Instructions Tifoo Anodization Starterkit en
Instructions Tifoo Anodization Starterkit en
Instructions Tifoo Anodization Starterkit en
ANODIZATION
Table of contents
1. BASICS FOR ANODIZATION S. 4
1.1 WHAT IS ANODIZATION? S. 4
1.2 PROCEDURE/PROCESS FLOW S. 4
1.3 BUILDUP OF THE ANODIC COATING S. 5
1.4 WHAT CAN BE ANODISED? S. 6
2. SAFETY S. 9
3. TIFOO ANODIZING STARTER SET S. 10
4. PRETREATMENT – MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL S. 11
4.1 MECHANICAL PRETREATMENT S. 11
4.2 MECHANICAL POLISHING ALUMINIUM TO A
MIRRORLIKE GLOSS S. 12
4.3 CHEMICAL PRETREATMENT S. 15
5. ANODIC OXIDATION S.16
5.1 CONNECTING THE WORKPIECES TO
ELECTRICITY S. 17
5.2 CALCULATING THE CURRENTS INTENSITY
AND THE NEEDED TIME FOR ANODISING S. 18
5.3 EXEMPLARY CALCULATIONS S. 18
6. DYEING S. 20
7. SEALING S. 21
8. DISPOSAL INFORMATION S. 22
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1. Basics for anodization
1.1 What is anodization?
The formation of an oxide layer on aluminium or
aluminium alloys by electrolyte baths is called
anodization. When an oxide layer is formed on aluminium
or on aluminium alloys by electrolyte baths, we speak of
anodization. Aluminium very rapidly forms a thin oxide
layer, about 0.10.5 µm, as soon as it is exposed to air.
This natural layer protects the metal against further
oxidation by oxygen, but cannot resist long against more
aggressive conditions. To strengthen the protective effect
of the layer and thereby cause the aluminium to become
even more resistant to corrosion, anodization is applied.
This means that the oxide layer is increased up to 30 µm
(0.3 mm) of thickness and is therefore about 8 times as
hard as that of untreated aluminium. By the process of
hard anodizing, even thicker layers can be achieved (>
100 µm). These generated anodized coatings are
resistant against a large number of chemical compounds.
Moreover, it is possible to embed colours into the porous
layer, which gives a very pleasing look to the completed
work piece. After the socalled sealing, these coloured
layers are permanently bound to the oxide layer and
cannot flake off easily (as, for example, varnishes often
do).
1.2 Procedure/Process flow
To anodize an aluminium component with colours, you
need to perform further steps apart from the actual
anodizing (meaning the immersion of the work piece into
the anodic electrolyte), which are crucial for the end
result. An overview of the entire process of the
anodization is shown in the illustration below. You will find
detailed information and instructions on how to proceed in
each step in the following chapters of this manual.
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1.3 Buildup of the anodic coating
During the actual anodic step, the aluminium work piece
is connected to the positive pole and it oxidises because
of the applied current flow. During this process the
following chemical reactions happen:
cathode: 6H3O+ + 6e > 3H2 + 6H2O
anode: 2Al > 2Al3+ + 6e
further reaction: 2Al3+ + 9H2O > Al2O3 + 6H3O+
The layer grows in capillarylike pores from the surface
into the metal.
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This means that the anodic coating is anchored directly in
the original aluminium and can no longer be removed
mechanically. These pores are able to absorb liquids, e.
g. dyes, after the anodization process.
After a dye has been embedded into these pores, you can
again close the oxide layer by the socalled sealing. This
means that aluminium oxide reacts with water and
crystallizes to hydrate alumina (Al2O3 x H2O) which clogs
the pores.
1.4 What can be anodised?
In theory, every aluminium piece can be anodized. The
result however depends heavily on which kind of alloy
was used. In principle, you can say that the purer the
aluminium, the better the quality of the anodization. Still,
pure aluminium is rarely used as material because of its
softness. There are many alloys which can be anodised
very well – you can find them in the following tables.
These tables are divided into two main classes of
aluminium alloys: wrought and casting alloys.
