Acids Bases Lesson

Acids, Bases and Salts
Overview:
Some of the most important processes in chemical and biological systems
are acid-base reactions in aqueous solutions. In this fi rst of two chapters
on the properties of acids and bases a study on the
defi nitions of acids and bases, the pH scale, the ionization of weak acids
and weak bases, and the relationship between acid strength and molecular
structure. An understanding on oxides that can act as acids and bases will
also be studied.
Objectives:
At the end of the unit students should be able to:
1. Distinguish between electrolyte and non-electrolytes.
2. Compare the different concepts on acids and bases
3. Identify acids, bases and salts using their properties.
4. Recognize strong acids from weak acids and strong bases from weak
bases.
5. Relate pH acidity and alkalinity and
6. Solve problems on acid-base neutralization and ionic equilibra.
Electrolytes and Non electrolytes.
Compounds in molten states or in water solutions maybe classified as
electrolytes or non electrolytes. Electrolytes are those aqueous solutions
which can conduct electricity and depends on the presence of ions.
Strong electrolytes are completely ionized whereas weak electrolytes are
slightly ionized. Non electrolytes do not conduct electricity since they do
not have ions. Based on the type of ions formed on solutions electrolyte
can be classifies as acids, bases and salts.
Classify the following as electrolytes or non electrolytes
_____________________ 1. Table salt

_____________________ 2. Baking soda (NaHCO 3)
_____________________ 3. Cooking oil
_____________________ 4. sugar
_____________________ 5. Vinegar
Concepts on Acids and Bases.

Different concept on Acids and bases:
Concepts Acids Bases
Arrhenius Yield H+ or H3O +, Yield OH – when

when dissolved in dissolve in water
water
Bronsted -Lowey Proton donors Proton acceptors
Lewis Electron- pair Electron pair donors

acceptors
Arrhenius concept.
HCl and HNO3 are acids since they yield H+ in water. While NaOH and
NH4OH are bases since they yield OH – in water. Electrolytes that are
formed by a cation of a base and anion of an acid are salts such as NaCl
and NH4NO3.
Classify the following as acid base or salt:
_____________ 1. H2SO4
______________2. KOH
______________3. Mg(OH)2
______________4. Ca(NO3)2
______________5. HCN
Bronsted Lowry Concept.
This concept conforms with that of Arrhenius. Acids contain H+ and are
protons, or proton donors. All Arrhenius acids and bases are also Bronsted
Lowry. Acids and bases . But Bronsted Lowry concept is broader because
it includes not only molecules but ions. Fot example when HCl is dissolve in
water HCl donates the H+ (acid) and water accepts the H+ (bases, but in
reverse reaction Cl- accepts the H+ (base) and H3) + donates the
proton (acid).
HCl + H2O H3O + + Cl-

acid base Conjugate acid conjugate base
A conjugate acid (CA) contains one more H atom and one more + charge
than the base that formed it. A conjugate acid comes from a base in the
reactants. A conjugate base (CB) contains one less H atom and one more
- charge than the acid that formed it. A conjugate base come from an acid
in the reactants.
Identify the acid/base and CA or CB in the reactions
Properties of Acids and bases as defined by Arrhenius.
Properties Acids Bases

1. Taste Sour Bitter
2. Reactions with
indicators
a. Litmus paper Blue litmus turns red Red litmus turns blue
b. Methyl orange Turns red Turns yellow
c. Phenolpthalein Remains colorless Turns red
3. pH Less than 7 Greater than 7
4. others Neutralize bases Neutralize acids
Feel soapy and
slippery
Give the color of the indicator in the following substances.

Solutions Red litmus Blue Methyl phenolpthalein
litmus orange
1. HCl
2. KOH
3. HNO3
4. NH4OH
5. H2SO4
Other Reactions of acids and bases.
1. Acids react with active metals to produce hydrogen and salt
Acid + metal Hydrogen + salt
H2SO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + H2
2. Acids react with metal oxides to produce water and salt

2HCl (aq) + Na2O (s) 2 NaCl (aq) + H2O(aq)
3. Acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide , water and

salt.
2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3(s) 2 NaCl + H2O(aq) + CO 2↑

See Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CreO-rVrxT0
4. Strong bases (alkali) react with metals to produce Hydrogen gas

