Physics 1201 Final Exam Information - Spring 2013: Format: 35 Multiple-Choice Questions, 5 Points Each À

Physics 1201 Final Exam information – Spring 2013
1)  Format: 35 multiple-choice questions, 5 points each à 175 points total
2)  Closed book and closed notes
3)  Equations and constants are provided on the final exam
4)  Cumulative – it covers all of the material covered in the course
5)  Approximate weightings of material:

~10 questions from material covered for midterm 1
~10 questions from material covered for midterm 2
~15 questions on material covered since midterm 2
6) See the Assignment Sheet for the date and time of your final exam
PRELIMINARY
PRELIMINARY
Chapter 30
Nuclear Physics and

Radioactivity
Nuclear Structure
The atomic nucleus consists

of positively charged protons
and neutral neutrons.
MeV
1 atomic mass unit ≡ 1 u ≡ 931.5
c2
Nuclear Structure
atomic mass
number atomic
number

A
 =
Z
+
N

Number of protons Number of Number of
and neutrons protons neutrons
i.e. number of
nucleons
Nuclear Structure
Nuclei that contain the same number of protons but a different

number of neutrons are known as isotopes.
12 14
For example, two isotopes of carbon are
6 C 6 C
Nuclear Structure
Approximate empirical radius of a nucleus of mass number, A
r ≈ r0 A1 3, r0 ≈ 1.2 ×10 −15 m = 1.2 fm

−15
1 fermi ≡ 1 fm ≡ 10 m
r ≈ (1.2 ×10 −15
m) A 13
Nuclear Structure
Example: Nuclear radius and density

Find the radii of 16O and 208Pb nuclei. Estimate and compare their densities.
r ≈ r0 A1 3 ≈ (1.2 ×10 −15 m ) A1 3

13
r ( O ) = (1.2 ×10
16 −15
)( )
16 = 3.0 ×10 −15
m = 3.0 fm
13
r( 208
Pb) = (1.2 ×10 −15
) (208) = 7.1×10 −15 m = 7.1 fm
M nucleus Amnucleon Amnucleon

ρnucleus = ≈ ≈
Vnucleus " 4 3% " 4 3 %
$ π r ' $ π r0 A '
#3 & #3 &
mnucleon
≈ à  Nuclear densities are
" 4 3 % approximately the same
$ π r0 '
#3 & for all A
The Strong Nuclear Force and the Stability of the Nucleus
The mutual repulsion of the protons

tends to push the nucleus apart. What
then, holds the nucleus together?
The strong nuclear force.

The Strong Nuclear Force and the Stability of the Nucleus
As nuclei get larger, more

neutrons are required for
stability.
The neutrons act like glue

without adding more repulsive
force.
The Mass Deficit of the Nucleus and Nuclear Binding Energy
Binding energy of ZA X = ( Mass deficit )c 2 = ( Δm )c 2

Δm = Z × m ( 11H ) + N × m ( 01n ) − m ( ZA X )
Example: The Binding Energy of the Helium Nucleus
The atomic mass of helium is 4.0026u and the atomic mass of hydrogen
is 1.0078u. Using atomic mass units, obtain the binding energy of the
helium nucleus.
Δm = Z × m ( 11H ) + N × m ( 01n ) − m ( ZA X )
Δm = 2 (1.0078 u ) + 2 (1.0087 u ) − 4.0026 u

= 4.0330 u − 4.0026 u = 0.0304 u
MeV
1 u = 931.5
c2
2 " MeV % 2
Binding energy = ( Δm ) c = ( 0.0304) $ 931.5 2 ' c = 28.3 MeV
# c &
Radioactivity
A magnetic field separates three types of particles emitted by

radioactive nuclei. The decay takes the general form:
parent → daughter + x
Q ≡ m parent c 2 − ( mdaughter + mx ) c 2 ⇒ Q − value → KE released
Q > 0 ⇒ exothermic Q < 0 ⇒ endothermic
Radioactivity
α DECAY
A A−4 4
Z P → Z−2 D + 2 He
Q = mP c 2 − ( mD + mα ) c 2
& MeV )
" $
= #238.0508 u − ( 234.0436 u + 4.0026 u)%( 931.5 +
' u *
= 4.3 MeV
Radioactivity
A smoke
detector
Radioactivity
β DECAY
A A 0
Z P → Z +1 D + −1 e
Radioactivity
γ DECAY a photon that originates

from the energy-level
transition of the nucleus
A A
Z P∗ → Z P + γ
excited energy
lower energy
state
state
226
88 Ra* → 88
226
Ra + γ Eγ = 0.186 MeV
The Neutrino
During beta decay, energy is released. However, it is found that

most beta particles do not have enough kinetic energy to account for
all of the energy released.
The additional energy is carried away by a neutrino à mass ≈ 0, q = 0
234 234 0
90 Th → 91 Pa + −1 e + ν
A free neutron beta decays in about 12 minutes,
1 1 0
0 n → 1 p + −1 e + ν

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Physics 1201 Final Exam Information - Spring 2013: Format: 35 Multiple-Choice Questions, 5 Points Each À

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Physics 1201 Final Exam information – Spring 2013

1) Format: 35 multiple-choice questions, 5 points each à 175 points total

2) Closed book and closed notes

3) Equations and constants are provided on the final exam

4) Cumulative – it covers all of the material covered in the course

5) Approximate weightings of material:

Nuclear Physics and

The atomic nucleus consists

Nuclei that contain the same number of protons but a different

Approximate empirical radius of a nucleus of mass number, A

r ≈ r0 A1 3, r0 ≈ 1.2 ×10 −15 m = 1.2 fm

Example: Nuclear radius and density

r ≈ r0 A1 3 ≈ (1.2 ×10 −15 m ) A1 3

M nucleus Amnucleon Amnucleon

The mutual repulsion of the protons

The strong nuclear force.

As nuclei get larger, more

The neutrons act like glue

Binding energy of ZA X = ( Mass deficit )c 2 = ( Δm )c 2

Example: The Binding Energy of the Helium Nucleus

Δm = 2 (1.0078 u ) + 2 (1.0087 u ) − 4.0026 u

A magnetic field separates three types of particles emitted by

γ DECAY a photon that originates

During beta decay, energy is released. However, it is found that

The additional energy is carried away by a neutrino à mass ≈ 0, q = 0

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1)  Format: 35 multiple-choice questions, 5 points each à 175 points total

2)  Closed book and closed notes

3)  Equations and constants are provided on the final exam

4)  Cumulative – it covers all of the material covered in the course

5)  Approximate weightings of material: