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    Physiology Practical Measurement of Blood Pressure

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    Ali Mohamed
    The document describes the process for measuring blood pressure through both direct and indirect methods. Indirect measurement involves using a sphygmomanometer with an inflatable cuff and stethoscope to listen for Korotkoff sounds over the brachial artery as the cuff is deflated. Doppler ultrasound is also described as a common indirect method in small animals, involving using a Doppler probe and cuff on the limb to detect blood flow and measure systolic and diastolic pressures as the cuff is inflated and deflated. The key steps provided include selecting an appropriately sized cuff, applying the cuff and Doppler probe to the target artery, inflating the cuff until flow is occluded, and noting the pressures

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Physiology Practical Measurement of Blood Pressure

    Uploaded by

    Ali Mohamed
    791 views6 pages
    The document describes the process for measuring blood pressure through both direct and indirect methods. Indirect measurement involves using a sphygmomanometer with an inflatable cuff and stethoscope to listen for Korotkoff sounds over the brachial artery as the cuff is deflated. Doppler ultrasound is also described as a common indirect method in small animals, involving using a Doppler probe and cuff on the limb to detect blood flow and measure systolic and diastolic pressures as the cuff is inflated and deflated. The key steps provided include selecting an appropriately sized cuff, applying the cuff and Doppler probe to the target artery, inflating the cuff until flow is occluded, and noting the pressures

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    The document describes the process for measuring blood pressure through both direct and indirect methods. Indirect measurement involves using a sphygmomanometer with an inflatable cuff and stethoscope to listen for Korotkoff sounds over the brachial artery as the cuff is deflated. Doppler ultrasound is also described as a common indirect method in small animals, involving using a Doppler probe and cuff on the limb to detect blood flow and measure systolic and diastolic pressures as the cuff is inflated and deflated. The key steps provided include selecting an appropriately sized cuff, applying the cuff and Doppler probe to the target artery, inflating the cuff until flow is occluded, and noting the pressures

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    791 views6 pages

    Physiology Practical Measurement of Blood Pressure

    Uploaded by

    Ali Mohamed
    The document describes the process for measuring blood pressure through both direct and indirect methods. Indirect measurement involves using a sphygmomanometer with an inflatable cuff and stethoscope to listen for Korotkoff sounds over the brachial artery as the cuff is deflated. Doppler ultrasound is also described as a common indirect method in small animals, involving using a Doppler probe and cuff on the limb to detect blood flow and measure systolic and diastolic pressures as the cuff is inflated and deflated. The key steps provided include selecting an appropriately sized cuff, applying the cuff and Doppler probe to the target artery, inflating the cuff until flow is occluded, and noting the pressures

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    Physiology Practical

    Measurement of Blood Pressure

    Introduction:
     The term blood pressure usually refers to the pressure in arteries generated
    by the left ventricule during systole (systolic value) and the pressure
    remaining in the arteries when the ventricule is at the end of the diastole
    (diastolic value).
     Measuring blood pressure is an accurate and simple method of assessing the
    state of the circulatory system.
     Normal arterial pressure depends on:
    1- Cardiac output.
    2- Peripheral resistance
    Methodology

    The blood pressure is measured by two methods

    1- Directly (in experimental animals this can be measured by connecting a


    manometer directly to the artery).
    2- Indirectly (measurable pressure is applied over the artery; the pressure
    required to compress the artery is equal to the pressure) by two methods
    - Palpatory method
    - Auscultatory method

    Site of measure BP:


    Human: brachial artery in the left arm
    Dogs and cats: forelimb – between elbow and carpus or hind limb – between
    stifle and hock

    1
    Equipment:

    1- Sphygmomanometer consist of:


    - inflatable rubber cuff
    - a meter that registers the pressure in the cuff.
    2- Stethoscope

    Procedures:

    Blood pressure is generally recorded in the arm with the patient in sitting or
    recumbent position. The artery over which the pressure is to be measured should
    be at the level of the heart. The deflated compression cuff is applied evenly and
    snugly but without constriction around the arm.

