

So, for some values of x we will get real numbers and for other values of x we will
get complex numbers. We want to avoid this so if we require b > 0 this will not be a
problem.

𝟏 𝒙
Example 4.1 Sketch the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = (𝟐) .

Solutions:

Let us first construct the table of values of these two functions

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Then, the sketch for the following functions will look like this,

This graph illustrates some very nice properties about exponential functions in general.

2. The Properties of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒙

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 There is a very important exponential function that arises naturally in many
places. This function is called the natural exponential function. However, for most
people, this is simply the exponential function.

The natural exponential function is 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 where, e = 2.71828182845905…

so, since e > 1, we also know that 𝒆𝒙 → ∞ as 𝒙 → ∞ and 𝒆𝒙 → 𝟎 as 𝒙 → − ∞.
𝑡
Example 4.2 Sketch the graph of ℎ(𝑡) = 1 − 5𝑒 1− 2 .

Solutions

TRY THIS!!!

Sketch the graph of the following exponential functions

1 𝑥
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = ( )
3
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥−3 + 6

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B. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

1. Definition of Logarithmic Functions

In this lesson we will take a look at a function that is related to the exponential
functions, the logarithms.

Let us start by taking 𝐛 > 𝐨, 𝐛 ≠ 𝟏 , Then we have 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 which is equivalent

to 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒚 .

The first is called logarithmic form and the second is called the exponential form.
Remembering this equivalence is the key to evaluating logarithms. The number, b, is
called the base.

Example 4.3. Without using a calculator, give the exact value of the following
logarithms.
a. log2 16
b. log4 16
c. log5 625

Solutions:

a. log2 16 = 4 because 24 = 16

b. log4 16 = 2 because 42 = 16

c. log5 625 = 4 because 54 = 625

TRY THIS !!!

Find the exact value of the following:

1. log1/6 36

𝟐𝟕
2. log3/2
𝟖

TAKE NOTE!!!

There are a couple of special logarithms that arise in many places. These are,

ln 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥10 This log is called the natural logarithm

log 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 This log is called the common logarithm

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 In the natural logarithm the base e is the same number as in the natural
exponential logarithm. Here is a sketch of both of these logarithms

Example 4.4 Without a calculator give the exact value of each of the following
logarithms.
3
a. ln √𝑒 d. 𝑙𝑜𝑔23 1
b. log 1000
7
e. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 √32
c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔16 16

Solutions

TRY THIS !!!

Give the exact value of each of the following logariths.

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔23 1
7
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 √32

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2. Properties of Logarithm

Example 4.5 Write 𝒍𝒏 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟒 𝒛𝟓 in simpler logarithms.

Solution:

TRY THIS!!!

Write each of the following in simpler logarithms.

𝟗𝒙𝟒
1. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 ( )
√𝒚
𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
2. 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ((𝒙−𝒚)𝟑 )

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3. Change of Base Formula for Logarithms

The change of base formula for logarithm is,

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 =
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒃

This is the most general change of base formula and will convert from base b to
base a. However, the usual reason for using the change of base formula is to
compute the value of a logarithm that is in a base that you can’t easily deal with.
Using the change of base formula means that you can write the logarithm in terms of
a logarithm that you can deal with. The two most common change of base formulas
are

𝒍𝒏 𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 = and 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 =
𝒍𝒏 𝒃 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒃

Example 4.6. Find the value of 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟓𝟎.

Solution: we need to change the base formula to compute for its value. That is,

ln 50 3.91202300543
𝑙𝑜𝑔7 50 = = = 2.0103821378
ln 7 1.94591014906
OR

log 50 1.69897000434
𝑙𝑜𝑔7 50 = = = 2.0103821378
log 7 0.845098040014

TRY THIS!!!

Find the Value by changing the base of the logarithm

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 25
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 64

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LESSON 5. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARTHMIC EQUATIONS

In this lesson, we will take a look at solving equations with exponential functions
or logarithm with them. You can use the properties discussed in the last lesson to help
in solving equations.

Example 5.1. Solve 𝟕 + 𝟏𝟓𝒆𝟏−𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟎

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 𝟐
Example 5.2. Solve 𝟏𝟎𝒕 − 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Solution:
Now, in this case it looks like the best logarithm to use is the common logarithm
since left hand side has a base of 10. There’s no initial simplification to do, so just take
the log of both sides and simplify.
𝟐− 𝒕
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝒕 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟏𝟎𝟐 , thus,

𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕 = 𝟐, equating to zero the equation will be

𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 , solving for t using factoring

(𝒕 + 𝟏)(𝒕 − 𝟐) = 𝟎, thus the solutions of the equations are t = 2 and t = – 1 .

Example 5.3. Solve 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒆𝟓𝒙+𝟐 = 𝟎

Solution:

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TRY THIS!!!

Solve the following:

1. 𝟓(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒) = (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒)𝒆𝟕−𝒙

2. 𝟒𝒆𝟏+𝟑𝒙 − 𝟗𝒆𝟓−𝟐𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒙
3. 𝟑 + 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 (𝟕 + 𝟑) = − 𝟒
4. 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 (√𝒙 ) − 𝒍𝒏 (𝟏 − 𝒙) = 𝟐
5. 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒙 − 𝟑) = 𝟏
6. 𝒍𝒏 (𝒙 − 𝟐) + 𝒍𝒏 (𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟐

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LESSON 6. COMMON GRAPHS

This lesson will make you familiarize with the graphs of many of the basic
functions that you will encounter in the study of Calculus.
𝟐
Example 6.1 Graph 𝒚 = − 𝟓 𝒙 + 𝟑.