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The wrought alloys are mainly used for rolling and
extrusion pressing. Generally speaking, wrought alloys
are more suitable for decorative anodization than casting
alloys. The latter are used for example for sand casting
and motor parts and others are produced in this way. For
these alloys, the admixtures of alloy metal like, e. g.
silicon and zinc, are very high and are therefore
comparatively less suitable for anodization (although
there are exceptions which work very well!).
Aluminium wrought alloys
Electro
Designation Euronorm Anodization Colouration polishing
Al 99.5 ENAW1050 very good very good very good
AlZn4.5Mg1.5Mn EN AW 7005
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Aluminium wrought alloys
Electro
Designation Euronorm Anodization Colouration polishing
AlMg2.5 EN AW 5052 very good good
AlMg1Mn1 EN AW 3104
AlMgSiCu EN AW 6111
AlMg4.5Mn0.4 EN AW 5182
Table 1: General view of the wrought alloys of aluminium
Aluminium casting alloys
Electro
Designation Euronorm Anodization Colouration polishing
AlSi12 EN AC 44300 poor insufficient
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Aluminium casting alloys
Electro
Designation Euronorm Anodization Colouration polishing
AlZn5Mg EN AC 71000 good
Table 2: General view over the characteristics of the anodization of various commun casting
alloys of aluminium.
It is important that the aluminium is not yet anodised.
Otherwise, the work piece is no longer conductive and no
further reaction can happen. For this purpose, the Tifoo
DeAnodizer can be used (see chapter 4. Pretreatment).
Concerning accurately fitting aluminium parts, it must be
noted that the after the anodization process, work piece
will have increased in size.
We recommend using some aluminium test sheets for
first anodization experiments to get a feel for the right
approach.
2. SAFETY
While handling chemicals, several safety measures must
be implemented so that yourself and others are not
endangered. Make always sure to wear protection
goggles and gloves. Furthermore, closed shoes and long
clothes are important, old clothes are recommended,
perhaps even an overall, if available.
If you do come into contact with chemicals, you should
immediately rinse the affected skin areas with clear water
for several minutes. When clothing gets contaminated,
change it as soon as possible.
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In case of eye contact, remove contact lenses (if used)
and consult your doctor immediately. On no account eat
or drink the chemicals, nor should you eat or drink
anything at or near your work space.
For the baths used, especially the anodization bath and
the deanodizer you should use additives of foam to
suppress corrosive vapours. In case small quantitives of
vapours are released, they should not be inhaled. The
working space should be wellaired and no fire may be lit
in close proximity to it.
3. Tifoo Anodizing set (starter or deluxe)
The starter set includes everything needed to achieve
good first anodizing results without the need to buy further
chemicals. It is suitable for beginners as well as more
advanced users and covers the required basics.
Anodising Starter Set without power supply Anodising Starter set with 10 A power supply
Anodising Deluxe Set with 10 A power supply Anodising accessories deluxe set
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Further needed:
distilled water (e. g. available at petrol stations)
Additional options to include in your order:
further colours
many more options > You will find in our online shop
4. Pretreatment – mechanical and chemical
4.1 Mechanical pretreatment
The first step in the anodization process is the mechanical
pretreatment. This is one of the most important steps for
the anodization of aluminium because despite of the
anodic coating formation every scratch and every
imperfection remains visible. Every impurity (grease
residue, finger prints etc.) may cause a worse end result.
Additionally, the mechanical pretreatment enables mirror
like aluminium surfaces. It is also important to rinse the
work pieces thoroughly in between the individual work
steps.
Depending on the condition and state of each surface,
different pretreatment methods are recommended:
steel wool
grinding sponge
brushes
rotary tools with different attachments
sand blaster
polishing paste
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The following table provides an overview concerning the
methods for the mechanical pretreatment, the
respectively needed equipment/utensils and
subsequently, there are illustrations of some tools which
are also useful/helpful for the mechanical pretreatment of
aluminium; they may be purchased partially in our online
shop, in construction markets or other specialist shops.
