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    Sex Determination (Class-12)

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    Ashok Kumar
    The document discusses principles of inheritance and variation in biology. It describes two types of linkage: complete and incomplete linkage. Complete linkage occurs when parental gene combinations are transmitted together for multiple generations, while incomplete linkage occurs when linked genes are more widely separated and can recombine through crossing over. The document also outlines different systems of sex determination in species, including the XX-XY system in humans where females are XX and males are XY, with males producing X- and Y-bearing sperm.

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    Sex Determination (Class-12)

    Uploaded by

    Ashok Kumar
    359 views3 pages
    The document discusses principles of inheritance and variation in biology. It describes two types of linkage: complete and incomplete linkage. Complete linkage occurs when parental gene combinations are transmitted together for multiple generations, while incomplete linkage occurs when linked genes are more widely separated and can recombine through crossing over. The document also outlines different systems of sex determination in species, including the XX-XY system in humans where females are XX and males are XY, with males producing X- and Y-bearing sperm.

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    The document discusses principles of inheritance and variation in biology. It describes two types of linkage: complete and incomplete linkage. Complete linkage occurs when parental gene combinations are transmitted together for multiple generations, while incomplete linkage occurs when linked genes are more widely separated and can recombine through crossing over. The document also outlines different systems of sex determination in species, including the XX-XY system in humans where females are XX and males are XY, with males producing X- and Y-bearing sperm.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    359 views3 pages

    Sex Determination (Class-12)

    Uploaded by

    Ashok Kumar
    The document discusses principles of inheritance and variation in biology. It describes two types of linkage: complete and incomplete linkage. Complete linkage occurs when parental gene combinations are transmitted together for multiple generations, while incomplete linkage occurs when linked genes are more widely separated and can recombine through crossing over. The document also outlines different systems of sex determination in species, including the XX-XY system in humans where females are XX and males are XY, with males producing X- and Y-bearing sperm.

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    ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL GOPALPUR

    CLASS-XII Science SUBJECT – BIOLOGY

    CHAPTER–5 PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

    NOTES

    Characteristic of Linked Genes


    Genes on different chromosomes assort independently giving a 1: 1: 1: 1 test cross ratio. Linked
    genes do not assort independently but tend to stay together in the same combination as they
    were in the parents.

    Types of Linkage
    Morgan and his co-workers by their investigation on the Drosophila found two types of linkage
    –
    1. Complete linkage and
    2. Incomplete linkage.

    Complete Linkage
     The complete linkage is the phenomenon in which parental combinations of characters
    appear together for two or more generations in a continuous and regular fashion.
     In this type of linkage genes are closely associated and tend to transmit together.

    Incomplete Linkage
     The linked genes which are widely located in chromosomes and have chances of
    separation by crossing over are called incompletely linked genes and the phenomenon
    of their inheritance is called incomplete linkage.
     The linked genes do not always stay together because homologous non-sister
    chromatids may exchange segments of varying length with one another during meiotic
    prophase. This sort of exchange of chromosomal segments in between homologous
    chromosomes is known as crossing over.
    Example - The incomplete linkage has been reported in female Drosophila and various other
    organisms such as tomato, maize, pea, mice, poultry and man, etc.
    Significance of Linkage
    The phenomenon of linkage has one of the great significance for the living organisms in that it
    reduces the possibility of variability in gametes unless crossing over occurs.

    Sex Determination by chromosomes:-


    Those chromosomes which are involved in the determination of sex of an individual are called
    sex chromosomes while the other chromosomes are called autosomes.

    Sex determination

    Male Heterogamy Female heterogamy

    XX - XY XX-XO ZZ-ZW ZZ-ZO


    Female male female male male female male
    female

    1) XX – XY type: In most insects including fruit fly Drosophila and mammals including human
    beings the females possess two homomorphic sex chromosomes, named XX. The males contain
    two heteromorphic sex chromosomes, i.e., XY. Hence the males produce two types of gametes
    / sperms, either with X-chromosome or with Y-chromosome, so they are called Heterogamety.

    X Y (male)

    X XX XY
    X XX XY

    2) ZZ – ZW type: In birds and some reptiles, the males are represented as ZZ


    (homogamety) and females are ZW (heterogamety).
    Z W (female)
    Z ZZ
    Z ZW

    Z ZZ
    Z ZW

    3) XX – XO type: In round worms and some insects, the females have two sex chromosomes,
    XX, while the males have only one sex chromosomes X. There is no second sex chromosome.
    Therefore, the males are designated as XO. The females are homogametic because they
    produce only one type of eggs. The males are heterogametic with half the male gametes
    carrying X-chromosome while the other half being devoid of it.
    X O (male)
    XX XO
    X
    XX XO
    X

    4)ZZ –ZO type - Type in butterfly and moth the female have only one sex chromosome Z, there
    is no second sex chromosome therefore female are designated as ZO. The female is
    heterogametic while the male have two ZZ sex chromosome

    Z O (female)

    ZZZ ZO

    ZZZ ZO

    Sex determination in Humans:


    Human beings have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. All the ova
    formed by female are similar in their chromosome type (22+X). Therefore, females are
    homogametic. The male gametes or sperms produced by human males are of two types,
    (22+X) and (22+Y). Human males are therefore, heterogametic. The two sexes produced in the
    progeny is 50:50 ratios.

    **************************************************

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