L13 - Chemistry of WATER

WATER
CHEMISTRY
Rhoda G. Pangan
Physical and Chemical Properties of Water
Kind and Source of Water supply
Water Pollutants
Treatment and Disposal

WHAT IS WATER CHEMISTRY?
• The chemistry of water deals with the fundamental
chemical property and information about water.
• WATER
✓A chemical compound consisting of two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom
✓Approximately 70% of the Earth's surface is water
✓only substance on Earth which naturally occurs in a
solid, liquid and gas form
WATER MOLECULES
➢Composed of 2 Hydrogen
atoms and 1 oxygen atom
covalently bonded (H2O)
➢Electrons stay with Oxygen
more which leads to polarity
Polarity: molecule has a positive
(H) end and a negative end
(O); Polarity gives water unique
properties
WATER
• Water is unusual compound with unique
physical properties. As a result, it’s the
compound of life.
• Too little water and we die thirst. Too much of
water and we drown.
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF
WATER
WATCH:
PROPERTIES OF WATER
➢Cohesion- water molecules stick to each other caused
by hydrogen bonds that form between the slightly
positive and negative ends of neighboring molecules.
This is the reason why water is found in drops; perfect
spheres
➢Adhesion- water molecules stick to other surfaces.
➢DENSITY
• is the mass of the water per its unit volume, which depends on
the temperature of the water
• the maximum density of water (1 g/cm3 or 1000 kg/m3 ) occurs at
3.98 °C (39.16 °F)
➢Freezing
• freezing point of water is 0 °C
• water just above the freezing point is heavier than water at the
freezing point
➢Boiling point
• boiling point of water is 100° C or 212°F
• dependent on the barometric pressure
➢VAPOR PRESSURE
• the pressure at which water vapor is in thermodynamic
equilibrium with its condensed state.
• At higher pressures water would condense.
➢SURFACE TENSION
• cohesive forces between liquid molecule; ability to support
small objects. The hydrogen bonds between neighboring
molecules cause a “film” to develop at the surface.
• And it is the reason why water rises to unusually high levels in
narrow capillary tubes.
➢Universal Solvent
More substance will dissolve in water that any
other liquid. This includes other polar substances
(such as sugar) and ionic compounds (such as
salt). More substances will dissolve in water
than any other liquid.
HYDROGEN BONDING
• weak interactions that form between
a hydrogen with a partial positive
charge and a more electronegative
atom, such as oxygen.
• H2O molecules are also attracted to
other polar molecules and to ions.
• polar substance that interacts with
and dissolves in water is said to be
hydrophilic: hydro means "water,"
and philic means "loving."
➢pH level of Water
• Water in a pure state has a neutral pH; neither acidic nor
basic
• Water changes its pH when substances are dissolved in it
• Rain has a naturally acidic pH of about 5.6; Seawater is
essentially alkaline, having a pH of around 8. Most fresh
water has a pH between 6 and 8
➢Conductivity: Pure water has a low electrical
conductivity, but this increases significantly with the
dissolution of a small amount of ionic material
WATCH:
Is Everything Waterproof in Pure De-ionized Water? Charging
Phone in Pure Water Test
WATCH:
Dangerous ultra pure water
➢Liquidity at Room temperature- at room temperature,
most compounds with low molecular weights take
gaseous form.
➢Chemical Reactions- when ionic compounds dissolve,

their anions and cations circulate through the water
allowing further reactions to occur.
➢Stable Temperatures- water takes more heat to
raise its temperature than other common
compounds, since much of that heat is required to
first break the hydrogen bonds.
➢Freezing Point- at 32 F (or 0 C) and below, water
molecules form hydrogen bonds in a crystalline
lattice structure.
The weakness o f t h e w a t e r i o n i z a t i o n
✓ The i o n i z a t i o n is t h e p r o c e s s o f c o n v e r t i n g the
m o l e c u l e s o f some c o v a l e n t c o m p o u n d s i n t o i on s
The pur e w a t e r is c o n s i d e r e d f r o m t h e w e a k l y i o n i z e d t h a t
gives pos itive h y d r o g e n i o n s a n d n e g a t i v e h y d r o x i d e i o n s .
The re sistanc e o f t h e w a t e r t o decomposition

✓ The w a t e r d o e s n o t d e c o m p o s e i n t o its elements
(hydrogen and oxygen) under the n orm al conditions
o r even b y t h e e f f e c t o f t h e h e a t t h a t h e l p s t o keep
t h e a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s inside t h e c e l l s o f the living
organisms .
KIND AND SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY
Rainwater
• rooftop rainwater harvesting
• catchment and storage dams Surface water
• protected side intake
Groundwater
• river-bottom intake
• spring water collection
• floating intake
• dug well
• sump intake
• drilled wells
• subsurface harvesting systems
SURFACE WATER
✓ any w a t e r t h a t c o l l e c t s o n
the surface o f the earth
✓ maintained by r a i n f a l l o r
other precipitation, and
it's l o s t t h r o u g h seepage
through the ground,
evaporation, o r use b y
p l a n ts and animals
GROUND WATER
✓ f o u n d u n d e r g r o u n d in th e
c r a c k s a n d spac es i n s o i l ,
sand and roc k
✓ The o x i c - a n o x i c c h a r a c t e r
d e pe n d s o n d i s t a n c e f r o m
the source and mobility
o f the subsurface w a te r .
( T y p i c a l l y , t h e d eeper t h e
w a t e r the m ore brackish it
becomes)
RAINWATER
✓ when evaporated w a t e r
cools a n d c o a l e s c e s in
the atmosphere, i t f a l l s
back t o e a r t h in th e f o r m
o f rain.
✓ The pH c a n v a r y d e p e n d i n g
o n c o n t a m i n a n t s p r e s e n t in
t h e a i r f r o m 4.5 t o 7.7. Very
l o w pH p r o d u c e s a c i d r a i n .
R a i n w a t e r c a n be h a r v e s t e d
a n d s t o r e d f o r m a n y uses
GLACIERS
✓ composite o f different s n o w
f a l l s w hich accumulate over
the millennia.
✓ Once g l a c i a l ice begins t o b r e a k