    1- The arm should be layed on a table so that it is approximately at the same


    level as the heart is and the cuff is positioned around the bare arm. The lower
    edge of the cuff should be about 2.5 cm above the elbow joint. Make sure
    that the middle of the rubber bag is over the brachial artery, in the medical
    aspect of the arm.
    2- Inflating the cuff will compress the brachial artery, leading to a transient
    stop of blood flow through the compressed blood vessels (the pressure in the
    cuff exceeds systolic pressure the artery is closed and there will be no
    sound).
    3- As the pressure is gradually decreased within the cuff by slow deflation, the
    artery will open and a spurt of blood passes through at the peak of the
    systole, generating a sound (Korotkoff sound).
    4- If a stethoscope is placed below the cuff and over the brachial artery, the
    opening of the artery and the onset of blood flow within the brachial artery
    as well as the end of the turbulent blood flow can be heard.

    2
    5- The outside pressure within the cuff which enables the first spurt of blood
    corresponds to the systolic blood pressure, the force of blood pressure
    generated on arterial walls just after ventricular contraction.
    6- As the cuff is further deflated, the sound of the turbulent blood flow inside
    the still partially compressed artery becomes weaker and weaker until blood
    can flow smoothly through the totally opened brachial artery.
    7- This equals to the diastolic blood pressure, which represent the force exerted
    by the blood remaining in the arteries during ventricular relaxation.

     The pressure at which the Korotkoff sound appears is the systolic


    pressure.
     the point of disappearance will be considered as the diastolic pressure.

    Doppler Ultrasound Measurement


    Is likely the most common blood pressure measurement technique used in small
    animal practice. The procedure is straightforward, and the equipment is relatively
    inexpensive and reliable.

    3
    Step-By-Step Doppler Ultrasound Blood Pressure Measurement
    Step (1)

    Gather supplies and select appropriate cuff size. The numeric cuff size (ie, width in
    centimeters) should be 40% of the circumference of the cuff site in dogs and 30%
    to 40% of the circumference of the cuff site in cats. Measure the site using a
    centimeter-marked tape (A) or estimate using the cuff itself (B). A cuff that is too
    small or tight results in falsely elevated readings, and a cuff that is too large or
    loose results in falsely low readings.

    Step (2)

    Clip the hair overlying the Doppler probe’s target artery. The target artery must lie
    distal to the cuff site. When using the antebrachium for cuff placement, clip over
    the palmar aspect of the metacarpals (shown).When using the distal pelvic limb,
    clip from the dorsal or plantar surface of the metatarsals for access to the dorsal
    pedal artery or branch of the saphenous artery, respectively. When placing the cuff
    at the tail base, clip from the tail’s ventral midline just distal to the intended cuff
    site.

    4
    Step (3)

    Apply the cuff securely and snugly around the appendage, and attach it to the
    sphygmomanometer. The cuff should not be occlusively tight, and there should be
    no room to insert a finger between the cuff and appendage. The
    sphygmomanometer pressure should read 0 mm Hg.

    Step (4)

    Apply copious acoustic gel to the concave surface of the Doppler probe, and press
    the concave surface gently but firmly over the target artery. Turn the Doppler unit
    on and listen for the pulsatile whooshing sound of the artery. With the patient in
    lateral or sternal recumbency, it is usually possible to hold the limb comfortably at
    approximately the level of the right atrium (see Step 5).

    5
    Step (5)
    Use the sphygmomanometer to inflate the cuff to approximately 20 mm Hg
    greater than the expected systolic blood pressure. The cuff should occlude the
    artery at this pressure, and whooshing arterial pulsations should be inaudible.
    Slowly deflate the cuff and note the pressure at which arterial pulsation is
    again audible; this marks the systolic arterial blood pressure.

    L: Shima Essameldein M M Khalil

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