2KOH + Zn K2ZnO2(aq) + H2 ↑
Exercises:
____________________ 1. What gas is produced when H 2SO4 reacts

with Mg?
____________________ 2. Water and salt are produced when acids react
with these compounds.
____________________ 3. The gas produced when acids react with
carbonates.
____________________ 4. The gas produced when strong bases react
with metals.
____________________ 5. Give the product of the reaction below.
HNO3 + Mg ______________ + ____________
Neutralization.
This is the reaction of and acid and a base to form water and salt.
Acid + base salt + water
H2C2O4 + NaOH H2O + Na2C2O4
Neutralization reaction can be used to determine the concentration of either

the acid or base solution in the process called titration. In this process a
solution of accurately known concentration called standard solution (titrant)
is added gradually to another solution of unknown concentration until the
chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete ( this means that
the equivalence point has been attained).
The equivalence point (end point) is the point in a titration where the
amount of titrant added is enough to completely neutralize the analyte
solution. The moles of titrant (standard solution) equal the moles of the
solution with unknown concentration.
At equvalence point the:
No of eq of the acid = no of eq of the base (point where the acid has
neutralized the base) or vice versa.
Eq= Normality x Volume
Eq= mass / Equivalent mass equivalent mass= EM
The following formulas can be derived:
1. NaVa= NbVb ( a= acid, b=base)
2. NaVa= mass b/EM b
3. NbVb= mass a/EM a
4. Mass a/EMa = mass b/Emb
Exercises:
1. How many mL of 1.0 N HCl are needed to neutralize 250 mL of

2.0 N NaOH?
Na= 1.0 N or 1.0 eq/L

Nb= 2.0 N
Vb= 250 mL
Solve: Vb?
Solution ; NaVa= NbVb
Nb Vb❑
Va= Na
❑ = ( 2 eq/L) (250 mL)/ 1.0 eq/l = 500 mL
2. A 0.250 g sample of solid acid was dissolved in water and

was exactly neutralized by 40.0 mL of 0.125 base. What
is the equivalent mass = Em of the acid.
Mass a = Na x Va
EMa = 0.250 g = 50.0 g/eq

(0.125 eq/L) ( 0.040 L)
Practice Exercises:
1. What is the equivalent mass of an acid 1.243 g of which
required 31.72 mL of 0.1923 N standard base for
neutralization?
2. A 50.0 mL sample of NaOH solution requires 27.8 mL of
0.100N acid in titration. What is the Normality of the NaOH
solution? What is the Molarity of NaOH?
3. If it takes 24.5 mL of 0.102 N base to neutralize 0.470 g of
acid, what is the equivalent mass of the acid?
4. If 0.825 g of pure NaOH is titrated with 24.7 mL of HCl
solution to a methyl orange endpoint. Calculate
a. A. M of HCl solution.
b. % by mass solution (density of HCl solution = 1.02
g/mL)
Electrolytes:
1. Strong electrolyte: completely ionized
HCl → H+ + Cl-
2. Weak Electrolyte ; slightly ionized
HAc ↔ H+ + Ac-
Strength of Electrolytes:
The strength of an electrolyte is measured in terms of the
degree of ionization. Strong electrolytes are almost completely
ionized in aqueous solutions. Weak electrolytes are slightly
ionized even in very dilute solutions. See table .
When weak electrolyte is dissolved in water, the dissolved

molecules are in equilibrium with ions in solution. The
equilibrium constant for an ionization reaction is called ionization
constant. Ki ( Ka for acids or Kb for bases). Since the
concentration of water in dilute and moderately dilute solutions is
constant. , the expression for Ki can be formed from the simplified
ionization equation. The simplified equation for ionization of a
weak acid like acetic acid HAc ( abbreviated form of HC2H3O2).
HAc(aq) ↔ H + (aq) + Ac- (aq)
The expression for Ka / Ki is written as
[ ]= conc of solution
Ka/ Ki = ¿ ¿
The value of Ki indicates the strength of an electrolyte. The
smaller the value of Ki the weaker is the electrolyte.
Ionization constants table
The ionization constant is used to calculate the hydrogen ion

concentration of a weak acid or hydroxide concentration of a
weak base.
Keq=Ki=Ka=Kb
Example:
Calculate the [H+] and [CN-] of a 0.05 M HCN. Calculate
the % ionization. Ki= 6.2 x 10 -10
HCN ↔ H+ + CN-
[HCN] H+ CN-
At start 0.05 M 0 0
Change in -x +x +x
conc
At eq 0.05 -x x x
0.05- x = 0.05 since Ki is small , x is small compared to 0.05

[x][x]
a) Ki=¿ ¿ = 6.2 x 10 -10 = [0.05] =6.2 x -10 =
x2 = (.05)( 6.2 x -10) =3.1 x 10 -11 ; x= 5.57 x 10 -6

b) % ionization = [HCN] ionized x 100 = 5.57 x 10 -6 x 100 = 0.011 %
[HCN] initial 0.05
Practice Exercise:
Calculate the [H+] and [Ac-] and % ionization of a 0.1 M HAc.
Ion product of water: Kw

