CL 433 Chemical Engineering Lab-4 [2019]

Experiment Number CTRL 404

Title Actuators and Temperature Sensors

Sub-group Code A2A

Date of Experiment 16/08/2019

Date of Report Submission 20/08/2019

Roll Number Name Responsibility owned

(data, analysis, plots,
report)

1600020002 Umang Kumawat

160020020 Mudita Rana

160020100 Adarsh Rathi

(For use by examiners only)

Criterion Faculty assigned marks

Calculations [35]

Graphical plots [20]

Hypothesis testing [35]

Report quality [10]

Initials with date

R&P TA initials with date

 EXPERIMENT 1: ACTUATORS

AIM​: To study the inherent and installed characteristics of a control valve

APPARATUS​:
Air-to-open control valve, vacuum pump, rotameter, ball valves, voltage supply (5V DC),
mercury manometer

THEORY​:

Inherent Characteristics
The inherent flow characteristic defines the relationship between valve opening and flow rate
under constant pressure conditions. These characteristic curves are developed by doing
experiments where the pressure drop across the valve is kept constant. The flow rate through a
valve is expressed as follows:
Q = C * f (x) * ( ΔP/ρ )​½
Where Q = Volumetric flow rate
C = Valve coefficient
x = fractional valve opening
ΔP = Pressure drop across the valve
ρ = Density of the fluid
There are different types of f(x) - Quick opening, linear opening and Equal percentage, for which
f(x) is x​1/2​, x and a​(x-1)​ respectively.

Installed Characteristics
When valve is installed in a plant with several other equipment, valve does not exhibit its
inherent characteristics and we get installed characteristics instead. This is due to the elements
having their own flow vs. pressure characteristics, because of additional frictional loss in the
system and thus the effective characteristics of the valve will be different from the ideal system
in which inherent characteristic studies are performed.
SETUP:
OBSERVATIONS:
 1. Inherent Characteristics:
Constant delta P - 52 mm Hg

Opening Flow
Voltage (V) Fraction Volumetric Flow Rate (Q) fraction (Qfr) Delta P
LPH m3/s mm Hg N/m2
5 1 475 0.0001319 1 52 6932.64
4.8 0.96 415 0.0001153 0.874 52 6932.64
4.6 0.92 355 0.0000986 0.747 52 6932.64
4.4 0.88 340 0.0000944 0.716 52 6932.64
4.2 0.84 270 0.0000750 0.568 52 6932.64
4 0.8 225 0.0000625 0.474 52 6932.64
3.8 0.76 175 0.0000486 0.368 52 6932.64
3.6 0.72 160 0.0000444 0.337 52 6932.64
3.4 0.68 135 0.0000375 0.284 52 6932.64
3.2 0.64 110 0.0000306 0.232 52 6932.64
3 0.6 85 0.0000236 0.179 52 6932.64

2. Installed Characteristics:

Opening Flow
Voltage (V) Fraction Volumetric Flow Rate fraction (Qfr) Delta P
m3/s mm Hg N/m2
3 0.6 205 0.0000569 0.432 172 22931.04
3.2 0.64 225 0.0000625 0.474 162 21597.84
3.4 0.68 255 0.0000708 0.537 148 19731.36
3.6 0.72 270 0.0000750 0.568 140 18664.8
3.8 0.76 295 0.0000819 0.621 128 17064.96
4 0.8 325 0.0000903 0.684 122 16265.04
4.2 0.84 380 0.0001056 0.800 122 16265.04
4.4 0.88 405 0.0001125 0.853 102 13598.64
4.6 0.92 435 0.0001208 0.916 78 10398.96
4.8 0.96 455 0.0001264 0.958 65 8665.8
5 1 475 0.0001319 1 52 6932.64

PLOTS:
CALCULATIONS:
Model equation to fit data:

Y = a * b​(x-1)
Taking log:
ln Y = ln a - ln b + ln b * x

For each data set, plot fractional opening (x-axis) versus fractional flow rate (y-axis) and then
fractional opening versus log of fractional flow rate:
a= 1.03
b= 6.37

RESULT:
Valve model is given by the equation:
Q= 1.03* 6.37​(x-1)​ * ​( ΔP/ρ )​½

CONCLUSION​:
We used the model for equal percentage valve for fitting the data obtained while studying
inherent characteristics.
Since the error % is observed to be so low, we conclude that this model was able to predict the
values correctly.

