A company is forming a team of 8 managers from different departments within

company. Company has total of 30 managers, and 10 of these people are from the
finance department. If the company has to randomly select members of the team, what is
the probability that team will contain 2 managers from the finance department? Also
find the mean and variance.

RV X = no. of managers from finance department

Which is Hypergeometric random variable.

n = number of team members = 8

N = number of managers in company = 30

M = number of managers from finance dept. = 10

N-M = managers from other dept. = 20

P(X = 2) = C(M,x)*C(N-M,n-x)/C(N,n) =

E(X) = nM/N= 2.66

V(X)

A shipment of 120 items contains 5 defectives. If 3 of these items are chosen at random,
find the probability that a customer will get one bad item by using (i) Hypergeometric
and (ii) binomial probability distribution.

Rv x = no. of bad items, which is Hypergeometric rv.

N= 120

n= 3

M=5

N-M = 115

SINCE, n/N = 3/120 = 0.025 < 0.1

So using binomial distribution,

p = 5/120 = 1/24, q = 23/24

It is known that the average number of accidents in a certain intersection of road is 2 per
week. Find the probability that in a given week, there will be (i) less than 2 accidents (ii)
exactly 2 accidents (iii) more than 2 accidents.

RV X = no. of accidents, which is Poisson rv

 = avg. no. of accidents per week =2

i. P(X<2) = P(X=0) + P(X=1) =

ii. P(X=2)=

iii. P(X>2) = 1- P(X  2) = 1 – = 0.3233

In a certain factory turning out optical lenses, there is a small chance 1/500 for any
lens to be defective. The lenses are supplied in packets of 10 each. What is the
probability a packet will contain (i) no defective lens (ii) exactly two defective lenses
(iii) at least one defective lenses (iv) at most two defective lenses

r.v. X = no. of defective lens in a packet, which is a Poisson RV.

p = prob. of lens being defective = 1/500 = 0.002

np = 10*0.002 = 0.02

n= 10

 = np = 0.02

i. P(X=0)= = 0.98
ii. P(X=2) =
iii. P(X1) = 1- P(X=0)

iv. P(X2)= =

At a checkout counter, customers arrive at an average rate of 1.5 per minute. Find the
probability. that (a) at most four will arrive in any given minute. (b) at least three will
arrive during an interval of 2 minutes (c) at most 15 will arrive during an interval of 6
minutes
 = 1.5

a. P(X4)= ?
b. P(X3) =?,  = 1.5 *2 = 3

c.  = 1.5 *6 = 9 P(X15)=
Among 300 employees, 240 are union members, while the others are not. If 8 of the
employees are chosen by lot to serve on the committee, find the probability that 5 of
them will be union members while the others are not using a) Hyper geometric
distribution b) Binomial distribution

R.V.X = no. union members in committee of eight, which is Hypergeometric r.v.

N = total number of employees = 300
M = number of union members = 240
N-M =60=…………………………………
n= no. of employees chosen = 8
P(X= 5) = = 0.1469
b) using binomial distribution
n,p
p = prob. of success = 240/300 = 4/5
P(X=5) = C(8,5) (4/5)5(1/5)8-5 = 0.1468

n/N  0.1,
8/300 = 0.0267

Suppose we are investigating the safety of a dangerous intersection of a road. Past police
records indicate a mean of 5 accidents per month at this intersection. Suppose the
number of accidents is distributed according to a Poisson distribution. Calculate the
probability in any month of exactly 0 and between 2 to 4 accidents. [068 Magh]

r.v. X = number of accidents occurring in a month

 = avg. no. of accidents in a month = 5

P(X=0) = 0.00673

P(2  X  4) = P(X=2)+ P(X=3) + P(X = 4) = 0.4

A manufacturer of matchstick knows that on average 2% of his production is defective.

He sells matchsticks in boxes of 100 and guarantees that not more than 2 matchsticks
will be defective. what is the probability that a match box selected at random will meet
the guaranteed quality?

Rv X = ?
n , p ,  P(X=x)?
A manufacturer of matchstick knows that on average 2% of his production is defective.
He sells matchsticks in boxes of 100 and guarantees that not more than 2 matchsticks
will be defective. What is the probability that a match box selected at random will meet
the guaranteed quality?

