LEA 2 - POLICE ORGANIZATION AND o LENGTH OF SERVICE - the period of time that has elapsed

ADMINISTRATION WITH PLANNINGS since the oath of office was administered. Previous active
services may be included or added.
ORGANIZATION-a group of persons working together for a common o ON DUTY – the period when an officer is actively engaged in
goal or objectives a form of human association for the attainment of a the performance of his duty
goal or objective the process of identifying and grouping the work to be o OFF DUTY - the nature of which the police officer is free
performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, from specific routine duty
establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people work o SPECIAL DUTY - the police service, its nature, which
effectively requires that the officer be excused from the performance of
POLICE ORGANIZATION- a group of trained personnel in the field his active regular duty. Like in detailed in Japan Embassy.
of public safety administration engaged in the achievement of goals and o LEAVE OF ABSENCE - period, which an officer is excused
objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace and order, protection from active duty by any valid/acceptable reason, approved by
of life and property, enforcement of the laws and the prevention of higher authority.
crimes o SICK LEAVE - period which an officer is excused from
ADMINISTRATION- an organizational process concerned with the active duty by reason of illness or injury.
implementation of objectives and plans and internal operating efficiency o SUSPENSION - a consequence of an act which temporarily
connotes bureaucratic structure and behavior, relatively routine deprives an officer from the privilege of performing his duties
decision-making and maintenance of the internal order as result of violating directives or other department
POLICE ADMINISTRATION - the process involved in ensuring regulations.
strict compliance, proper obedience of laws and related statutes focuses o DEPARTMENT RULES - rules established by department
on the policing process or how law enforcement agencies are organized directors/supervisors to control the conduct of the members of
and managed in order to achieve the goals of law enforcement most the police force.
effectively, efficiently and productively o DUTY MANUAL - describes the procedures and defines the
duties of officers assigned to specified post or position.
ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES o ORDER - an instruction given by a ranking officer to a
subordinate, either General Order, Special, or Personal
FUNCTIONS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION (SAP) o REPORT - usually a written communication unless otherwise
o PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTIONS- functions that carry out specifies to be verbal reports; verbal reports should be
the major purposes of the organization, delivering the services confirmed by written communication.
and dealing directly with the public examples of the line
functions of the police are Patrolling (back bone), traffic duties, ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES
and crime investigation
o STAFF/ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS- functions that ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE - the systematic arrangement of
are designed to support the line functions and assist in the the relationship of the members, positions, departments and functions or
performance of the line functions examples of the staff work of the organization it is comprised of functions, relationships,
functions of the police are Planning, research, budgeting and responsibilities and authorities of individuals within the organization
legal advice
o AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS- functions involving the KINDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES
logistical operations of the organization examples are
communication, maintenance, records management, supplies LINE
and equipment management. o the oldest and simplest kind; also called military
o defined by its clear chain of command from the highest to the
“No SECONDARY FUNCTION” lowest and vice versa
o depicts the line functions of the organization
ORGANIC UNITS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION (OSA) o orders or commands must come from the higher level of
o OPERATIONAL UNITS - those that perform primary or line authority before it can be carried out
functions examples are patrol, traffic, investigation and vice o involves few departments
control,
o ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS - those that perform the FUNCTIONAL (specialization)
administrative functions examples are personnel, finance, o structure according to functions and specialized units
planning and training o depicts staff functions of the organization
o SERVICE UNITS- those that perform auxiliary functions
o responsibilities are divided among authorities who are all
examples are communication, records management
accountable to the authority above
FUNCTIONAL UNITS
LINE AND STAFF
o DEPARTMENT – is the largest than the bureau. The bureau
o A combination of the line and functional kind
is just under of department. Example the BJMP is under the
o combines the flow of information from the line structure with
Department of the Interior and Local Government(DILG)
the staff departments that service, advise, and support them
o BUREAU- The largest organic unit within a large department.
o generally more formal in nature and has many departments
The PNP is a bureau under the NAPOLCOM and attached to
DILG o The Philippine National Police follow the LINE AND
o DIVISION- The primary subdivision of a bureau. like STAFF kind of organizational structure.
Division for Personnel and Record Management (DPRM)
o SECTION- Functional units within a particular division. This PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION (ACCORDING TO
HENRY FAYOL)
is necessary for specialization.
o PRINCIPLE OF UNITY OF OBJECTIVES - an
o UNITS- Functional group within a section where further
organization is effective if it enables the individuals to
specialization is needed.
contribute to the organization’s objectives.(crime prevention)
o PRINCIPLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL EFFICIENCY –
OTHER TERMINOLOGIES
o SWORN OFFICERS – all personnel of the police organization structure is effective if it is structured in such a
way to aid the accomplishment of the organization’s
department who have oath and who possess the power to
objectives with a minimum cost. (low crime rate)
arrest.
o FUNCTIONAL PRINCIPLE – refers to division of work
o SUPERIOR OFFICER - one having supervisory
according to type, place, time and specialization.
responsibilities, either temporarily or permanently, over
o SCALAR PRINCIPLE – shows the vertical hierarchy of the
officers of lower rank.
o COMMANDING OFFICER - an officer who is in command organization which defines an unbroken chain of units from
top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority.
of the department, a bureau, a division, an area, or a district.
 UNITY OF COMMAND- dictates that there should
o RANKING OFFICER - the officer who has the more senior
only be ONE MAN commanding the unit to ensure
rank/higher rank in a team or group. uniformity in the execution of orders
 SPAN OF CONTROL- the maximum number of
subordinates that a superior can effectively supervise