H2O ↔ H3O+ + OH-
In the study of acid-base reactions, the hydrogen ion concentration is
key; its value indicates the acidity or basicity of the solution. Because only
a very small fraction of water molecules are ionized, the concentration of
water, [H2O], remains virtually unchanged. Therefore, the equilibrium
expression for the autoionization of water, is
Keq = [H3O+][OH-] / [H2O] or
Keq x [H2O] = [H+][OH-] ; Keq x [H2O] = Kw
But since Keq x [H2O] are both constants then this can be equal to
another constant Kw.
Kw = [H+][OH-]
Where Kw is called the ion product of water and is equal to
1.1 x 10 -14.
Kw= 1.0 x 10 -14
What is the [H+] and [OH- ] of a 0.05 M NaOH solution?
NaOH → Na+ + OH -
(NaOH is a strong base so it is 100 % ionized)
NaOH Na + + OH -
0.05M 0 0
0 0.05 0.05
[OH-] = 0.05 M
And Kw ; Kw = [H+][OH-]
1.0 x 10 -14 = [H+] [0.05]
[H+] = 1.0 x 10 -14 / 0.05 = 2.0 x 10 -13
M
What is the conc of [H+] and [OH-] of a .025 M HCl.
HCl → H+ + Cl-
0.025 0 0
0 0.025 0.025
[H+] =0.025
Kw= [H+][OH-]
1.0 x 10 -14 = [0.025] [OH-]
[OH-] = 1.0 x 10 -14 = 4.0 x 10 -13
0.025
pH
This is a measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution . The letters
pH means power of hydrogen ion or hydronium ion.
pH = - log [H+] and pOH = - log [OH -]
since 1.0 x 10 -14 = [H+][OH-]
therefore 14 =( - log [H+] ) + ( - log [OH -] )
14 = pH + pOH
pH indicates that the solution is acidic , basic or neutral.
pH less than 7 = acidic the smaller the value of pH the more acidic
between a soln of pH=1 and pH =6 pH=1 is more acidic.
pH greater than 7 = basic; the higher the value pH the more basic
between pH=8 and pH=13 pH 13 is more basic
pH = 7 is neutral
the used of indicator. Example Hydrion paper.
Digital pH meter.
Mg(OH)2
Water exposed to air for a long period of time absorbs atmospheric

CO2 to form carbonic acid. (H2CO3)
1. calculate the pH of the ff.
a) [H+] = 0.06 M
pH= - log [H+]
pH = - log [ 0.06] = - [-1.22] = 1.22
b) [OH-] = 0.034M
pOH= - log [ OH-]
pOH= -log[ 0.034] = 1.47
pH= 14-pOH = 14- 1.47= 12.53
-5
c) A solution of 0.45M HAc/ Ki= 1.8 x 10
HAc ↔ H+ + Ac-
At eq 0.45-x x x
Ki= 1.8 x 10 -5= [H+][Ac-]
[HAc]
(1.8 x 10 -5 )0.45 = x2
X= 2.85 x 10-3 = [H+]
pH= -log [2.85 x 10-3] =2.55
5. Calc the H+ of a soln with pH of 8.7
[H+] = inv log[ -pH]
[H+] = 1.995 x 10 -9 M
Practice Exercise:
1. Calculate the [H+] and [Ac-] and % ionization of a 0.1 M
HAc.
2. Calculate the [OH-] of a 0.025 M HCl solution?
3. Nitric acid (HNO3) is used in the production of fertilizer , dyes, drugs
and explosives. Calculate the pH of a HNO3 solution if hydrogen ion
conc is 0.76 M.
4. The pH of rainwater collected in a certain region of the
northeastern USA on a particular day was 4.82. Calculate the [ H+]
ion conc of the rainwater.
5. Calc the pH of the ff.
a) [H+]= .0032M
b) [OH]= 0.09
c) A soln of 0.65 M NH4OH Ki =1.8 x 10-5
6. Calc the [H+] of a soln of pH 12.6

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Acids, Bases and Salts

_____________________ 1. Table salt

Concepts on Acids and Bases.

Arrhenius Yield H+ or H3O +, Yield OH – when

Lewis Electron- pair Electron pair donors

HCl + H2O H3O + + Cl-

Properties Acids Bases

Give the color of the indicator in the following substances.

2. Acids react with metal oxides to produce water and salt

3. Acids react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide , water and

2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3(s) 2 NaCl + H2O(aq) + CO 2↑

4. Strong bases (alkali) react with metals to produce Hydrogen gas

____________________ 1. What gas is produced when H 2SO4 reacts

HNO3 + Mg ______________ + ____________

H2C2O4 + NaOH H2O + Na2C2O4

Neutralization reaction can be used to determine the concentration of either

1. How many mL of 1.0 N HCl are needed to neutralize 250 mL of

Na= 1.0 N or 1.0 eq/L

Solution ; NaVa= NbVb

2. A 0.250 g sample of solid acid was dissolved in water and

EMa = 0.250 g = 50.0 g/eq

When weak electrolyte is dissolved in water, the dissolved

The ionization constant is used to calculate the hydrogen ion

0.05- x = 0.05 since Ki is small , x is small compared to 0.05

x2 = (.05)( 6.2 x -10) =3.1 x 10 -11 ; x= 5.57 x 10 -6

Ion product of water: Kw

Water exposed to air for a long period of time absorbs atmospheric

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HNO3 + Mg __ +