Random variable X = no. of defectives in a box , is a Poisson r.v.

n= 100,

p= prob. of defectives = 0.02

 = average number of deectives in a box = np = 100*0.02= 2


according to question, P(X  2) = P(X=0) + P(X=1) + P(X=2)= = 0.677

In a certain factory, there is 0.2% probability for any blade to be defective. Blades are
supplied in packets of 10. Using Poisson distribution, calculate the approximate no. of
packets containing (a) no defective (b) one defective (c) two defective respectively in a
consignment of 20,000 packets

RV X= no. of defectives, which Poisson rv,

n = 10, p= 0.002,  = n*p =

a) P(X=0) * 20,000
b) P(x=1)*20,000

At a checkout counter, customers arrive at an average rate of 1.5 per minute. Find the
probability. that (a) at most four will arrive in any given minute. (b) at least three will
arrive during an interval of 2 minutes (c) at most 15 will arrive during an interval of 6
minutes.

Rv X = number of customers arriving at counter, which is Poisson RV

 = avg. number of customers arrived per minute = 1.5

a. P(X  4) = =
b. Here,  = 1.5*2 = 3

P(X  3) = 1- P(X 2) =
 c. Here,  = 1.5*6 = 9

P(X 15) = =
W

A fair dice was rolled until one gets a Six. Find the expected number of toss required.

r.v. X is negative binomial rv.

r= reqd. success = 1

p = 1/6, q = 5/6

E(aX+b) = aE(X) +b

Number of toss= x+r

E(X+r) =E(X+1) = E(X) + 1 = +1=6

Five coins are tossed 320 times. If coins are unbiased, construct the probability
distribution table of number of heads obtained. Also find the mean, variance of the
probability distribution

r.v. x = no. of heads

n = number of toss = 5

P(X=0)
P(X=1)
P(X=2)
P(X=3)
P(X=4)
P(X=5)
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
P(X) 1/32 … .. … .. ..
Expected 1/32*320=10
frequencies
We know, =1

C= 3

P(1<x<2)= = 0.047

E(X) = =

=u -

E(X2) = = 1/3

V(X) = 1/3 – 1/9 =2/9

2. RV X = daily power consumption

f(x) =

P(X  12) =

1 – P(X < 12) = 1 –

=1

P( X < ½) =

P(1/4 < X < 1/2 ) =

P(X> = 2/3) =
F(Z2) – F(Z1)

X is normally distributed and the mean of X is 12 and standard deviation (s.d.) is 4. Then
find out
a) P(X 

RV X  N(,) = N(12, 4)

Z=

P(X  20) = P (Z  2) = 1 – P(Z<2) = 1- 0.9772 answer
P(X  20) = P(Z  2) = 0.9772
P(0 <X< 12) = P(-3 < Z < 0) = F(0) – F(-3)= P(Z<0) – P(Z<-3) = 0.5 – 0.0013 answer

Find ‘a’ when P(X>a) =0.24

P(X>a) = 0.24
Or, P(Z > ) = 0.24

Or, P(Z  ) = 1-0.24 = 0.76

So, from Z score table,
= 0.71
So, a = ….

The mean yield for one-acre plot is 662 kilos with a s.d. 32 kilos. Assuming normal
distribution, how many one-acre plots in a batch of 1000 plots would you expect to have
yield
a) over 700 kilos b) below 650 kilos

RV X = yield in one acre-plot  N(662, 32)

a. P(X > 700) = 0.117
No. of plots having yield over 700 kilos = 0.117*1000 = 117
below 650 kilos = P(X< 650) = 0.3520
0.3520*1000 = 352 plots
13. Plastic rods are automatically cut into normal length of 6 inches. Actual lengths are
normally distributed about mean of 6 inches and their standard deviation. is 0.06 inch.
What proportion of the rod exceeds tolerance limits of 5.9 inches to 6.1 inches?

RV X = Length of rods which follows normal distribution, with mean = 6 and SD =0.06

1 – P(5.9 < X < 6.1) = Z = 1.6666 = 1.67

Of a large group of men, 5% are under 60 inches in height and 40% are between 60 and
65 inches. Assuming a normal distribution, find the mean height and standard deviation.

RV X = height of men  N (,)

According to question
P (X<60) =0.05………………………(i)
And P(60 < X < 65) = 0.4 ………………..(ii)

From (i),

P( Z< ) = 0.05



From Z score table, = - 1.645 ………………….(iii)


From (ii)
P(60 < X < 65) = 0.4
Or, P(X<65) – P(X<60) = 0.4

Or, P( X< 65) – 0.05 = 0.4


Or, P(Z < ) = 0.45

From Z score table,

= - 0.13 …………(iv)

Solving (iii) and (iv)
A Process yields 10% defective items. If 100 items are randomly selected from the
process, what is the prob. that number of defective exceeds 13?