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 City – 1:1000, Nationwide 1:500 = one police man is o broadens police activities to cater to social services and has for
equal to five hundred or one thousand. its mission the welfare of the individual as well as that of the
 DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY- conferring of community in general
certain specified authority by a superior to a subordinate
 SPECIALIZATION- the assignment of particular THE EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM
personnel to particular tasks which are highly technical
and require special skills and training ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM (600-1006
 CHAIN OF COMMAND- the arrangement of officers AD)
from top to bottom on the basis of rank or position and o TUN (TOWN) POLICING SYSTEM - A system of policing
authority emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male
 COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY- dictates that residents were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve
immediate commanders shall be responsible for the peace and protect the lives and properties of the people. Ten
effective supervision and control of their personnel and families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing.  Each TITHING
unit elected a leader who was known as the TITHINGMAN. 
- NAPOLCOM MC No. 95-03 – Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader of the 100
“Institutionalization of the Doctrine of families was named the reeve.  Both the tithingman and reeve
Command Responsibility at all levels of were elected officials. They possessed judicial power as well
Command in the PNP as police authority.
- EO No. 226 - “Institutionalization of the o HUE AND CRY - provides for methods of apprehending a
Doctrine of Command Responsibility in all criminal by an act of the complainant shout to call all male
Government offices residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.
o LINE AND STAFF – implies that a system of varied o TRIAL BY ORDEAL - A judicial practice where in the guilt
functions arrange into a workable pattern. The line or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him
organization is responsible for the direct accomplishment of to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. The word
the objectives while the staff is responsible for support, “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei
advisory or facilitative capacity. (PNP is a line and staff Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.” (YOU ARE
function) PROTECTED BY YOUR GOD)
o PRINCIPLE OF BALANCE – states that the application of
principles must be balanced to ensure the effectiveness of the NORMAL PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM (1066-1225 AD)
structure in meeting organization’s objectives
o PRINCIPLE OF DELEGATION BY RESULTS – states Shire-Reeve (SHERIFF)
that authority delegated should be adequate to ensure the o “SHIRES” a division of (55) military areas in England under
ability to accomplish expected results the Regime of France. (subordinates)
o PRINCIPLES OF ABSOLUTENESS OF o “RIEVE” (the head-man) - the military leader (lieutenants of
RESPONSIBILITY – explains that the responsibility of the the army) who is in charge of the Shires. (leader)
subordinates to their superior for performance is absolute and o Two “CONSTABULI” or “The Keeper of the Horse” was
the superior cannot escape responsibility for the organization appointed to each village to aid the Rieve in his duties. It
on activities performed by their subordinates. became the source of the word Constable.
o PRINCIPLE OF PARITY AND RESPONSIBILITY – o “SHIRE-RIEVE”- it is from the word “Sheriff” came. A
explains that responsibility for action cannot be greater than person which absolute powers that no one could questions his
that implied by the authority delegated nor should it be less. or her actions.
(equality)
o AUTHORITY LEVEL PRINCIPLE – implies that TRAVELLING JUDGE - judge selected to hear cases which were
decisions within the authority of the individual commander formerly being judge by the Shire-Rieve and task to travel through and
should be made by them and not be returned upward in the hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of the division of the
organizational structure. police and judicial powers.
o PRINCIPLE OF FLEXIBILITY – which means that the
more flexible the organization, the more it can fulfill its LEGES HENRICI (LAW OF HENRY) - an act that was enacted
purpose during this period with the following features:
o Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF POLICE SERVICE o Policeman becomes public servant
o The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest.
HOME RULE THEORY It introduced the system called “CITIZEN’S ARREST.”
o policemen are regarded as servants of the community, who o Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law.
rely for the efficiency of their functions upon the express
needs of the people MAGNA CARTA- another law enacted upon the demand of the
o policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the Knights of the Round Table forcing the King to sign the same with the
preservation of public peace and security following features:
o It exist in United States, England and Philippines o No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned except by legal
judgment. (PRESUMED INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN
GUILTY)
o No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of
CONTINENTAL THEORY the body of the victim. (CORPUZ DELICTI)
o policemen are regarded as servants of the higher authorities
o the people have no share or have little participation with the FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM - A system of policing whereby a group
duties nor connection with the police organization of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of age were
o It exist in France, Italy and Spain- countries with a required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and
decentralized form of government properties of the people

OLD CONCEPT WESTMINSTER PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM (1285-1500)

o police service gives the impression of being merely a o STATUTE OF 1295 - the law that mark the beginning of the
suppressive machinery curfew hours, which demanded the closing of the gates of
o this philosophy advocates that the measurement of police London during sundown.
competence is the increasing number of arrests, throwing o JUSTICE OF THE PEACE - Three or four men who were
offenders in detention facilities rather than trying to prevent learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue
them from committing crimes arrest, chastise and imprison violators of law. They handled
felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or villages
MODERN CONCEPT ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years later.
o regards police as the first line of defense of the criminal justice o COURTS OF THE STAR-CHAMBER (1487) - a special
system, an organ of crime prevention court designed to try offenders against the state. The room set-
o police efficiency is measured by the decreasing number of up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great
crimes powers such as the power to force testimony from a defendant

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 leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the later POLCOM was renamed into NATIONAL POLICE
judges. COMMISSION (NAPOLCOM)

MODERN PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM - In 1829, Sir Robert MARTIAL LAW PERIOD
Peel introduced the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 passed by the PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 765- otherwise known as the
parliament of England-the milestone of England’s police force. Sir Integration Act of 1975, enacted on August 8, 1975; established
Robert Peel “BOBBY” become famous and was considered as the the INTEGRATED NATIONAL POLICE (INP) composed of
Father of Modern Policing System (BOBBIES – SUBORDINATES OF the Philippine Constabulary (PC) as the nucleus and the
ROBERT PEEL) integrated local police forces as components, under the Ministry
of National Defense transferred the NAPOLCOM from the
PEEL’S CONCEPTS OF POLICING ARE: Office of the President to the Ministry of National Defense
o The police should be organized along military lines.
o The police should be place under screening and training. POST MARTIAL LAW REGIME
o The police should be hired on a probationary basis. o EXECUTIVE ORDER No 1012- transferred to the city and
o The police should be deployed by time and by area. municipal government the operational supervision and
o Police headquarters should be accessible to the people. direction over all INP units assigned within their locality;
o Police-Record keeping is essential. issued on July 10, 1985
o EXECUTIVE ORDER NO 1040- transferred the
THE PRINCIPLES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ENUNCIATED administrative control and supervision of the INP from the
BY SIR ROBERT PEEL Ministry of National Defense to the National Police
o Prevention of Crime is the basic mission of the police. Commission
o Police must have the full respect of the citizenry. o REPUBLIC ACT 157- created the NATIONAL BUREAU
o A citizen’s respect for law develops his respect for the police. OF INVESTIGATION, enacted June 19, 1947 and later
reorganized by R.A. 2678 (RENAMED BY EXECUTIVE
o Cooperation of the public decreases as the use of force
ORDER 92)
increases.
o REPUBLIC ACT 6975- otherwise known as the
o Police must render impartial enforcement of the law.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL
o Physical force is used only as a last resort.
GOVERNMENT ACT OF 1990, enacted on December 13,
o The police are the public and the public are the police. 1990; reorganized the DILG and established the (SECTION
o The police represent the law. 23) Philippine National Police, (SECTION 53) Bureau of Fire
o The absence of crime and disorder is the test of police Protection, (SECTION 60) Bureau of Jail Management and
efficiency. Penology and the (SECTION 66) Philippine Public Safety
College
EVOLUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM - The o REPUBLIC ACT 8551- otherwise known as the Philippine
institution of police in the Philippines formally started during the National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998,
Spanish period. The establishment of the police force was not entirely enacted on February 25, 1998; this law amended certain
intended for crime prevention or peacekeeping, rather it was created as provisions of RA 6975 (BY PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS)
an extension of the colonial military establishment. o REPUBLIC ACT 9708- law amending the provisions of RA
6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum educational qualification
SPANISH PERIOD for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion
o CARABINEROS DE SEGURIDAD PUBLICA- Organized system; approved on 12 August 2009
in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the regulations of the
Department of State; this was armed and considered as the IMPORTANT FILIPINO PERSONALITIES IN THE
mounted police. EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLICING
o GUADRILLEROS/CUADRILLO- This was a body of rural o BRIG GEN (CHIEF SUPT) RAFAEL CRAME - the first
police organized in each town and established by the Royal Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917
Decree of 18 January 1836; this decree provided that 5% of (FILIPINO REGIME)
the able-bodied male inhabitants of each province were to be o COL. (SR. SUPT) ANTONIO TORRES- the first Filipino
enlisted in this police organization for three years chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1935
(PROVINCIAL POLICE) o COL. (SR. SUPT) LAMBERTO JAVALERA- the first
o GUARDIA CIVIL- This was created by a Royal Decree chief of police of the Manila Police Department after the
issued by the Crown on 12 February 1852 to partially relieve Philippine Independence from the United States of America in
the Spanish Peninsular troops of their work in policing towns. 1946
(CITY POLICE) o P/DIR GEN. (GENERAL) CESAR NAZARENO- the first
chief of the Philippine National Police
AMERICAN PERIOD - The Americans established the United States
Philippine Commission headed by General Howard Taft as its first HIGHLIGHTS OF R.A. 6975 AS AMENDED BY R.A. 8551 AND
governor-general. R.A. 9708
o On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan Police Force of Manila
was organized pursuant to ACT NO 70 of the Taft THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL
Commission. This has become the basis for the celebration of GOVERNMENT (DILG)
the anniversary of the MANILA’S FINEST every January 9th. o formerly Department of Local Government (DLG)
o ACT NO 175 - entitled “An Act Providing for the o reorganized under RA 6975
Organization and Government of an INSULAR
CONSTABULARY”, enacted on July 18, 1901 ORGANIZATION: consist of:
o CAPT. HENRY ALLEN- the first chief of the Philippine a. the Department proper
Constabulary in 1901 (AMERICAN REGIME) b. existing bureaus and offices of the DLG
o ACT NO. 183 - created the MANILA POLICE c. local government units (LGU)
DEPARTMENT, enacted on July 31, 1901  provincial governors
o CAPT. GEORGE CURRY- the first chief of police of the  city and municipal mayors
Manila Police Department in 1901 d. the National Police Commission
o ACT NO 255 - The act that renamed the Insular Constabulary e. the Philippine Public Safety College
into PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY, enacted on October f. Philippine National Police
3, 1901 g. Bureau of Fire Protection
o EXECUTIVE ORDER 389- ordered that the Philippine h. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
Constabulary be one of the four services of the Armed Forces o the PHILIPPINE PUBLIC SAFETY COLLEGE,
of the Philippines, enacted on December 23, 1940 PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE, BUREAU FIRE
PROTECTION and BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMENT
POST-AMERICAN PERIOD AND PENOLOGY were created under RA 6975
REPUBLIC ACT 4864- otherwise known as the POLICE o headed by the Secretary to be appointed by the President and
PROFESSIONALIZATION ACT OF 1966, enacted on who shall serve at the pleasure of the President (CO-
September 8, 1966; created the Police Commission (POLCOM); TERMINUS)