Process Tools Indication
Rough grinding grinding sponge (grain size of evenly rough surface
40100)
coarse steel wool
drill with coarsegrained
aluminium grinding wheel
Smooth grinding grinding sponge (grain size of even surface, slightly rough
1502000)
fine steel wool
fine polishing paste in
connection with grinding
wheels
Polishing buffing wheel attachment for smooth surface
drill or multifunction rotary tool
polishing pastes
Polishing to a mirrorlike gloss molleton wheels nearly like a mirrorlike gloss
4.2 Mechanically polishing aluminium to a
mirrorlike gloss
Below we will describe how aluminium pieces with a
mirrorlike gloss will also keep this sheen after
anodization. All necessary equipment can be purchased
in our shop. As an example serves a 50 mm x 20 mm
aluminium alloy (ENAW5754, also called AIMg3) round
blank, which looked like this before anodization:
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The surface, dull but otherwise in a good condition, was
polished to a high sheen with a molleton wheel, which is
an attachment available for conventional drills, by using a
polishing paste.
Casting alloy aluminium piece Casting alloy aluminium piece
before polishing after polishing
The subsequent anodization and dyeing with Tifoo Eloxal
Green achieved the result shown below:
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We are happy to answer any questions to the correct
mechanical pretreatment of aluminium alloys and give
recommendations on which tools to choose. We
recommend you to send us an email to tifoo@marawe.de.
It is always very helpful if you can include a picture of the
object you wish to anodize so that its condition is easier to
evaluate.
4.3 Chemical pretreatment
After the mechanical pretreatment it is important that the
work piece is also treated chemically before the
anodization. First rinse the work piece thoroughly with
water so that all residue of the mechanical treatment is
removed and afterwards immerge it into the Tifoo
Anodization activator – because: a completely grease
and dustfree surface is essential for a good anodization
result.
The duration of the pretreatment lasts about 520
minutes, depending on the degree of soiling. If you wish
to check the evenness of the surface during the bath, use
tongs to pick the work piece from the bath. If you have
achieved the desired result, you should now rinse it
thoroughly with distilled water.
The criterion for a well pickled surface: the object
stays wet everywhere and the water does not drip off
off the surface!
It is important not to touch the aluminium from now on,
you should only work with tongs or clean wet gloves to
avoid grease spots. Manual for anodization
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Some alloys (containing Si, Mn or Zn) can cause a dark
discolouration of the aluminium.
During the chemical pretreatment, you should soon
observe the formation of gas. If not, this could be a hint to
the fact that your aluminium piece is already anodized.
You can check by carefully realizing a "scratching test" on
a bearly visible part. It's very easy to leave scratch marks
on untreated aluminium; if it's anodized, that's more
difficult.
If your workpiece is already anodized and you want to
remove the oxidation layer, you can use the Tifoo De
Anodizer (available in our online shop).
You can of course also use the DeAnodizer when you
yourself have anodized an object but without being
satisfied with the result. In this case, you can simply
remove the layer and start all over again.
5. Anodic oxidation
The anodic oxidation is the step during which the anodic
coating is built up and it is therefore the most important
part of the overall process. The schematic assembly of
the anodization is seen below:
Choose a suitable container, for example the 1 litre plastic
trough of the starter set, and attach the two included
graphite electrodes (cathodes) to the two long sides of the
trough. This array of two cathodes around the work piece
has the merit of a better current density distribution. The
aluminium work piece is connected as anode, this means
it is connected to the positive pole! Please also mix a
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small amount of foam additive into the trough before
working, so that a 1 to 2 cm thick foam cover forms.
It is also possible to work with round stainless steel vessels
which can function directly as cathodes. But in this case,
please always ensure that this kind of stainless steel is
indeed resistant to chemicals. For many applications, an
amount of 1 to 5 litres of anodization electrolyte should be
sufficient.
Now the already prepared work piece is fixed in the middle
between the electrodes (or respectively in the middle of the
stainless steel container). It is important, that all surfaces to
be anodized are actually immersed in the liquid.
5.1 Connecting the work pieces to electricity
Titan clamps and wires, which are included in the set, may
be used to attach the work pieces. It is important to attach
the work pieces in such a way that the contact points do not
shift and are firmly attached to each other: if during
anodization the titan clamp shifts onto an already anodized,
no longer conductive part, the electric current collapses
immediately.
The advantages of titan are the resistance against chemical
corrosion and which also means that it can be used time and
time again. Furthermore, crocodile clips made of stainless
steel or nickelplated steel are also part of the set. These
should not come into contact with the anodization
electrolytes and are suitable to connect parts to the current,
which are not supposed to be anodized completely or to hold
the titan clamps in position or else for other connecting
assemblies.