RV X = defectives no. of items, which is binomial RV

n = 100

p = 0.1

Since, np = 0.1* 100 = 10 , we can use Normal approximation to the binomial prob.
distribution

So, P(X > 13) = 1- P(X 13)

= 1- P (X  13.5) [using continuity correction]

= 1 – P(Z  ) = 1 – P(Z  1.17) = 1 – 0.8790 = 0.121 Answer…

18. P( 25  X  30) = P (24.5  X  30.5) [using continuity correction]

19. P( X =205) = using approximation to Normal distribution

P(  X  205.5) = P ( Z  ) = P (0.45  Z  0.55)

n = 400, p = 0.5, q = 0.5

21. RV X = no. of dust particles in a squared meter asbestos sheet

 = 1000 per sq. meter

P( X < 950) = P( X < 950.5) [continuity correction ]

Using Normal approximation to Poisson distribution

From a population of five members 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 draw all possible random sample of
size 3 without replacement. Obtain the sampling distribution of sample mean, show that
expectation of sample mean is equal to population mean and find the standard error of
sample mean.

Population size (N) = 5

Sample size (n) = 3

Possible samples = 5C3 = 10

Sampling distribution of Mean:

Sample Sample Sample Mean

No.
1 3, 6, 9 Ӯ1 = 6
2 3, 6, 12 Ӯ2 = 7
3 3, 6, 15 Ӯ3 =8
4 3, 9, 12 Ӯ4 =8
5 3, 9, 15 Ӯ5 =9
6 3, 12, 15 Ӯ6 =10
7 6, 9, 12 Ӯ7 =9
8 6, 9, 15 Ӯ8 =10
9 6,12, 15 Ӯ9 =11
10 9, 12, 15 Ӯ10 =12

Here, Population mean,  = =9

Ӯ Ӯ
Mean of sample means = =9

Hence, Expectation of sample mean = Population mean

Mean (Ӯ) Frequency (f) P(Ӯ)

6 1 1/10
7 1 1/10
8 2 2/10
9 2 2/10
10 2 2/10
11 1 1/10
12 1 1/10
Total 10 1

E(Ӯ) = Ӯ* P(Ӯ) = 9

Here, n/N = 3/5 = 0.6 > 0.05.

= 4.2426
Now, =  =

So, S.E. = = = 1.732

An electronics company manufactures resistors that have a mean resistance of 100 ohms
and a standard deviation of 10 ohms. The distribution of resistance is normal. Find the
probability that a random sample of 25 resistors will have an average resistance less than
95 ohms.

Population mean,  = 100 ohms

Standard deviation ,  = 10 ohms
RV Resistance is Normal
n = 25
Sample average Ӯ is a random variable, which is a normal RV.
P(Ӯ < 95) = P (Z < ) = P(Z < -2.5)
using Z score table,
= 0.0062 Answer

Degrees of freedom (df) = n-1

n= 5, sum of obs. = 50

y1= 10, y2 = 12, y3 = 9, y4 = 15, y5=?????

Proportions

p=

Confidence level (Prob. that interval contains parameter value)

90%, 95%, 99%

[…………………..] 90%

[………………………………………….]95%

[………………………………………………………………………….] 99%

100%

A quality control manager needs to estimate the average hours of life of light bulbs. The
population standard deviation is known to be 100 hours. A random sample of 64 light
bulbs indicated a sample average life of 350 hours. Set up 95% and 99% confidence
interval of true average life of bulbs.
100 hours =  pop SD

64 = sample size

350 = ӯ, sample mean

For, Confidence level = 95%, Z/2 = 1.96

Lower Confidence Limit (LCL) = Ӯ - Z/2 */n = 325.5

Upper Confidence Limit (UCL) = Ӯ + Z/2 */n = 374.5

For, Confidence level = 99%, Z/2 = 2.575

Lower Confidence Limit (LCL) = Ӯ - Z/2 */n = 317.81

Upper Confidence Limit (UCL) = Ӯ + Z/2 */n = 382.82

The weights of seven similar containers of sulfuric acid are 9.8, 10.2, 10.4, 9.8, 10.0,
10.2 and 9.6 ounces. Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean of all such containers,
assuming an approximate normal distribution. (9.74, 10.26)

Sample size, n = 7

Sample mean, ӯ = 10

y2 = sum of squares of observations = 9.82 +……..+ 9.62 = 700.48

Standard deviation = 0.283

Critical value of t/2, n-1 = 2.447 (from table)