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 o the Secretary shall be assisted by two (2) Undersecretaries and o holders of a MASTER’S DEGREE in public administration,
three (3) Assistant Secretaries sociology, criminology, criminal justice, law enforcement and
o Undersecretary for Local Government other related disciplines
o Undersecretary for Peace and Order
o No retired or resigned military officer or police official may TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT INCAPACITY OF THE
be appointed as Secretary within one (1) year from date of CHAIRPERSON - In case of absence due to the TEMPORARY
retirement or resignation INCAPACITY of the chairperson, the Vice chair shall serve as
o the Secretary is also the ex officio chairman of the National Chairperson until the Chairperson is present or regains capacity to
Police Commission serve. In case of DEATH or PERMANENT INCAPACITY or
o refer to the organizational chart of DILG DISQUALIFICATION of the chairperson, the acting chairperson shall
also act as such until a new chairperson shall have been appointed by the
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DILG PRESIDENT AND QUALIFIED.
o Assist the President in the exercise of general supervision over REMOVAL FROM OFFICE - The members of the Commission may
be removed from office for cause. All vacancies in the Commission,
local governments;
except through expiration of term, shall be filled up for the unexpired
o Advise the President in the promulgation of policies, rules,
term only: Provided that any person who shall be appointed in this case
regulations and other issuances on the general supervision
shall be eligible for regular appointment for another full term.
over local governments and on public order and safety;
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
o Establish and prescribe rules, regulations and other issuances
o organized pursuant to RA 6975, as amended by RA 8551
implementing laws on public order and safety, the general
and 9708
supervision over local governments and the promotion of local
o a law enforcement agency under the operational control of the
autonomy and community empowerment and monitor
Department of the Interior and Local Government and
compliance thereof;
administrative supervision of the National Police Commission
o Provide assistance towards legislation regarding local
o it is an organization that is national in scope and civilian in
governments, law enforcement and public safety;
character, as provided by Section 6, Article 16 of the 1987
Establish and prescribe plans, policies, programs and projects
Philippine Constitution:
to promote peace and order, ensure public safety and further
strengthen the administrative, technical and fiscal capabilities
“The state shall establish and maintain one police force which shall be
of local government offices and personnel;
national in scope and civilian in character…”
o Formulate plans, policies and programs which will meet local
emergencies arising from natural and man-made disasters;
o headed by the Chief, PNP, with the rank of Director
Establish a system of coordination and cooperation among the
General, appointed by the President and who shall serve a
citizenry, local executives and the Department, to ensure
term of office of four (4) years
effective and efficient delivery of basic services to the public;
o Organize, train and equip primarily for the performance of
NATIONAL IN SCOPE
police functions, a police force that is national in scope and
o means that the PNP is a nationwide government organization
civilian in character.
whose jurisdiction covers the entire breadth of the Philippine
archipelago
RELATIONSHIP OF THE DILG WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF
o all uniformed and non-uniformed personnel of the PNP are
NATIONAL DEFENSE (DND)
o under RA 6975, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) national government employees
was in charge with EXTERNAL SECURITY while the
CIVILIAN IN CHARACTER - means that that the PNP is not a part
DILG was in charge with INTERNAL SECURITY
of the military, although it retains some military attributes such as
o under RA 8551, the Armed Forces of the Philippines is now
discipline
in charge with both internal and external security with the
PNP as support through information gathering and
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PNP
performance of ordinary police functions
o Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the protection of
o in case of insurgency the AFP shall take over and the PNP will
lives and properties;
be a subordinate of the AFP
o Maintain peace and order and take all necessary steps to
ensure public safety;
NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION
o Investigate and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of criminal
o an agency attached to the DILG FOR POLICY
offenders, bring offenders to justice and assist in their
COORDINATION
prosecution;
o shall exercise ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL AND
o Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search and seizure
OPERATIONAL SUPERVISION over the PNP
in accordance with the Constitution and pertinent laws;
o Detain an arrested person for a period not beyond what is
COMPOSITION: consist of a
o Chairperson, four (4) regular Commissioners and the prescribed by law, informing the person so detained of all his
rights under the Constitution;
Chief of PNP as ex officio member
o Issue licenses for the possession of firearms and explosives in
o shall serve a term of office of SIX (6) YEARS WITHOUT
accordance with law;
REAPPOINTMENT OR EXTENSION
o Supervise and control the training and operations of security
o three of the four regular commissioners shall come from
agencies and issue licenses to operate security agencies and to
civilian sector and not former members of the police or
security guards and private detectives, for the purpose of their
military
professions.
o the fourth regular commissioner shall come from the law
enforcement sector either active or retired Provided, That an
ORGANIZATION AND COMPOSITION OF THE PNP
active member of a law enforcement agency shall be
o shall be headed by a Chief who shall be assisted by two (2)
considered resigned from said agency once appointed to the
deputy chiefs:
Commission
o at least one (1) of the four regular commissioners shall be a - Deputy Chief for Administration
WOMAN - Deputy Chief for Operations
o from among the three regular commissioners from the civilian o Three (3) deputy director ranks
sector, the Vice Chairperson shall be chosen - Deputy Chief for Administration
o the Vice Chairperson shall act as the Executive Officer of the - Deputy Chief for Operations
Commission - Deputy Chief for Directorial Staff
o refer to the organizational structure of the NAPOLCOM o the Chief PNP and the two (2) deputy chiefs shall be
appointed by the President
Qualifications of the Regular Commissioners (FAM) o no officer who is retirable within six (6) months shall be
o citizens of the Philippines (FILIPINO) appointed Chief
o lawyers (ATTORNEY) with at least five (5) years’ o the PNP shall be composed of a national office, regional
experience in handling criminal or human rights cases; or offices, provincial offices, district offices, and city or
municipal stations