You can also make suitable holding or connecting devices
out of aluminium. For this, please observe the following
instructions: the aluminium rack will logically also be
anodized, so this means it has to be pickled. In addition to
that, the fixtures should be of the same aluminium alloy as
the one that gets anodized. Keep the surface as small as
possible, because otherwise high current losses will occur.
Generally speaking, position and switch your work pieces
always with wet gloves to avoid prints and blemishes.
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5.2 Calculating the current's intensity and the needed
time for anodization
The thickness of the anodized layer depends especially on
the time of the anodization process and on the current's
intensity. A guideline for the intensity to be used is the
following rule: 1.5 A per square decimetre (1dm2 = 100 cm2)
for an anodization period of 60 minutes at room temperature.
The currrent intensity measured in amperes for the
corresponding workpiece results from the multiplication of
the surface of the measured piece in dm2 with 1.5 A.
Surface in dm2 x 1.5 A = (surface in cm2)/1000 x 1.5
5.3 Exemplary calculations
An example will make that clearer: An aluminium cylinder / a
round rod with a diameter of 2 cm and a height of 10 cm is to
be anodized. The cylinder's total surface equals 2 x the base
area + shell surface. The shell surface of this cylinder equals
to the circumference x the height and therefore equals 63
cm2. The cylinder's base area is calculated according to the
following formula: (radius)2 x pi = 3.1 cm2.
The result therefore is a surface of (2 x 3.1) + 63 = 69.2 ~ 70
cm2 (corresponding to 0.7 dm2) for the exemplary cylinder.
According to the rule above, our power supply unit should
provide a current of
0.7 dm2 x 1.5 A = 1.05 A.
As our small power supply unit is capable of providing 2 A,
you will be able to anodize at 1.05 A within an hour without
any problems. You will also be able to anodize a cylinder
with twice the surface with the little power supply unit within
an hour. For even bigger objects, you should increase the
anodizing time or work with our stronger power supply unit of
10 A (available in our online shop by searching "10 ampere
power supply").
Example:
In order to treat an aluminium object with a surface of 200
cm3 = 2 dm2, one would need a current strength of 3 A (2
dm2 x 1.5 A). Therefore, one needs either a stronger power
supply unit or to anodize for 1.5 hours at 2A.
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Attention: The other way round, i.e. using a higher
current strength in order to anodise for a shorter
amount of time and therefore save some time is not
recommended because a current density that is too high
will destroy the layer.
Please consider the mentioned values to be only guidelines,
as the conditions depend on the used alloy, the conductor
cross section and on the bath's state. We recommend to
work with a current regulation when using our power supply
units because the layer's progressing growth increases the
electric resistance and the current decreases more and
more. When you adjust the corresponding current's intensity
on the power supply unit, the latter will regulate the needed
tension automatically and you normally shouldn't have to
adjust it manually. To do so, first position everything
(workpiece, cathodes and the bath) and then, when turned
off, you adjust the power supply unit's regulators for the
current strength and the voltage completely to zero. Then
turn the voltage to the maximum and turn on the device.
Now turn the current regulator until the calculated amperage
is achieved.
During the anodization, there will be a formation of hydrogen
bubbles on the cathode(s). This gas formation is a hint to the
fact that the electrochemical reaction works properly.
Please keep in mind that hydrogen and oxygen together
form "oxyhydrogen", an explosive and easily available
mixture. Even if the quantities are relatively small, you have
to guarantee a sufficient ventilation of the anodisation bath
and to avoid any fire or ignition source near the
corresponding basin.
Calculation of the layer thickness H:
H measured in µm = (0.26 x time in minutes x current
strength in A) / (surface in dm2)
Example: time = 50 min
current strength = 0.3 A
surface = 20 cm2 = 0.2 dm2
H = 19.5 µm
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After the desired anodisation time, the power supply unit
has to be turned off, the workpiece has to be taken out of
the bath and rinsed thoroughly for a long time period first
with normal water and afterwards with some distilled
water. Better too much than too few of this step! Rinsing
too shortly is one of the most frequent reasons for ugly or
stained colourations.
Please also guarantee to touch the object only by its
suspension and to not touch the anodised surfaces. If the
object has to be touched despite of that, please only do it
with wet rubber gloves.