down, the interaction of
m e l t w a t e r a n d se a w a t e r w i t h
the glacier's structure can
cause i n c r e a s i n g l y f a s t m e l t i n g
and ret reat . Earth's s u r f a c e is
m a d e up o f 71% w a t e r , 10% i ce a n d
19% l a n d
WATER POLLUTION
✓ Any modifications or
change in the chemical,
physical and biological
properties o f water that
can cause any harmful
consequences on living
things and the environment
WATER POLLUTION SOURCES:
➢Point sources discharge pollutants at specific locations
through drain pipes, ditches, or sewer lines into bodies of
surface water.
• Because point sources are located at specific places, they are
fairly easy to identify, monitor, and regulate.
➢Nonpoint sources are broad, diffuse areas, rather than
points, from which pollutants enter bodies of surface water
or air.
• Difficult and expensive to identify and control discharges from
many diffuse sources.
Agricultural activities are the leading cause of water pollution,
including sediment from erosion, fertilizers and pesticides,
bacteria from livestock and food-processing wastes, and excess
salts from soils of irrigated cropland.
MAJOR WATER POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES
Ways to prevent
and clean up
contamination of
groundwater
WAYS TO HELP REDUCE OR PREVENT WATER POLLUTION
WATER
POLLUTANTS
SEWAGE
✓ Sewage pollutants
include domestic and
hospital wastes, animal
a n d h u m a n e x c r e t e s . The
sew age l e t o f f causes’
ox yg en depl etion, spread
o F diseases/epidemics .
INORGANIC NATURAL
MATERIALS POLLUTANTS
✓ heavy m e tal s like arsenic, ✓ N a t u r a l im pu rities p r e s e n t
mercury, copper, in water represents
chromium, zinc and natural pollutants.
barium act as ✓ Gases l i k e H2S, NH3, CO 2 d i s s o l v e d
pollutants when they in w a t e r d u r i n g raining.
e n d up c o n c e n t r a t e d i n
✓ M i n e r a l s s u c h as Ca, Mg, A r
water.
dissol ve in w a t e r f r o m s o i l
✓ This can be due to
✓ V a r i o u s m a t e r i a l s s u c h as
leaching
c l a y , m ud , o r g a n i c w a s t e s
from waste disposal,
g e t s u s pend ed i n w a t e r
increased human ac tivi ty
o r i n d u s tr i a l accidents.
RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS
✓ M ining and ores
processing, p o w e r pl ants,
weapons production and
natural give rise to
radioactive p o l l u t i o n like
t h a t o f uranium, th o r i u m ,
cesium, i o d i n e a n d r a d o n .
R ad ioac tiv e p o l l u t i o n
ORGANIC CHEMICAL
POLLUTANTS
✓ c o n t a i n m o l e c u l e s t h a t have
c a r b o n i n t h e i r makeup
✓ l i n g e r in th e atmosphere, th e
g r o u n d a n d in th e w a t e r
✓ One o f t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y
detected v o l a t i l e o r g a n i c
c h e m i c a l s is m e t h y l t e r t -
b u t y l e t h e r (MTBE). MTBE w a s
formerly used as a n a i r -
c l e a n i n g g a s ad d itive .
WATER
TREATMENT
COAGULATION/
FLOCCULATION
✓ adding l i q ui d aluminum s u l f a t e
o r alum a n d / o r polymer t o r a w
o r untreated water.
✓ t h e r e s u l t i n g m i xt ur e causes t h e
d i r t p a r t i c l e s in t h e w a t e r t o
coagulate o r stick together.
✓ the groups o f dirt particles
attach, forming larger
p a r t i c l e s named f l o c s t h a t c a n
e a s i l y be r e m o v e d
SEDIMENTATION
✓ i f t h e w a t e r s o u r c e is h i g h l y
t u r b i d , t h e r a w w a t e r is
pumped i n t o l a g o o n s a n d
allowed to stand f o r
several hours.
✓ s i l t a n d o t h e r m a t e r i a l s s i nk
to the bottom, and
certain flocculating
chemicals are added t o
contaminated w a te r to
precipitate a n d a b s o r b f i n e r
particl es
FILTRATION
✓ is a p r o c e s s t h a t r e m o v e s
p a r t i c l e s f r o m suspension
in w a t e r .
✓ t h e w a t e r is c l e a r e d f r o m
the most remaining
im purities , including
numerous bacteria and
o th e r microorganisms
DISINFECTION
✓ mea ns the removal,
deactivation o r killing o f
pathogenic microorganisms
✓ microorganisms are
d es t ro yed o r deactivated,
r e s u l t i n g in t e r m i n a t i o n o f
g r o w t h and reproduction.
WATCH:
1. Maynilad’s Water and
Wastewater Services
2. Paano nililinis ng
Maynilad ang ating
wastewater?

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WATER

Kind and Source of Water supply

Treatment and Disposal

➢Chemical Reactions- when ionic compounds dissolve,

The re sistanc e o f t h e w a t e r t o decomposition

✓ Once g l a c i a l ice begins t o b r e a k

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