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 o refer to the organizational structure of the Philippine National o Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters (1.62
Police m) in height for male and one meter and fifty-seven (1.57
m) for female;
MANNING LEVELS o Must weigh not more or less than five kilograms (5kgs)
from the standard weight corresponding to his or her
Section 27 of R.A. 6975 provides (police-to-population ratio) height, age and sex; and
o 1:500 – nationwide average o For a new applicant, must not be less than twenty-one (21)
o 1:1000 – minimum police-to-population ratio nor more than thirty (30) years of age

PNP RANK CLASSIFICATION AND ITS COUNTERPART IN NOTE: Section 30 (j) of R.A. 6975, as amended by section 14 of R.A.
THE MILITARY 8551, was further amended by R.A. 9708 “…PNP members who are
already in the service upon the effectivity of Republic Act No. 8551
Director General General shall be given five (5) years to obtain the minimum educational
Deputy Director General Lt. Gen qualification preferably in law enforcement related courses, to be
Director Major General reckoned from the date of the effectivity of this amendatory Act:
Chief Superintendent Brigadier General Provided, furthermore, That for concerned PNP MEMBERS
Senior Superintendent Colonel RENDERING MORE THAN FIFTEEN (15) YEARS OF SERVICE
Superintendent Lt Colonel and who have exhibited exemplary performance as determined by the
Chief Inspector Major Commission, shall NO LONGER BE REQUIRED TO COMPLY
Senior Inspector Captain with the aforementioned minimum educational requirement.”
Inspector Lieutenant
SPO4 Master Sergeant SPECIFIC QUALIFICATIONS THAT MAY BE WAIVED
SPO3 Technical Sergeant APPOINTMENT UNDER A WAIVER PROGRAM (NAPOLCOM
SPO2 Staff Sergeant MC No. 2007-009)
SPO1 Sergeant
Police Officer 3 Corporal CONDITIONS ON WAIVERS FOR INITIAL APPOINTMENT
Police Officer 2 Priv. 1st Class TO THE PNP
Police Officer 1 Private o The age, height and weight for initial appointment to the PNP
may be waived only when the number of qualified applicants
POLICE NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER RANKS (PNCO) falls below the approved national/regional quota.
o PO1 to SPO4 o The Commission en banc may grant age, height and weight
waiver. The NAPOLCOM Regional Director may grant height
POLICE COMMISSIONED OFFICER RANKS (PCO) waiver to a member of an indigenous group.
o INSPECTOR TO DIRECTOR GENERAL o Waiver of the age requirement may be granted provided that
the applicant shall not be less than twenty (20) nor more than
KEY POSITIONS AND THEIR CORRESPONDING RANKS IN thirty five (35) years of age.
THE PNP o Waiver of the height requirement may be granted to a male
o CHIEF- highest position in the PNP, with the rank of applicant who is at least 1 meter and 57 cm (1.57m) and to a
DIRECTOR GENERAL (1st in command) female applicant who is at least 1 meter and 52cm (1.52m).
o DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL RANKS Provided, that the minimum height requirement for applicants
- DDG for Administration (2nd in Command) who belong to indigenous group duly certified by the Office
- DDG for Operation (3rd in Command) of the Muslim Affairs (OMA) or the National Commission
- Chief of the Directorial Staff (4th in Command) on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) shall be 1.52m for male and
o NCR DIRECTOR – with the rank of Director 1.45m for female
o REGIONAL DIRECTOR -with the rank of Chief o An applicant who is granted a weight waiver shall be given
Superintendent reasonable time not exceeding six (6) months within which to
o PROVINCIAL DIRECTOR -with the rank of Senior comply with the said requirement. Failure to attain the
Superintendent required weight shall cause the termination from the service.
o NCR DISTRICT DIRECTOR -with the rank of Chief
Superintendent FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE GRANT OF
o CHIEF OF POLICE – with the rank of Chief Inspector WAIVERS
o Outstanding accomplishments or possession of special skills in
STATUS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE PNP law enforcement, police work, martial arts, marksmanship and
o police officers are employees of the national government and similar skills;
o Special talents in the field of sports, music and others;
shall draw their salaries from the national budget
o they shall have the same salary grade level as that of public o Extensive experience or training in forensic science and other
school teachers police officers assigned in Metro Manila, technical services.
chartered cities and first class municipalities may be paid
financial incentives by the local government unit concerned SELECTION CRITERIA UNDER THE WAIVER PROGRAM
subject to availability of funds o Applicants who possess the least disqualifications shall take
precedence over those who possess more disqualifications.
GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS FOR APPOINTMENT TO THE o The requirement shall be waived in the following order: Age,
PNP (RA 6975, AS AMENDED BY RA 8551 AND RA 9708) Height, Weight (AHW)
o A citizen of the Philippines;
o A person of good moral conduct; NOTE:
o Must have passed the psychiatric/psychological, drug and o Appointment under a waiver program is temporary. PNP
physical tests to be administered by the PNP or by any members who failed to comply with the specific
NAPOLCOM accredited government hospital for the requirements shall be dismissed.
purpose of determining physical and mental health; o PNP members under the waiver program but is dismissed for
o Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a failure to comply with the requirements can RE-APPLY
recognized institution of learning provided he now have the minimum requirements.
o Must be eligible in accordance with the standards set by
APPOINTMENT OF UNIFORMED PNP PERSONNEL
the Commission; Must have passed the board examination
o PO1 TO SPO4 – appointed by the Regional Director for
given by the Profession Regulation Commission (PRC) or
the NAPOLCOM Police Entrance Examination regional personnel or by the Chief, PNP for the national
o Must not have been dishonorably discharged from military headquarters
o INSP. TO SUPT. – appointed by the Chief, PNP
employment or dismissed for cause from any civilian position
in the Government; o SR. SUPT TO DDG – appointed by the President upon
o Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an offense recommendation of the Chief, PNP, subject to confirmation
or crime involving moral turpitude; by the Commission on Appointments

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 o DIRECTOR GENERAL – appointed by the President from The maximum age of PNP members applicants through lateral entry
among the senior officers down to the rank of C/Supt, subject shall be FORTY SIX (46) YEARS old at the time of appointment. Age
to the confirmation of the Commission on Appointments waivers shall not be allowed.