Lower Confidence Limit (LCL) = Ӯ - t/2,n-1 *s/n = 9.738

Upper Confidence Limit (UCL) = Ӯ + t/2,n-1 *s/n = 10.262

The yearly incomes of high school teachers in two cities yielded the following tabulation
City 1 City 2
No. of teachers 90 60
Average 28,520 27,210
income
Standard 1510 950
deviation
If the teachers from each city are thought of as samples from two populations of high
school teachers, use the data to construct a 99% confidence interval for the difference
in mean annual incomes.
For city1,

n1 = 90, ẍ = 28520, s1 = 1510

for city 2,

n2 = 60, ӯ = 27210, s2 = 950

LCL = 792.58, UCL = 1827.41

Tensile strength tests were performed on two different grades of aluminum spars used
in manufacturing the wing of a commercial transport aircraft. From past experience
with the spar manufacturing process and the testing procedure, the standard
deviations of tensile strengths are assumed to be known. The data obtained are as
follows: n1 = 10, = 87.6, s1 = 1, n2 = 12, = 74.5, and s2 = 1.5. Find a 90%
confidence interval on the difference in mean strength.

Tensile strength tests were performed on two different grades of aluminum spars used in
manufacturing the wing of a commercial transport aircraft. From past experience with
the spar manufacturing process and the testing procedure, the standard desviations of
tensile strengths are assumed to be known. The data obtained are as follows: m = 10, =
87.6, s1 = 1, n = 12, = 74.5, and s2 = 1.5. Find a 90% confidence interval on the
difference in mean strength

4. In 40 tosses of a coin, 24 heads were obtained. Find 95% confidence limit for
proportion of heads.

No. of tosses (n) = 40

No. of heads (x) = 24

Sample proportion for heads (p) = 24/40 = 0.6

q = 1-p = 0.4

for 95% confindencce interval, Z/2 = 1.96

LCL = p - Z/2 = 0.448

UCL = p + Z/2 = 0.752

A random sample of 500 adult residents of Town A found that 385 were in favor of
increasing the highway speed limit to 75mph, while another sample of 400 adult
residents of Town B found that 267 were in favor of the increased speed limit. Construct
95% confidence interval on the difference in the two proportions. [072 Kartik]

Sample from town A, (m) = 500

No. of residents who favour for increasing highway speed limit, (x) = 385

Proportion of residents who favour for increasing highway speed limit (p1) = 385/500=
0.77

Sample from town B, (n) = 400

No. of residents who favour for increasing highway speed limit, (y) = 267

Proportion of residents who favour for increasing highway speed limit (p2) = 267/400=
0.6675

LCL = 0.043

UCL = 0.162

n = 64

P(80.8< ӯ <83.2) = ??

Z=

 16. NEA wishes to estimate the average electric bills for the month of October for single
family homes in Kathmandu. Based on similar studies in other cities the standard
deviation is assumed to be Rs. 150. The NEA wants to estimate the average bill for
October such that error will not deviate by Rs. 15 with 90% confidence. What sample
size is needed?

Standard deviation,  = Rs 150

Rs 15 = Maximum error of estimate = E

Level of confidence = 90%,

Z/2 = 1.645

Sample size required, = 270.6  271

Para- Hypothesis Sample Test Rejection region Decision

meter Statistic Statistic for  level of
significance


 H0:  = 0 ӯ Z= Z(2.18) ≥ z (2.33) Accept H0 if

H1:  > 0 Z ≤ - z |z| < |z|

H1:  < 0 Either Z ≥ z/2 Reject H0 if

H1:  ≠ 0 or Z ≤ - z/2 |z| > |z|

Test of hypothesis

29. The director at a university advises parents of new students about the cost of
textbooks. A sample of 100 students enrolled in the university indicates a sample mean
of cost Rs 3150 with sample standard deviation of Rs 43. Using 0.10 level of
significance, is there evidence that the population average is above Rs 3000?

Sample size, n = 100, Sample mean, ӯ = Rs 3150, sample SD, s= Rs 43,

= 0.1

1. Null Hypothesis (H0):  = 3000

Alternative Hypothesis (H1):  > 3000

2. Level of significance,  = 0.1


3. Test Statistic , Z= = 34.88
4. Critical Value (Z) = 1.28
5. Decision: Since, |Z| > | Z|, we reject the null hypothesis. i.e. the difference is
significant. So, we conclude that textbooks cost are above than Rs 3000.

