Presentation On Transformer Protection

Philosophy and Approach to Transformer
Protection
INTRODUCTION
The Power Transformer is one of the most important

links in a power transmission and distribution system.
A Transformer fault will cause a large interruption in
power supplies and the impact is more serious than a
transmission line outage and also cause damage to
power system stability.
Transformer protection falls under two major
categories :
• Protection of the system against the effects of
faults arising inside the transformer.
• Protection of the transformer against the effect of
faults occurring on any part of the system
(external).
TRANSFORMER FAULTS
HV LV MV
LV CB
R
MAIN TRANSFORMER
FAULTS INTERNAL TO THE TRANSFORMER
✓ Earth faults
✓ Phase to Phase faults
✓ Inter turn faults
✓ Core faults
✓ Tank faults
✓ EARTH FAULTS:
▪ In this case, the fault current is controlled mainly
by the leakage reactance of the winding and
generally the currents are of high magnitude.
✓ PHASE – TO – PHASE FAULTS:
▪ Faults between phases within a transformer are
relatively rare, if such a fault does occur it will
give rise to a substantial current compared to the
earth fault current.
• INTER – TURN FAULTS:
• A high voltage transformer connected to an overhead
transmission system is very likely to be subjected to
step fronted impulse voltages. Hence the risk of partial
winding flash over is high. It is opined that 70% to
80% of all transformer failures arise from faults
between turns or inter turn faults.
• A short circuit of a few turns of the winding will give
raise to heavy faults current in the short-circuited
loop, but the impact on terminal currents will be very
small because of the high ratio of transformation
between the whole windings and the short circuited
turns.
CORE FAULTS:
• If any portion of the core insulation becomes
defective, it will cause sufficient eddy currents to
flow, causing serious over heating, which may
reach a magnitude sufficient to damage the
winding.
• The additional core-loss, although causing severe
local heating, will not produce a noticeable change
in input current and could not be detected by
normal electrical protections. However, it is very
much essential to detect this condition before a
major fault has been created.
Core faults (contd.)
• Fortunately, in an oil immersed transformer, the
local heating will cause breakdown of some of the
oil with an accompanying evolution of gas, which
will escape towards the conservator. These are
detected by a bucholz relay. Even much earlier
detection is possible using DGA.
✓ TANK FAULTS:
• Loss of oil through tank leak, failure of welded
joints etc. may lead to a dangerous condition.
EXTERNAL SYSTEM CONDITIONS:
✓ Over-load
✓ System faults (phase to phase/ phase to earth)
✓ Over voltage
✓ Reduced system frequency.
OVERLOAD
• Over load causes increased copper loss and a

consequent temperature rise.
• Overloads can be allowed for limited period
depending on the initial temperature and the
cooling conditions.
• System short circuits produce a relatively intense
rate of heating of the feeding transformers, the
copper loss increasing in proportion to the square
of the per unit fault current.
OVERLOAD (contd.)
• Large fault currents produce severe mechanical

stresses in transformers, the maximum stress
occurs during the first cycle of asymmetric faults
current and so cannot be arrested by automatic
tripping of the circuit.
• Hence the control of such stresses is to be taken

care of at the time of design itself.
SYSTEM FAULTS(PH-PH AND PH-E)
• Transformer needs to be protected from feeding

external phase to phase and phase to ground faults
on connected 400kV or 220kV system.
• These faults include uncleared faults in 220kV
system and 400kV system. Backup directional OC
protection is used.
• The protection to be coordinated properly to
operate with a time delay to avoid unwanted
tripping of ICT for external faults.
OVER VOLTAGE
Over Voltage conditions are of two types:
1.Transient Surge Voltage: Transient over voltages
arise from switching and lightning disturbances
and are liable to cause inter- turn faults
2. Power Frequency Over-voltage: Power frequency
over voltage causes both an increase in stress on
the insulation and a proportionate increase in the
working flux.
✓ MAGNETISING INRUSH:
• The phenomenon of magnetizing inrush is a transient condition, which

occurs primarily when a transformer is energized.
• It is not a fault condition and therefore does not necessitate the operation of
protection, which on the contrary must remain stable during the inrush
transient, which is a major factor that is to be taken care of in the design of
transformer protection.
• Magnetising inrush wave has the following harmonics