PROMOTION - Promotion is defined as the upward movement from

KINDS OF APPOINTMENT one classification or rank to another carrying higher benefits and more
o PERMANENT APPOINTMENT – when an applicant responsibility. It is the upgrading of ranks and/or advancement to a
possesses the upgraded general qualifications for position of leadership.
appointment in the PNP.
o TEMPORARY APPOINMENT– Any PNP personnel who KINDS OF PROMOTION
is admitted due to the waiver of the educational or weight o REGULAR PROMOTION - promotion granted to police
requirements. Any member who will fail to satisfy any of the officers meeting the mandatory requirements for promotion.
waived requirements with the specified time periods shall be
dismissed from the service. Mandatory Requirements for Promotion
o Educational attainment
Pursuant to NAPOLCOM Memorandum Circular No. 2007-009, a o Completion of appropriate training/schooling, such as:
newly recruited PO1 shall be appointed in TEMPORARY STATUS in o Master’s Degree - Chief Superintendent and above
twelve (12) months pending compliance with the Field Training o Officers Senior Executive Course (OSEC) – Supt to
Program (FTP) involving actual experience and assignment in Sr. Supt
PATROL, TRAFFIC AND INVESTIGATION. o Officers Advance Course (OAC) – Chief Insp.
o Officers Basic Course (OBC) – Sr. Insp.
EXAMINATION AND ELIGIBILITY - The NATIONAL POLICE o Officers Candidate Course (OCC) – SPOIV
COMMISSION shall administer the entrance and promotional o Senior Leadership Course (SLC) – SPOIII to SPOIV
examinations for police officers on the basis of the standards set by the o Junior Leadership Course (JLC) – POIII to SPOI
Commission (as amended by RA 8551).
o POLICE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION – taken by
o TIME-IN GRADE – the number of years required for a
applicants of the PNP (civilian to uniform)
police officer to hold a certain rank before he can be promoted
o POLICE PROMOTIONAL EXAMINATIONS – taken by
to the next higher rank. The time-in grade in the PNP is
in-service police officers as part of the mandatory maintained as follows (NAPOLCOM MC # 2011-196):
requirements for promotion o 2 years – from Sr Supt to Chief Supt.
o POLICE OFFICER EXAMINATION
o 3 years – from Supt to Sr Supt
o SENIOR POLICE OFFICER EXAMINATION
o 5 years – Chief Insp to Supt
o INSPECTOR EXAMINATION
o 5 years – Sr Insp to Chief Insp
o SUPERINTENDENT EXAMINATION (equal to
o 4 years – Insp to Sr Insp
Criminology Licensure examination)
o 3 years – SPO4 to Insp
NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 2008-003 o 3 years – SPO3 to SPO4
The appropriate eligibilities for PO1 are those acquired from the o 3 years – SPO2 to SPO3
following: o 3 years – SPO1 to SPO2
o NAPOLCOM PNP Entrance Examination o 3 years – PO3 to SPO1
o R.A. No. 6506 (Licensed Criminologist) o 3 year – PO2 to PO3
o R.A. No. 1080 (Bar and Board Examinations of baccalaureate o 4 years – PO1 to PO2
degree)
o P.D. 907 (Granting Civil Service Eligibility to College Honor o APPROPRIATE ELIGIBILITY – the required promotional
Graduates) examinations
o Civil Service Professional o Police Officer Promotional Examination
o Senior Police Officer Promotional Examination
NAPOLCOM MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 2008-016 o Police Inspector Promotional Examination
(Promotional Examinations) Members of the Bar and Licensed o Police Superintendent Promotional Examination
Criminologists whose profession are germane to law enforcement and
police functions are no longer required to take promotional Except for the Chief, PNP, no PNP member who has less than one (1)
examinations up to the rank of SUPERINTENDENT. year of service before reaching the compulsory retirement age shall be
promoted to a higher rank or appointed to any other position.
LATERAL ENTRY - In general, all original appointments of
commissioned officers in the PNP shall commence with the rank of Pursuant to RA 9708, “…In addition, THE INSTITUTION OF A
inspector, to include all those with highly technical qualifications CRIMINAL ACTION OR COMPLAINT AGAINST A POLICE
applying for the PNP technical services (R.A. 6975). OFFICER SHALL NOT BE A BAR TO PROMOTION: Provided,
o INSPECTOR RANK: (IP4-DONEC) however, That upon finding of probable cause, notwithstanding any
o Dentists, optometrists, nurses, engineers, graduates challenge that may be raised against that finding thereafter, the
of forensic sciences, graduates of the Philippine concerned police officer shall be ineligible for promotion: Provided,
National Police Academy and licensed further, THAT IF THE CASE REMAINS UNRESOLVED AFTER
criminologists TWO (2) YEARS FROM THE AFOREMENTIONED
o SENIOR INSPECTOR RANK: (MAC) DETERMINATION OF PROBABLE CAUSE, HE OR SHE SHALL
o Chaplains(PRIEST), members of the bar BE CONSIDERED FOR PROMOTION. In the event he or she is held
(ATTORNEY) and DOCTORS OF MEDICINE guilty of the crime by final judgment, said promotion shall be recalled
without prejudice to the imposition of the appropriate penalties under
New policy on LATERAL ENTRY (NAPOLOCM M.C 2008-006) applicable laws, rules and regulations:
o A person with highly technical qualifications such as:
o Dentist, Optometrist, Nurse, Engineer, Graduate of -Provided, furthermore, That if the complaint filed against the police
Forensic Science, Doctor of Medicine, Member of officer is for a crime including, but not limited to, a VIOLATION OF
Philippine Bar, Chaplain, Information HUMAN RIGHTS, PUNISHABLE BY RECLUSION PERPETUA
Technologist, Pilot, Psychologist OR LIFE IMPRISONMENT, and THE COURT HAS
o Graduate of PNPA DETERMINED THAT THE EVIDENCE OF GUILT IS STRONG,
said police officer shall be completely ineligible for promotion during
o Licensed Criminologist
the pendency of the said criminal case.”
o Top priority consideration for lateral entry into the rank of
Police Inspector shall be given to top ten (10) placers of the  SPECIAL PROMOTION – promotion granted to police officers
different Licensure Examinations. However, incumbent PNP who have exhibited acts of conspicuous courage and gallantry at
members who land in the top ten shall be given first the risk of his/her life above and beyond the call of duty.
preference over the civilian provided that the qualifications are
satisfied. CONSPICUOUS COURAGE is a courage that is clearly distinguished
above others in the performance of one’s duty.

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 o inefficiency based on poor performance during the last
ACTS OF CONSPICUOUS COURAGE AND GALLANTRY two (2) successive annual rating periods
(NAPOLCOM Memorandum Circular No. 2007-003 and PNP
Memorandum Circular No. 2009-019) POOR PERFORMANCE refers to the poor rating in the promulgated
o A DEED OF PERSONAL BRAVERY AND SELF- PNP Performance Evaluation Rating System (APPRAISAL).
SACRIFICE above and beyond the call of duty, so o Inefficiency based on poor performance for three (3)
conspicuous as to distinguish the act clearly over and above cumulative annual rating periods;
his/her comrades in the performance of more than ordinary o Physical and/or mental incapacity to perform police
hazardous service, such as; but not limited to the following functions and duties.
circumstances: o Failure to pass the required entrance examinations twice
o Overwhelming number of enemies  and firepower and/or finish the required career course except for
capability as against the strength of PNP operatives justifiable reasons;
and their firepower capability; o Refusal to take periodic PNP Physical Fitness Test without
o Infiltration and penetration of the safe houses and justifiable reason.
hideouts of organized crime syndicates like
kidnapping, illegal drugs, carnapping, hijacking and PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST- refers to the method of evaluating the
terrorism; physical condition of PNP members in terms of stamina, strength, speed
o Shoot-out in robbery/hold-up incidents inside public and agility.
places such as: malls, government offices, business o failure to take PNP Physical Fitness Test for four (4)
establishments and PUVs; consecutive periodic tests due to health reasons;
o Conduct of rescue/disaster operations that resulted in o failure to pass PNP Physical Fitness Test for Two (2)
the saving of lives and properties. consecutive periodic tests or four (4) cumulative  periodic
o An act of heroism exhibited in the face of an armed tests; or
enemy or in the conduct of rescue/disaster operations o non-compliance with the minimum qualification standards
resulting in the loss of life (posthumous promotions). for the permanency or original appointment.