30. In the past a machine has produced washers having a mean thickness of 1.250 mm.
To determine whether the machine is in proper working condition, a sample of 100
washers is chosen for which the mean thickness is 1.325 mm and s.d. is 0.08 mm. Test
the hypothesis that the machine is in proper working condition using a level of
significance 0.05

Sample size , n = 100

ӯ = 1.325 mm, s = 0.08 mm

1. Null hypothesis, H0 :  =1.250

Alterative hypothesis, H1 :   1.250
2. Level of significance,  = 0.05

3. Test Statistic , Z= = 9.375
4. Critical Value (Z/2) =  1.96
5. Decision: Since, |Z| > | Z/2|, we reject the null hypothesis. i.e. the difference is
significant. So, we conclude that machine is not in proper working condition.
33. In a certain factory, there are two independent process of manufacturing same item.
The average weight in a sample of 250 items produced from one process is found to be
120 gram with standard deviation of 12 gram while the corresponding figure in a sample
of 400 items from the other process are 124 and 14. Find the standard error of the
difference of means and also test whether two mean weight differ significantly or not at
10% level of significance

Given,
1st process
Sample size (m) = 250
Sample mean (ẍ) = 120 gm
Sample sd (s1) = 12 gm

2nd process
Sample size (n) = 400
Sample mean (ӯ) = 124 gm
Sample sd (s2)= 14 gm

Let mean weight from 1st process = x

Mean weight from 2nd process =y
1. Null hypothesis, H0 : x- y =0
Alterative hypothesis, x- y  0
2. Level of significance,  = 0.1

3. Test Statistic , Z= = - 3.874

4. Critical Value (Z/2) =  1.645
5. Decision: Since, |Z| > | Z/2|, we reject the null hypothesis, so difference of mean
weight from two process is significant.

37. Ten objects are chosen at random from the large population and their weights are
found to be in grams 63, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 69, 70, 70, 71. In the light of above data,
0.05
[072 Chaitra]

Given,

Sample size, n= 10

Sample mean, ӯ = = 67

Sample sd (s)= = = 3.127

 1. Null hypothesis, H0 :  = 65
Alterative hypothesis,   65
2. Level of significance,  = 0.05

3. Test Statistic , t= = 2.023

4. Critical Value (t/2,n-1) = 2.262
5. Decision: Since, |t| < | t/2|, we do not reject the null hypothesis. So, difference is
not significant, population mean is 65.

40. The height of six randomly chosen sailors are 68, 65, 68, 69, 71 and 72 inches.
Those of 10 randomly chosen soldiers are 61, 65, 66, 69, 70, 70, 71, 62, 72 and 70
inches. Can we assume that data support the fact that sailors are taller on the average
than soldiers do?

For sailors,
Average height of sailors = x
Number m = 6
Sample mean of height of sailors, ẍ = 68.83
Sample SD of height of sailors, s1 = = 2.592
For soldiers,
Average height of soldiers = y

Number, n = 10

Sample mean of height of soldiers, ӯ = 67.6

Sample SD of height of soldiers, s2 = = 3.864

1. Null hypothesis, H0 : x - y = 0
Alterative hypothesis, H1: x - y > 0
2. Level of significance,  = 0.01

3. Test Statistic , t= = 0.688

= 3.464
4. Critical Value (t,m+n-2) = 2.624
 5. Decision: Since, |t| < | t|, we do not reject the null hypothesis. The difference of
heights of sailors and soldiers is not significant. Data do not support the fact.

43. The following are the average weekly loss of worker-hours due to accidents in 10
industrial plants before and after a certain safety program was put into operation:

Before 45 73 46 124 33 57 83 34 26 17
After 36 60 44 119 35 51 77 29 24 11
Use the 0.05 level of significance to test whether the safety program is effective.

Let x = average loss before safety program

y = average loss after safety program

Before (xi) 45 73 46 124 33 57 83 34 26 17

After (yi) 36 60 44 119 35 51 77 29 24 11
Difference, Di 9 13 2 5 -2 6 6 5 2 6

= = = 5.2

= 4.077

1. Null hypothesis, H0 : x - y = 0
Alterative hypothesis, H1: x - y > 0
2. Level of significance,  = 0.05

3. Test Statistic , t= = 4.033

4. Critical Value (t, n-1) = 1.833

Decision: Since, |t| > | t|, we reject the null hypothesis. There is significant difference
between before and after operation of safety program. The training program is effective.