Over Voltage Protection

REWARD POINT
ACTIVITY
REPORT
1
Smart System for Voltage Protection in
Home
SLOT 4- FACULTY INITIATIVE –REWARD POINT

ACTIVITY REPORT
Submitted By
SRIDHARAN M
191EE228
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
SATHYAMANGALAM-638401
JUNE 2020
2
DECLARATION
I affirm that the Faculty Initiative Reward Point task work “Smart System for
Voltage Protection in Home” being submitted as the record of original work
done by me under the guidance of Mrs. Sritha P, Assistant Professor Level
II, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
SRIDHARAN M
191EE228
I certify that declaration made above by the candidates is

true.
(Signature of Guide)
SRITHA P
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SNO TITTLE PAGE NO
1 OBJECTIVE OF THE TASK 1
2 COMPONENTS REQUIRED 1
3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 3
4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3
5 THEORY
5.1. Transistor BD139 4
5.2. IC LM358 4
5.3. Relay 5
5.4. Voltage Regulator 5
6 Over voltage protection 6
7 Circuit working 6
8 calculation 7
4
9 Testing the circuit 8
10 RESULT 13
11 CONCLUSION 9
12 REFERENCE 10
5
Smart System for Voltage Protection in Home
1.OBJECTIVE OF THE TASK:

The main objective of this task is to design the Smart system for
voltage protection in home by using LM358 IC and BD139 transistor.
2.COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S.N. o Parts Type Quantity
1 LM358 IC 1
2 BD139 Transistor 1
3 Screw Terminal Screw Terminal 5mmx2 3
4 1N4007 Diode 9
5 0.1uF Capacitor 2
6 56K,1W Resistor 2
7 1.5K, 1W Resistor 1
8 1K Resistor 2
1
9 1M Resistor 1
10 560K Resistor 2
11 62K Resistor 1
12 10K 10 Turns Potentiometer 1
11 SRD-12VDC-SL-C PCB Relay 1
12 LM7805 Voltage Regulator 1
13 Indicator LED 1
14 Clad Board Generic 50x 50mm 1
For testing the circuit:

 Transformer 9-0-9
 108B+TRMS Multimeter
 450B+TRMS Multimeter
 40W light Bulb (Test Load)
2
3.BLOCK DIAGRAM:
4.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3
5.THEORY:
5.1. Transistor BD139:
BD139 is a Bipolar NPN transistor, it is mounted in the SOT-32 plastic

package. BD139 has a gain value of 40 to 160, which determine the
amplification capacity of a transistor. It has three main pinouts which are a
collector, base and emitter. It is used to control (On/Off) bigger loads that
consume less than 1.5A.
5.2. IC LM358:
LM358 consists of two independent, high gain operational amplifiers in one

package. ... It has large dc voltage gain of 100dB. This IC can be operated on
wide range of power supply from 3V to 32V for single power supply or from
4
±1.5V to ±16V for dual power supply and it also support large output voltage
swing.
5.3. Relay:
An electromechanical PCB relay includes a coil, an armature, and contacts.

Applying power to the coil forms a magnetic field that causes the armature to
move and the contacts to open or close. ... Applying power to a reed relay coil
forms a magnetic field that causes the reeds to move and the contacts to close.
5.4. Voltage Regulator:
A LM7805 Voltage Regulator is a voltage regulator that outputs +5 volts. An

easy way to remember the voltage output by a LM78XX series of voltage
regulators is the last two digits of the number. A LM7805 ends with "05"; thus,
it outputs 5 volts.
5
6. OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION:
There are many reasons for a power outage, one of which is excessive stress.
Overvoltage protection can be characterized when a power supply is cut off
when an overvoltage condition occurs, although an overvoltage condition
occurs when it occurs, making the power supply unnecessary.
In addition, overvoltage conditions can affect from the power supply to the
mains circuit, when this happens you will get not only the faulty power supply
but also the open circuit. This is why surge protection circuits are so important
in any electronic project.
7. CIRCUIT WORKING:
The heart of this circuit is an OP-Amp, which is configured as a comparator. In