1. 2nd harmonic – 63 %
2. 3rd harmonic – 27 %
3. 4th harmonic – 5%
4. 5th harmonic – 4%
OVER HEATING PROTECTION
• The rating of a transformer is based on the

temperature rise above assumed maximum
ambient temperature.
• At a lower ambient temperature some degree of
overload can be safely applied.
• Short period overloads are also permissible to an
extent dependent on the previous loading
conditions.
NORMAL PROTECTIONS FOR TRANSFORMER
• Differential Protection : DTH31,RADSB,RADHA
• Ground Fault Protection : CAG14, RADHD
• Over Current Protection : CDD,RXIG
• Over Load Protection : VTU,RXEG
• Over Fluxing Protection : GTT,RATUB
• Buchholz Relay (OLTC & Main Tank)
• Pressure Relief Device
• Oil and Winding temp alarms and trips
• Oil Level Monitoring (MOLG)
Transformer Differential
A. CT secondary connections must be compensated for phase shift
due to vector group.
B. CT ratio must be chosen to suit the tap changing variations .
C. The effect of Magnetizing Inrush current during energization to be
taken care.
D. Out of balance current due to above is much higher than the
normal setting.
E. BIAS is introduced to ensure the stability of relay under the above
conditions.
F. Stable for through fault current.
G. Auxiliary CT is introduced to match the CT ratios
Transformer Differential
H. The second harmonic content is filtered and relay is made non

operative when the 2nd harmonic is >20%.
I. The differential element has a fixed setting of 15% of the rated

current - ie. for 1A relay the pick-up value is 150 mA.
J. The bias setting is adjustable to 15%, 30% or 45% by varying

the plug settings.
K. The instantaneous high set unit pick up setting is 10 times the

rated current - ie. for a 1A relay, the setting is 10A.
R Differential relay
Y
B
BIAS Winding
Main CTs R Second

Harmonic
Y
Restraint
B
Aux CT
Bias
3.0
Operate
2.0
Non-Operate
1.0
0.2
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Through Bias Current
Restricted earth fault protection
• Adequate earth fault sensitivity is difficult in differential protection.
• An operating current sensitivity of atleast 10% of nominal current.
• Tuned to the system frequency
• High or low impedance principle.
• Suitable non-linear resistor to limit the peak voltage during in-zone

faults in case of high impedance principle.
• Delta connected transformers are protected with REF by using

Earthing transformer.
Restricted earth fault protection
64
BACKUP O/C & E/F PROTECTION
•Inverse Definite Min Time (IDMT) relays with directional element as well
as O/C instantaneous element are used.
•Three Directional O/C Relays + One Directional E/F relay on each side
of Transformer are provided (Total 8 relays)
•PT voltage required for O/C relays is taken from connected bus through
a PT voltage selection relay, which is a latch relay being operated by
isolator contact.
•All the relays are made to look towards transformer

IDMT Characteristics
PSM x Current
TMS x Time
Energize
V Dir
Element IDMT Element OR TRIP
I
Instantaneous
Element
Trip Logic for CDD41
Va Va
Ia
Ia Vb
Vc
Vbc VOD
Directional Element in O/C Relay Directional Element in E/F Relay
Directional Element in O/C & E/F Relay
MTL V V
I OTL
MTL
I
OTL
O/C Relays E/F Relays

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Presentation On Transformer Protection

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Philosophy and Approach to Transformer

The Power Transformer is one of the most important

• Over load causes increased copper loss and a

• Large fault currents produce severe mechanical

• Hence the control of such stresses is to be taken

• Transformer needs to be protected from feeding

• The phenomenon of magnetizing inrush is a transient condition, which

• Magnetising inrush wave has the following harmonics

• The rating of a transformer is based on the

H. The second harmonic content is filtered and relay is made non

I. The differential element has a fixed setting of 15% of the rated

J. The bias setting is adjustable to 15%, 30% or 45% by varying

K. The instantaneous high set unit pick up setting is 10 times the

Main CTs R Second

• An operating current sensitivity of atleast 10% of nominal current.

• Tuned to the system frequency

• High or low impedance principle.

• Suitable non-linear resistor to limit the peak voltage during in-zone

• Delta connected transformers are protected with REF by using

•All the relays are made to look towards transformer

O/C Relays E/F Relays

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