Solution

This is a line in the slope intercept form y = mx + b.

In this case the line has a y intercept of (0,b) and a slope of m. Recall that slope
can be thought of as
𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐞
𝐦=
𝐫𝐮𝐧

Note that if the slope is negative we tend to think of the rise as a fall.

The slope allows us to get a second point on the line. Once we have any point on
the line and the slope we move right by run and up/down by rise depending on the sign.
This will be a second point on the line.
𝟐
In this case we know (0,3) is a point on the line and the slope is − 𝟓 . So starting
at (0,3) we’ll move 5 to the right (i.e. 0 → 5) and down 2 (i.e. 3 → 1 ) to get (5,1) as a
second point on the line. Once we’ve got two points on a line all we need to do is plot
the two points and connect them with a line. Here’s the sketch for this line.

Here is the sketch of the line

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Example 6.2. Graph 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙|

Solution:
There really isn’t much to this problem outside of reminding ourselves of what
absolute value is. Recall that the absolute value function is defined as,

𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
|𝒙| = {
−𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 𝟎

The graph then of the 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| is

Example 6.3. Graph 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑.

Solution:

This is a parabola in the general form

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

In this form, the x-coordinate of the vertex (the highest or lowest point on the
𝐛 𝐛
parabola) is 𝐱 = − 𝟐𝐚 and the y – coordinate is 𝐲 = 𝐟 (− 𝟐𝐚), so for our parabola the
vertex will be
𝟐
𝐱 = − 𝟐 (−𝟏) = 𝟏 and 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝟏) = − (𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟐(𝟏) + 𝟑 = 𝟒

So, the vertex for this parabola is (1,4). We can also determine which direction
the parabola opens from the sign of a. If a is positive the parabola opens up and if a
is negative the parabola opens down. In our case the parabola opens down.

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 Now, because the vertex is above the x-axis and the parabola opens down we
know that we’ll have xintercepts (i.e. values of x for which we’ll have f (x) = 0) on this
graph. So, we’ll solve the following.

−𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 = 0, multiplying both sides of the equation by negative one

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0, then factor out the equation
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0, so we have the intercepts at x =3 and x = -1

Here’s the sketch of the parabola,

Example 6.4. Graph 𝒇(𝒚) = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒚 + 𝟓

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Example 6.5. Graph 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟖 = 𝟎

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 (𝒙−𝟐)𝟐
Examples 6.6. Graph + 𝟒 (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟏
𝟗

Here is the sketch of the ellipse

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 (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒚−𝟐)𝟐
Example 6.7 Graph − =𝟏
𝟗 𝟒

Solution

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Example 6.8 Graph 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 and 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒆− 𝒙

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Example 6.9. Graph 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏 (𝒙)

Example 6.10. Graph of 𝒚 = √𝒙

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Example 6.11. Graph y = x3.

Example 6.12. Graph of y = cos (x)

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Example 6.13 Graph y = sin (x)

Example 6.14 Graph of y = tan (x)

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Example 6. 15. Graph y = sec (x)

TRY THIS!!!

Sketch the graph

1. y = cot (x)
2. y = csc (x)

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 PROBLEM SET NO. 1. FUNCTIONS

A. Given the functions perform the indicated function evaluations.

1. 𝒉(𝒚) = 𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟏
a. h(5)
b. h(6z)
c. h( - 3)
d. h(1 – 3y)
e. h(y + k)

√𝒙𝟐 +𝟗
2. 𝒛(𝒙) =
𝟒𝒙+𝟖
a. z(4)
b. z(2 – 7x)
c. z( - 4)
d. z(x + h)
e. z(√𝟑𝐱 + 𝟒 )

B. Determine all the roots of the given function.

1. 𝒚(𝒕) = −𝒕𝟐 + 𝟑𝒕 + 𝟒𝟎
2. 𝒉(𝒚) = 𝟒𝒚𝟔 + 𝟏𝟎𝒚𝟓 + 𝒚𝟒

C. Find the domain and range of the given function.

1. 𝒛 (𝒘) = 𝟒 − 𝟕𝒘 − 𝒘𝟐
2. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟓√𝟐𝒙 + 𝟗

D. Compute (f  g )(x ) and (g  f )(x ) for each of the given pairs of functions.

1. 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟐 − 𝒙, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗

2. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟒, 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟕𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
𝒙
3. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑+𝟐𝒙 , 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟖 + 𝟓𝒙

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PROBLEM SET NO. 2. INVERSE FUNCTIONS

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PROBLEM SET NO. 3. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

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 PROBLEM SET NO. 4. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

A. Sketch the graph of the each of the following exponential functions

B. Without using calculator, determine the exact value of the following

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C. Write each of the following in terms of simpler logarithms

D. Combine each of the following into a single logarithm with a coefficient of one.

E. Use the change of base formula and a calculator to find the value of each of
the following

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 PROBLEM SET NO. 5. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

For number 1 – 10, find all the solutions to the given equation. If there is no solution to
the equation clearly explain why.

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 PROBLEM SET NO. 6. COMMON GRAPHS

Without using a graphing calculator sketch the graph of each of the following.

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