the schematic, we have a basic LM358 OP-amp and in its Pin-6, we have
our reference voltage which is generated from an LM7812 voltage regulator
IC and on pin-5, we have our input voltage which is coming from the main
supply voltage. In this situation, if the input voltage surpasses the reference
voltage, the output of the op-amp will go high, and with that high signal, we can
drive a transistor which turns on a relay, but there lies a huge problem in this
circuit, Due to noise in the input signal, the Op-amp will oscillate many times
before coming to a stable, the solution is to add hysteresis of Schmitt trigger
action at the input.
6
Circuits like Frequency Counter using Arduino and Capacitance Meter using
Arduino both of which uses Schmitt trigger inputs, By configuring the op-amp
with positive feedback, we can widen the margin at the input according to our
needs. As you can see in the above image, we have provided feedback with the
help of R18 & R19 by doing so, we have practically added two threshold
voltages, one is the upper threshold voltage, another is the lower threshold
voltage.
8. CALCULATION:
The schematic, we have our mains input, which we rectify it with the help of
a bridge rectifier, then we put it through a voltage divider which is made with
R9, R11, and R10, then we filter it through a 22uF 63V capacitor.
After doing the calculation for the voltage divider, we will get an output
voltage of 3.17V, now, we need to calculate the upper and lower threshold
voltages, to cut power when the input voltage reaches 270V. Now if we do the
voltage divider calculation again, we will get an output voltage of
3.56V, which is our upper threshold. Our lower threshold stays at 3.17V as we
have grounded the Op-amp.
7
Now, with the help of a simple voltage divider formula, we can easily calculate
the upper and the lower threshold voltages. Taking the schematic as reference
the calculation:
UT = R18/ (R18+R19)
Vout = 62K/ (1.5M+62K)
= 0.47 V
LT = R18/ (R18+R19)
-Vout = 62K/ (1.5M+62K)
=0V
Now, after the calculation, we can see that we have set your upper threshold
voltage at 0.47V above the trigger level with the help of the positive feedback.
Please note that our practical values will differ a bit from our calculated values
due to resistor tolerances.
9. TESTING THE CIRCUIT:
As you can see from the above image, I have prepared this test setup to test this
circuit, I have soldered two wires in the pin5 and pin6 of the Op-amp and the
8
meco 108B+ Multimeter is showing the input voltage and the 450B+
Multimeter is showing the reference voltage.
In this circuit, the transformer is powered from 230V mains power supply, and
from there the power is fed to the rectifier circuit as input, the output from the
transformer is also fed into the board as it is providing power and reference
voltage to the circuit.
As you can see from the above image, the circuit is on, and the input voltage in
the meco 450B+ Multimeter is less than the reference voltage, which means the
output is on.
Now to simulate the situation if we reduce the reference voltage, the output will
turn off, detecting an over voltage condition, also a red LED on the board will
turn on.
10. RESULT:
An over voltage protection device with an op-amp, which can detect high

voltages and can cut of the input power in a fraction of a second protecting the
device from a high voltage surge.
11. CONCLUSION:
9
The main cause of these voltage surges in power system are due to lightning
impulses and switching impulses of the system. But over voltage in the power
system may also be caused by, insulation failure, arcing ground and resonance
etc. ... These over voltages hardly cross the twice of the normal voltage level.
Hence, the above overvoltage circuit helps in these high voltage fluctuations.
12. REFERENCES:
https://microcontrollerslab.com/smart-voltage-protection-system-home/
https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/230v-ac-mains-over-voltage-
protection-circuit
10

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REWARD POINT

SLOT 4- FACULTY INITIATIVE –REWARD POINT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

I certify that declaration made above by the candidates is

1 OBJECTIVE OF THE TASK 1

5.1. Transistor BD139 4

5.4. Voltage Regulator 5

6 Over voltage protection 6

1.OBJECTIVE OF THE TASK:

S.N. o Parts Type Quantity

3 Screw Terminal Screw Terminal 5mmx2 3

12 10K 10 Turns Potentiometer 1

11 SRD-12VDC-SL-C PCB Relay 1

12 LM7805 Voltage Regulator 1

14 Clad Board Generic 50x 50mm 1

For testing the circuit:

BD139 is a Bipolar NPN transistor, it is mounted in the SOT-32 plastic

LM358 consists of two independent, high gain operational amplifiers in one

An electromechanical PCB relay includes a coil, an armature, and contacts.

5.4. Voltage Regulator:

A LM7805 Voltage Regulator is a voltage regulator that outputs +5 volts. An

The heart of this circuit is an OP-Amp, which is configured as a comparator. In

Vout = 62K/ (1.5M+62K)

-Vout = 62K/ (1.5M+62K)

9. TESTING THE CIRCUIT:

An over voltage protection device with an op-amp, which can detect high

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