POSTHUMOUS AWARD – in case an individual who distinguish RETIREMENT OR SEPARATION UNDER THE ATTRITION
himself dies before the granting of the awards. SYSTEM - Any personnel who is dismissed from the PNP pursuant to
o PROMOTION BY VIRTUE OF POSITION (Section 32, different ways mentioned, shall be retired if he or she has rendered at
R.A. 8551) - Any PNP personnel designated TO ANY KEY least twenty (20) years of service and separated if he or she has
POSITION WHOSE RANK IS LOWER THAN THAT rendered less than twenty (20) years of service, unless the personnel is
WHICH IS REQUIRED FOR SUCH POSITION SHALL, disqualified by law to receive such benefits.
AFTER SIX (6) MONTHS OF OCCUPYING THE SAME,
BE ENTITLED TO A RANK ADJUSTMENT RETIREMENT - The separation of the police personnel from the
CORRESPONDING TO THE POSITION. service by reason of reaching the age of retirement provided by law, or
o Provided, that the personnel shall not be reassigned to a upon completion of certain number of years in active service. PNP
position calling for a higher rank until after two (2) years from UNIFORMED PERSONNEL SHALL RETIRE TO THE NEXT
the date of such rank adjustment. HIGHER RANK FOR PURPOSES OF RETIREMENT PAY.

PROMOTING AUTHORITIES: o KINDS OF RETIREMENT

Grade/Rank Promoting Authorities o COMPULSORY – upon reaching the age FIFTY-SIX (56),
Director General President the age of retirement
Sr. Supt. to Deputy Dir. Gen. President o OPTIONAL – upon completion of TWENTY (20) YEARS of
Insp. To Supt. Chief, PNP active service
PO1 to SPOIV RD/Chief, PNP o EARLY RETIREMENT – less than twenty (20) years.

ATTRITION SYSTEM o RETIREMENT BENEFITS - Monthly retirement pay shall be

FIFTY PERCENT (50%) of the base pay in case of twenty years
ATTRITION (DOWNZING) (SEPARATION)- The downsizing of of active service, increasing by TWO AND ONE-HALF
personnel in the PNP on the basis provided by law. A system of force PERCENT (2.5%) for every year of active service rendered
retirement or separation from the service. beyond 20 YEARS to a maximum of ninety percent (90%) for
thirty-six (36) years of service and over:  Provided, that the
o ATTRITION BY ATTAINMENT OF MAXIMUM TENURE - uniformed member shall have the option to receive in advance and
Those who have reached the prescribed maximum tenure in lump sum his or her retirement pay for the first five (5) years. 
corresponding to their position shall be retired from the service Provided, further, that payment of the retirement benefits in lump
Chief 4 years sum shall be made within six (6) months from effectivity date of
Deputy Chief 4 years retirement and/or completion. 
Director of Staff Services 4 years
Regional Directors 6 years o RETIREMENT DUE TO PERMANENT PHYSICAL
Provincial/District Directors 9 years DISABILITY - PNP uniformed personnel who are permanently
Other positions higher than and totally disabled as a result of injuries suffered or sickness
Provincial Director 6 years contracted in the performance of his duty shall be entitled to ONE
YEAR’S SALARY and to a LIFETIME PENSION equivalent to
o ATTRITION BY RELIEF (RELIEVED) - Those who have been EIGHTY PERCENT (80%) of his last salary, in addition to other
relieved for just cause and have not been given an assignment benefits.
within TWO (2) YEARS after such relief shall be retired or
separated Should such PNP personnel die within FIVE (5) YEARS from his
o ATTRITION BY DEMOTION IN POSITION OR RANK - retirement due to physical disability, his legal spouse or legitimate
Those who are relieved and assigned to a position lower than what children shall be entitled to receive the pension for the remainder of the
is established for his or her grade in the PNP staffing pattern and five year-period.
who shall not be assigned to a position commensurate to his or her
grade within EIGHTEEN (18) MONTHS after such demotion ABSENCE WITHOUT OFFICIAL LEAVE (AWOL) - Failure to
shall be retired or separated report for duty without official notice for a period of THIRTY (30)
DAYS
o ATTRITION BY NON-PROMOTION - Those who have not
been promoted for a continuous period of TEN (10) YEARS shall MISSING IN ACTION (MIA) - any PNP personnel who, while in the
be retired or separated performance of duty or by reason of his being an officer or member of
the PNP, is officially confirmed missing in action, kidnapped or
o ATTRITION BY OTHER MEANS - Any PNP member of captured by lawless elements shall be entitled to receive or to have
officer with at least five (5) years of accumulated active service credited to his account the same pay and allowances to which such
shall be separated based on any of the following: officer or uniformed member was entitled at the time of the incident.

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PAYMENT OF SALARY AND ALLOWANCES TO HEIRS OF o Frequent unauthorized absences;
UNIFORMED PERSONNEL OF PNP- the Chief of the PNP, shall o Abuse of authority;
direct payment of the absent uniformed personnel's monthly salary and o Providing material support to criminal elements; or
allowances and other emoluments pertinent thereto his/her heirs for their o Engaging in acts inimical to national security or which negate
support for a MAXIMUM PERIOD OF ONE (1) YEAR FROM THE the effectiveness of the peace and order campaign.
DATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF ABSENT OR WHEN LAST
HEARD FROM AS THOSE KIDNAPPED OR CAPTURED BY NOTE: Upon good cause shown, the President may, motu propio or
LAWLESS ELEMENTS. After One Year the missing uniformed upon the recommendation of the National Police Commission, restores
personnel shall be automatically terminated. In the event said personnel such power withdrawn from any local executive
shall thereafter be found to have been alive and is not entitled to the
benefits paid, said benefits shall be reimbursed to the State within six DISCIPLINARY MECHANISMS OF THE PNP
(6) months from the discovery of the fact or his reappearance.
INTERNAL AFFAIRS SERVICE (IAS) - created by RA 8551
CREATION OF WOMEN’S DESK
o provided by RA 8551 FUNCTIONS OF THE IAS
o women’s desk in all police stations shall administer and attend o pro-actively conduct inspections and audits on PNP personnel
to cases involving crimes against chastity, sexual harassment and units;
(RA 7877), abuses committed against women and children RA o investigate complaints and gather evidence in support of an
7610, RA 9262) and other similar offenses open investigation;
o the PNP shall reserve TEN PERCENT (10%) of its annual o conduct summary hearings on PNP members facing
recruitment, training and education quota for women administrative charges;
o police women shall enjoy the same opportunities in terms of o submit a periodic report on the assessment, analysis, and
assignment, promotion and other benefits and privileges evaluation of the character and behavior of PNP personnel and
extended to all police officers units to the Chief PNP and the Commission;
o file appropriate criminal cases against PNP members before the
PARTICIPATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVES court as evidence warrants and assists in the prosecution of the
IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF PNP case;
o provide assistance to the Office of the Ombudsman in cases
POWERS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS OVER THE involving the personnel of the PNP;
PNP UNITS. - Governors and Mayors are deputized as representatives
of the NAPOLCOM in their respective territorial jurisdiction. The IAS shall also conduct, motu propio of the following cases:
o PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR (GOV) o incidents where a police personnel discharges a firearm;
o Power to choose the PNP Provincial Director from a o incidents where death, serious physical injury, or any violation
list of 3 eligibles recommended by the PNP Regional of human rights occurred in the conduct of a police operation;
Director. o incidents where evidence was compromised, tampered with,
o Oversee the implementation of the provincial public
obliterated, or lost while in the custody of police personnel;
safety plan.
o incidents where a suspect in the custody of the police was
seriously injured; and
o CITY AND MUNICIPAL MAYOR
o Incidents where the established rules of engagement have been
o Has the power to choose his CHIEF OF POLICE
violated.
from a list of five (5) eligible recommended by the
provincial police director. The IAS can recommend promotion of the members of the PNP or the
o he has the authority to recommend to the provincial assignment of PNP personnel to any key position.
director the transfer, reassignment or detail of PNP
members outside of their respective city or town ORGANIZATION OF IAS
o Authority to recommend from a list of eligible, the o headed by the INSPECTOR GENERAL who is a CIVILIAN
appointment of new members of the PNP to be and appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the
assigned in respective cities. Director General (Chief, PNP)
o Exercise operational supervision and control over PNP o the Inspector General shall be assisted by a Deputy Inspector
units in their jurisdiction, except during the 30 days General
period immediately preceding and the 30 days o there shall be national, regional and provincial offices
following any national, local and barangay elections. o the national office shall be headed by the Inspector General, the
o During the election period, local police forces shall be
regional offices by a Director, and the provincial offices by a
under the supervision and control of the Superintendent
COMELEC. o COMPLAINTS AGAINST THE IAS: shall be brought to
the Inspector General’s Office
OPERATIONAL SUPERVISION AND CONTROL
o Means the power to direct, superintend, and oversee the day
CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND INCENTIVES
to day functions of police investigation of crime, crime o IAS personnel shall be granted occupational specialty pay
prevention activities and traffic control.
which shall not exceed FIFTY PERCENT (50%) of his base
o Shall also include the power to direct the employment and
pay
deployment of units or elements of the PNP, through the o IAS personnel shall also have priorities in the quota allocation
station commander, to ensure public safety and effective
for training and education
maintenance of peace and order within the locality.
DISCIPLINARY RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE IAS
EMPLOYMENT -refers to utilization of units or elements of the PNP
o any PNP personnel found guilty of any of the cases mentioned
for purposes of protection of lives and properties, enforcement of laws,
maintenance of peace and order, prevention of crimes, arrest of criminal and any immediate superior found negligent shall be
offenders and bringing the offenders to justice and ensuring public recommended automatically for dismissal or demotion
safety, particularly in the suppression of disorders, riots, lawlessness, o recommendation by the IAS, once final, cannot be revised, set-
violence, rebellious and seditious conspiracy, insurgency, subversion or aside or unduly delayed without just cause
other related activities. o decisions rendered by the provincial inspectors shall be
forwarded to the regional office for review within ten (10) days
DEPLOYMENT - shall mean the orderly and organized physical o decisions of the regional office may be appealed to the national
movement of elements or units of the PNP within the province, city or office
municipality for purposes of employment o decisions rendered by the national IAS shall be appealed to
the National Appellate Board
SUSPENSION OR WITHDRAWAL OF DEPUTATION - The
President may, upon consultation with the provincial governor and PEOPLE’S LAW ENFORCEMENT BOARD (PLEB)
congressman concerned, suspend the power of operational supervision o a body created pursuant to RA 6975
and control of any local executive over police units assigned or stationed o one of the disciplinary authorities of the PNP authorized to
in his jurisdiction for any of the following grounds: handle and investigate citizen’s complaint