EXPERIMENT 2: TEMPERATURE SENSORS

PART A​ : RTD

AIM​: Temperature measurement by Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

APPARATUS​:
Characteristics of temperature sensors setup-IT15, temperature sensor- RTD-PT100, digital
multimeter (in Ohms range)

THEORY​:
RTD is manufactured from metals whose resistance increases with temperature. Within a limited
temperature range, its resistance increases linearly with temperature:
Rt= R0+α(t-t0)
Where, Rt =resistance at temperature ‘t.'
R0= resistance at a reference temperature (Ω/◦C)
α = 0.00385 (Ω/◦C)
Setting t0 to 0◦C and rearranging to the standard linear y=mx+b form, it's clear that resistance
vs. temperature is linear with slope equal to R/R0= α*t+1

SETUP:
OBSERVATIONS:

Taking reference temperature t0 to be 0 C, at which R0=100

Set
Temperature Resistance
on Controller measured from Resistance
(C) multimeter (Ω) calculated (Ω) Absolute Error
40 115 101.54 13.46
50 118.7 101.925 16.775
60 122.1 102.31 19.79
70 126.1 102.695 23.405
80 130.3 103.08 27.22
90 133.3 103.465 29.835
PLOTS:

CONCLUSION:
Temperature measurement with RTD was carried out. The resistance of RTD-PT100 varies
linearly with temperature. (directly proportional). Hence it can be referred to as Positive
Temperature Coefficient (PTC).

PART B​ : THERMISTOR

AIM​: To measure temperature using thermistor

APPARATUS​:
Characteristics of temperature sensors setup-IT15, temperature sensor- Thermistor, digital
multimeter (in Ohms range)

THEORY​:
A negative temperature Coefficient thermistor is generally called a thermistor. A thermistor is a
semiconductor ceramic device produced by sintering the material at high temperature. As the
temperature increases the resistance decreases and vice versa.
This phenomenon is just opposite to the effect of temperature changes in the metals.
OBSERVATIONS:

Set Resistance
temperature measured from
(C) multimeter (kΩ)
40 5.76
50 4.15
60 3.14
70 2.27
80 1.56
90 1.27

PLOTS​:

RESULTS​:
Temperature measurement using thermistor was studied. The resistance of thermistor varies
logarithmically with temperature. The resistance is high at room temperature. It can be referred
to as a Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC).
PART C​ : THERMOCOUPLE

AIM​: To measure temperature using a thermocouple

APPARATUS​:

Characteristics of temperature sensors setup-IT15, temperature sensor- Thermocouple (K type),

digital multimeter (in Ohms range)

SPECIFICATIONS INPUT DATA:

Thermocouple: K type
Accuracy: AnSIC 96, 1%
Room Temperature: 28 deg C
Resistance in DMM: 200M Ω
Voltage measured at room temperature from mercury thermometer: 1.53 mV

OBSERVATIONS​:

Voltage measured Temperature

from multimeter Temperature, thermocouple from chart Absolute
Set temperature (C) (mV) EMF (mV) (mV) Error
40 0.45 1.98 1.612 0.368
50 0.85 2.38 2.023 0.357
60 1.4 2.93 2.436 0.494
70 1.7 3.23 2.851 0.379
80 2.2 3.73 3.267 0.463
90 2.6 4.13 3.682 0.448
PLOTS​:

RESULTS​:
Temperature measurement using thermocouple was studied. The thermo emf of thermocouple
varies linearly with temperature. The emf is low at room temperature.
PART D​ : FIRST ORDER SYSTEM

AIM​: To study the first order system using RTD, Thermistor and Thermocouple

APPARATUS​:

Characteristics of temperature sensors setup-IT15, temperature sensor-thermocouple (K-type),

NTC thermistor and RTD, digital multimeter, digital stopwatch/timer

OBSERVATIONS:

Thermistor Thermocouple
Time (s) RTD (Ω) (kΩ) (mV)
5 108.4 20 0
10 113.4 13.5 0.7
15 117.1 7.7 1.3
20 120.2 4.9 1.6
25 122.7 3 1.8
30 124.4 2.7 2
35 125.6 2.3 2.1
40 126.8 2 2.2
45 127.7 1.8 2.3
50 128.4 1.7 2.3
55 128.9 1.6 2.3
60 129.4 1.5 2.4
65 129.8 1.4 2.4
PLOTS:

RESULTS:

First order system using temperature sensors was studied, and graph was plotted using the
thermocouple and time data.