6. Dyeing
From this point on, dyes can be stored in the pores
created by the anodisation. The included dyes are of solid
matter. Here are some values to dissolve them in distilled
water:
0.1 to 1 g per litre > light colourations
2 to 5 g per litre > strong colourations
> 5 g per litre > dark colourations
You can reuse the dyeing baths several times, but you
have to keep the following factors in mind: the pHvalue
should be between 5.5 et 7.5. If it is too low, please add
some NaOH; if it is too high, some acetic acid. It is
furthermore important to rinse the workpiece for a
sufficient time before dyeing it, as the residues of the
anodization electrolyte remaining in the pores can render
the dyeing baths ineffective. When a lot of time has
passed after the anodization process, it is recommended
to dip the aluminium piece again in the anodization
electrolyte to "reactivate" the layer.
The dye solutions are filled into a heatresistant
receptacle and heated up to 50 to 60 °C. The aluminium
piece that just got anodized is rinsed thoroughly and put
into the warm dye solution for some minutes. The typical
needed time for dyeing with the Tifoo Anodizing colours
are from 5 to 20 minutes of effect. If possible, it is
advisable to stir during that time so that the bath's
circulation is better, which makes the colourations more
even. The workpiece is then carefully taken out with a pair
of galvanic pliers and rinsed thoroughly.
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Important factors to achieve the highest colour
authenticity:
thick oxide layer (< 20 µm)
well absorbant oxide layers (i.e. anodization at room
temperature)
flawless rinsing after the anodization
correct concentration of the dye
long dyeing time guarantees deep colourations
(more than 30 minutes however don't have any
extra advantage
perfect sealing (see following chapter)
7. Sealing
Directly after dyeing, the dyed aluminium is put into the
already boiling sealing solution. This solution consists of
distilled water (especially suphate and phosphatefree).
The sealing causes a hydration of the oxide layer; this
means that the pores are closed which seals the surface
completely or "locks" the colourants into the layer. Please
keep the following mind: the water's or sealing solution's
temperature should be of at least 97 °C and the pHvalue
between 5.5 and 6 (can be tested with paper pH
indicator). There is no use sealing for a longer time at a
lower temperature the temperature over 96 °C is
decisive! If the pHvalue has to be adjusted, please do so
with acetic or formic acid not with sulphuric acid. The
time used for the sealing process should be at least 30
minutes.
The ideal time varies according to the layers' thicknesss.
It should be sealed for three minutes per µm, i.e. about 60
minutes for a thickness of 20 µm. Then the colour is firmly
bound to the aluminium and the anodization is finished.
8. Disposal information
Stick to the instructions of your local waste disposal services or ask
them for information about the appropriate disposal.
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Short guide
1. Mechanical pretreatment (grinding, polishing)
2. Rinse
3. Dip in the Tifoo Anodization Activator (5 to 20 minutes,
depending on the pollution degree)
4. Rinse
5. Calculate the surface of the aluminium piece to be
anodized
6. Position the graphite electrodes inside the basin, dip in
the piece you want to anodize for about 4560 min at
1.5 A/dm2, the workpiece is connected to the positive
pole and the two graphite sheets to the negative pole.
7. Rinse
8. Dye > The rinsed workpiece is now dipped in the
dyeing bath heated up to 50 °C. Move it around a bit to
accelerate the absorption of the dye. The dyeing bath's
concentration depends on the dye itself and on the
desired saturation. According to the colour's intensity
and the bath's concentration, the immersion time is
from 2 to 20 minutes. More time in the dyeing bath
means a more intense colouration of the workpieces.
Thanks to that, you will be able to create light
colourations as well as very saturated dyeings very
easily including the different shades between the two.
9. Rinse
10. Seal > The workpiece is dipped in boiling water for
about 60 minutes at at least 96 °C. This closes the
pores of the surface and the compound is transformed
into its final form responsible for the extreme hardness
of the layer.
We recommend distilled water!
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Tifoo
a registered trademark of
MARAWE GmbH & Co. KG
Donaustaufer Strasse 378
Gebäude 64
93055 Regensburg
Germany
Tel:(0049)941/46521716
Email: tifoo@marawe.eu
Web: www.tifooplating.com
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