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 o the CENTRAL RECEIVING ENTITY FOR ANY CITIZEN’S o CHIEF OF POLICE - may impose the administrative
COMPLAINT AGAINST THE PNP MEMBERS punishment of admonition or reprimand; restriction to specified
o shall be created by the sangguniang panlungssod/bayan in every limits; withholding of privileges; forfeiture of salary or
city and municipality as may be necessary suspension; or any combination of the foregoing for a period
o there shall be at least one (1) PLEB for every five hundred NOT EXCEEDING FIFTEEN (15) DAYS
(500) city or municipal police personnel o PROVINCIAL DIRECTORS- may impose the administrative
o membership in the PLEB is a civic duty punishment of admonition or reprimand; restriction to specified
limits; withholding of privileges; forfeiture of salary or
COMPOSITION OF PLEB suspension; or any combination of the foregoing for a period
o PLEB shall be composed of five (5) members who shall NOT EXCEEDING THIRTY (30) DAYS
be as follows: o REGIONAL DIRECTOR- may impose the administrative
o any member of the sangguniang panlungsod/bayan punishment of admonition or reprimand; restriction to specified
o any barangay chairman of the locality concerned limits; withholding of privileges; forfeiture of salary or
o three other members to be chosen by the local peace suspension; demotion; or any combination of the foregoing for a
and order council from among the members of the period NOT EXCEEDING SIXTY (60) DAYS
community o CHIEF OF THE PNP- shall have the power to impose the
disciplinary punishment of dismissal from the service;
For the three other members, the following conditions must be met: suspension or forfeiture of salary; demotion; or any combination
o one must be a woman of the foregoing for a period NOT EXCEEDING ONE
o one must be a lawyer, or a college graduate, or the HUNDRED EIGHTY (180) DAYS
principal of an elementary school in the locality
SUMMARY DISMISSAL POWERS - The NAPOLCOM, CHIEF
o the CHAIRMAN of the PLEB shall be elected from
PNP and REGIONAL DIRECTORS (NCR) have summary dismissal
among its members
powers in any of the following cases:
o the term of office of the members of the PLEB is THREE
o when the charge is serious and the evidence of guilt is strong
(3) YEARS
o when the respondent is a recidivist or has been repeatedly
charged and there are reasonable grounds to believe that he is
PROCEDURE IN THE PLEB
guilty of the charges; and
o the procedure shall be summary in nature, conducted in
o when the respondent is guilty of a serious offense involving
accordance with due process but without strict regard to
conduct unbecoming of a police officer
technical rules of evidence
o cases handled by PLEB shall be decided by majority votes of
DISCIPLINARY APPELLATE BOARDS - Formal administrative
its members
disciplinary appellate machinery of the National Police Commission,
o each case shall be decided within SIXTY (60) DAYS from the
tasked to hear cases on appeal from the different disciplinary authorities
time it has been filed with the PLEB in the PNP composed of the following:
o the decision of the PLEB shall become final and executory,
except for decisions involving demotion or dismissal from o NATIONAL APPELLATE BOARD (NAB)
the service o shall decide cases on appeal from decisions rendered by
o decisions involving demotion or dismissal from the service
the PNP Chief and the National Internal Affairs Service
may be appealed with the REGIONAL APPELLATE o shall be composed of the four (4) regular commissioners
COURT (RAB) within TEN (10) DAYS from receipt of the
and shall be chaired by the executive officer
copy of the decision
o REGIONAL APPELLATE BOARD (RAB)
ADMINISTRATIVE DISCIPLINARY MACHINERIES IN THE
o shall decide cases on appeal from decisions rendered by
PNP
the Regional Director, Provincial Director, Chief of
CITIZEN’S COMPLAINTS - pertains to any complaint initiated by a Police, the city or municipal mayor and the PLEB
private citizen or his duly authorized representative on account of an o there shall be at least one (1) regional appellate board per
injury, damage or disturbance sustained due to an irregular or illegal act administrative region
committed by a member of the PNP.
NOTE:
DISCIPLINARY AUTHORITIES FOR CITIZEN’S o The PLEB decision of the suspension is final and cannot be
COMPLAINTS appealed.
o CHIEF OF POLICE - where the offense is punishable by o The decision of dismissal by either PLEB or Regional Director
withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits, is final and executory but subject to appeal to RAB.
suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination thereof, o Decision of Chief of Police is appealable within 10 days to
for a period not exceeding FIFTEEN (15) DAYS Provincial Director, upon receipt of decision.
o CITY/MUNICIPALITY MAYORS- where the offense is o Decision of Provincial Director is appealable within 10 days to
punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to Regional Director, upon receipt of decision.
specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any o Decision of Regional Director is appealable within 10 days to
combination thereof, for a period not less than SIXTEEN Chief, PNP upon receipt of decision.
but not exceeding THIRTY (30) DAYS o The decisions of COP, PD, and RD are from those cases
o PEOPLE’S LAW ENFORCEMENT BOARD (PLEB)- concerning internal discipline.
where the offense is punishable by withholding of privileges, o Cases involving internal discipline filed with the Chief, PNP
restriction to specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of originally, the decision is appealable to NAB which decision
salary, or any combination thereof, for a period exceeding is Final.
THIRTY (30) DAYS, or by DISMISSAL o MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION IS ONLY
ALLOWED ONCE.
BREACH OF INTERNAL DISCIPLINE - refers to any offense
committed by a member of the PNP involving and affecting order and EFFECT OF FILING APPEAL
discipline within the police organization o DISMISSAL- immediate Executory
o SUSPENSION OR DEMOTION- Decision is install or hold
MINOR OFFENSE -shall refer to an act or omission not involving in abeyance
moral turpitude but affecting the internal discipline of the PNP, and
shall include but not be limited to: (SIGAD) NOTE:
o simple misconduct or negligence o In case of dismissal, and on appeal the decision is reversed or
o insubordination modified to suspension, the policeman is considered to be
o frequent absences or tardiness under suspension and then after the modified sentence will
o habitual drunkenness again receive his salary.
o gambling prohibited by law o If he is acquit, he can recover his salaries as back wages, if
modified to suspension, NO recovery of salaries as the
Disciplinary Authorities for Breach of Internal Discipline modification to suspension is conviction.

