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    Jaundice 03

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    kuldeep saini
    Jaundice is caused by a defect in bilirubin metabolism or excretion leading to elevated bilirubin levels in the blood and yellow discoloration of tissues. Bilirubin is produced from the breakdown of heme and processed by the liver. There are three main types of jaundice: pre-hepatic (hemolytic), hepatic (liver disease), and post-hepatic (obstructive). Laboratory tests can help determine the type based on conjugated vs unconjugated bilirubin levels. Jaundice occurs in various animal species and can be caused by conditions such as anemia, liver disease, poisoning, or obstruction.

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    Jaundice 03

    Uploaded by

    kuldeep saini
    209 views24 pages
    Jaundice is caused by a defect in bilirubin metabolism or excretion leading to elevated bilirubin levels in the blood and yellow discoloration of tissues. Bilirubin is produced from the breakdown of heme and processed by the liver. There are three main types of jaundice: pre-hepatic (hemolytic), hepatic (liver disease), and post-hepatic (obstructive). Laboratory tests can help determine the type based on conjugated vs unconjugated bilirubin levels. Jaundice occurs in various animal species and can be caused by conditions such as anemia, liver disease, poisoning, or obstruction.

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    Jaundice is caused by a defect in bilirubin metabolism or excretion leading to elevated bilirubin levels in the blood and yellow discoloration of tissues. Bilirubin is produced from the breakdown of heme and processed by the liver. There are three main types of jaundice: pre-hepatic (hemolytic), hepatic (liver disease), and post-hepatic (obstructive). Laboratory tests can help determine the type based on conjugated vs unconjugated bilirubin levels. Jaundice occurs in various animal species and can be caused by conditions such as anemia, liver disease, poisoning, or obstruction.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    209 views24 pages

    Jaundice 03

    Uploaded by

    kuldeep saini
    Jaundice is caused by a defect in bilirubin metabolism or excretion leading to elevated bilirubin levels in the blood and yellow discoloration of tissues. Bilirubin is produced from the breakdown of heme and processed by the liver. There are three main types of jaundice: pre-hepatic (hemolytic), hepatic (liver disease), and post-hepatic (obstructive). Laboratory tests can help determine the type based on conjugated vs unconjugated bilirubin levels. Jaundice occurs in various animal species and can be caused by conditions such as anemia, liver disease, poisoning, or obstruction.

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    of 24

    JAUNDICE

    Syn: ICTERUS

    Clinical manifestation of defect in the metabolism or excretion of


    bilirubin (yellow pigment)

    Greater than normal amounts of


    bilirubin in the blood (2-3mg/dl)

    • Accumulates in plasma & other tissues

    • Yellow discoloration of the


    skin, mucous membranes, sclera etc.
    (b)

    BILIRUBIN RE Cell

     Breakdown product of haeme


    (enzymatic degradation)
     Sources of haeme
     Aged RBC (80%)
     Injured RBC
     Myoglobin
     Cytochromes
     Peroxidase
     Catalase
     Guanylate cyclase

     Formed in RE system
    HEME

    BILIVERDIN

    BILIRUBIN
    OATP

    BUGT

    IN URINE AS
    UROBILIN

    IN FAECES AS
    INTESTINE STERCOBILIN
    TYPES OF JAUNDICE
     PRE-HEPATIC JAUNDICE (Haemolytic jaundice)
     pathology is occurring prior to the liver
     If the RBCs die at a faster rate than usual, bilirubin can
    accumulate in the blood and cause jaundice

     HEPATIC JAUNDICE ( toxic jaundice)


     The pathology is located within the liver
     Liver diseases of all kinds threaten the organ's ability to
    keep up with bilirubin processing

     POST-HEPATIC JAUNDICE (Obstructive jaundice)


     pathology is located after the conjugation of bilirubin in the
    liver
     Jaundices caused by failure of soluble bilirubin to reach the
    intestines after it has left the liver
    Haemolytic jaundice
    By anything which causes an increased rate of hemolysis
    Cond…

    LABORATORY FINDINGS
    HEPATIC JAUNDICE
    Liver diseases of all kinds threaten the organ's ability to keep up
    with bilirubin processing

    CAUSES
    HEPATIC JAUNDICE

    Impairment of all steps of bilirubin


    metabolism
    Uptake
    Conjugation
    Excretion
    Presence of both conjugated &
    unconjugated bilirubin in blood
    Rate limiting step – excretion
    So conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
    predominates
    Cond…

    LABORATORY FINDINGS
    POST-HEPATIC JAUNDICE
    Obstruction to the flow of bile
    Cond…
    Bilirubin is conjugated normally

    reabsorbed into the blood

    (water soluble)

    circulates to kidneys

    colouring urine dark yellowish brown


    (stools remain pale)
    Cond…
    TEST FOR TYPE OF JAUNDICE
    Van den Bergh Reaction

    BILIRUBIN
    Diazotised sulfanilic acid
    (Sulfanilic acid in HCl
    & sod.nitrite)
    AZOBILIRUBIN
    ICTERUS INDEX
    • Calculation indicating the level of bilirubin in
    serum
    (the intensity of the color of a specimen is compared with
    that of a standard solution using a colorimeter)

    • Highly indicated for canine, feline & ovine


    plasma
    (water clear & free of yellow colour)
    FOUCHET’S TEST
    TEST FOR PRESENCE OF BILIRUBIN IN URINE

    10ml urine

    10% BaCl2

    Filter

    Fouchet’s
    reagent
    EHRLICH’S TEST
    Test for urobilinogen in urine

    1ml urine + 0.1ml 2% P- dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde


    In 2N HCl

    After 10 mts

    RED COLOUR
    Presence of urobilinogen
    JAUNDICE IN ANIMALS
    HORSE
     Normally higher bilirubin
    level (4mg/dl)
     Absence of gall bladder
     Bilirubin value increased
    in
    Colic constipation
    Enteritis
    Pneumonia
    Fasting
    Acute hepatic necrosis
    Cirrhosis

     Value may upto 8mg/dl


    RUMINANTS

    Clinical icterus is associated with


    Anaplasmosis
    Babesiosis
    Cu poisoning in sheep
    Severe fatty liver in cattle
    CANINES
    • Normally small amount of bilirubin
    in urine
    (absence of tubular
    reabsorption)
    • Haemolysis – conjugated bilirubin
    <25% of total
    • Intra hepatic- conjugated bilirubin
    40-50% of total
    • Extra hepatic- conjugated bilirubin
    >75% of total
    • ALP(Alkaline Phosphatase) also
    elevated with cholestasis.
    FELINES

    Bilirubinuria in cat is abnormal

    Common causes of feline jaundice


    Hepatic lipidosis
    Cholangiohepatitis
    Feline infectious peritonitis

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