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 o upon completion of training, graduates will be conferred the
GROUNDS FOR APPEAL TO NAB AND RAB degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PUBLIC SAFETY
o New material evidence has been discovered which is not (BSPS) and appointed as POLICE/FIRE/JAIL
available during the hearing. INSPECTOR
o Errors of law or irregularities have been committed by the o Rank of a PNPA cadet Higher than SPO4 but lower than
disciplining authority. Inspector
o The findings of fact of the disciplinary body are not
commensurate to the offense committed.
POLICE PLANNING
BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION (BFP)
o created by virtue of Section 53, RA 6975 PLANNING
o initially composed of the officers and uniformed members of o the determination in advance of how the objectives of the
the fire service of the former Integrated National Police organization will be attained; involves the determination of a
course of action to take in performing a particular function or
0RGANIZATION AND COMPOSITION activity
o shall be headed by a CHIEF, with the rank of DIRECTOR, o the process of developing methods or procedures, or an
to be assisted by a DEPUTY CHIEF with the rank of arrangement of parts intended to facilitate the accomplishment
CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT of a definite objective
o shall be composed of provincial offices, district offices and o the process of deciding in advance what is to be done and how
city or municipal fire stations it is to be done
o at the provincial level, there shall be an OFFICE OF THE
PROVINCIAL FIRE MARSHALL POLICE PLANNING
o in case of large provinces, there shall be DISTRICT o Attempt by police administrators in trying to allocate
OFFICES to be headed by a DISTRICT FIRE anticipated resources to meet anticipated service demands.
MARSHALL o It is the systematic and orderly determination of facts and
o at the city or municipal level, there shall be a FIRE events as basis for policy formulation and decision affecting
STATION each headed by a CITY OR MUNICIPAL FIRE law enforcement management.
MARSHALL
DEFINITION OF TERMS
RANK CLASSIFICATION o GOAL - General Statement of intention normally with time
o Highest Commissioned Officer- Director perspective. It is achievable end state that can be measured
o Lowest Non-Commissioned Officer- Fire Officer I and observed.
o OBJECTIVE - The specific commitment to achieve a
BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY (BJMP) measureable result within a specific period of time.
o created by virtue of Section 60, RA 6975 o STRATEGY – is a broad design, method; a major plan of
o initially composed by the officers and uniformed members of action that needs a large amount of resources to attain a major
the former Jail Management and Penology Service goal or objectives.
o TACTIC – it is a specific design, method or course of action
ORGANIZATION AND COMPOSITION to attain a particular objective in consonance with strategy.
o shall be headed by a CHIEF with the rank of DIRECTOR, o PROCEDURE – a sequence of activities to reach a point or to
to be assisted by a DEPUTY CHIEF with the rank of attain what is desired.
CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT o POLICY – a product of prudence or wisdom in the
o shall be composed of city and municipal jails each headed by a management of human affairs.
city or municipal jail warden o PROCESS - is a cluster or series of related projects larger in
scope and not necessarily time limited, systematically
RANK CLASSIFICATION designed to achieve certain goals of plan.
o Highest Commissioned Officer- Director o PROGRAM - a homogenous group of activities necessary for
o Lowest Non-Commissioned Officer- Jail Officer I the performance of major purpose.
o PROJECT - undertaking which is to be carried out within a
PERTINENT LAWS TO BFP AND BJMP definite time frame and which is intended to result in some pre
determined measure of goods and services
REPUBLIC ACT 9263 - Bureau of Fire Protection and Bureau of Jail o GUIDELINES – a rule of action for the rank and file to show
Management and Penology Professionalization Act of 2004 them how they are expected to obtain the desired effect.
o approved on 10 March 2004 o ALTERNATIVES - are means by which goals and objectives
o provided for the professionalization of the BFP and BJMP can be attained. They maybe policies, strategies or specific
actions aimed at eliminating a problem. Alternatives don’t
REPUBLIC ACT 9592 – amendatory law to RA 9263 have to be substitutes for one another or should perform the
o approved on 8 May 2009 same function.
o amended the provision on the minimum educational o DOCTRINE – scheme or arrangement of getting a mission or
qualification objective accomplished

PHILIPPINE PUBLIC SAFETY COLLEGE (PPSC) - created by OBJECTIVES OF POLICE PLANNING

virtue of sec. 66, RA 6975 o To increase the chances of success by focusing on results and
not so much on the objectives.
Organization and Composition o To force analytical thinking and evaluation of alternatives for
o shall be under the direct supervision of a Board of Trustees better decisions.
composed of the Secretary of the DILG and the three (3) o To establish a framework for decision making consistent with
bureau heads (PNP, BFP and BJMP) the goal of the organization.
o shall consist of the Philippine National Police Academy, the o To orient people to action instead of reaction.
National Police College, the Philippine National Training o To modify the day-to-day style of operation to future
Institute and other training centers as may be created management.
o To provide decision making with flexibility.
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY (PNPA) o To provide basis for measuring original accomplishments or
o created pursuant to Section 13 of Presidential Decree No individual performance.
1184 o To increase employee and personnel involvement and to
o a primary component of the Philippine Public Safety College improve communication.
(PPSC)
o the premier educational institution for future officers of the CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD POLICE PLAN
Philippine National Police (PNP), Bureau of Fire Protection o With clearly defined Objectives or Goals.
(BFP) and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) o Simplicity, Directness and Clarity
o Flexibility

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 o Possibility of Attainment o MASTER PLAN BANAT (Anti-Illegal Drugs Master
o Must provide Standards of Operation Plan)
o Economy in terms of Resources needed for implementation o MASTER PLAN SANG-INGAT (Security Operations
Master Plan)
RESPONSIBILITIES IN PLANNING o MASTER PLAN SAKLOLO (Disaster Management
Master Plan)
BROAD EXTERNAL POLICY PLANNING o SANGYAMAN (protection and Preservation of
o Responsibility of the legislative branch of the government. Environment, Cultural Properties, and Natural Resources
o The main concern of the police in this broad external policy Master Plan)
planning is assisting the legislature in their determining of
police guideline through the passage of appropriate laws or OPERATIONAL OR SHORT RANGE PLANNING - It refers to the
ordinances for the police to enforce. production of plans, which determine the schedule of special activity
and are applicable from one week or less than year duration. Plan that
INTERNAL POLICY PLANNING addresses immediate need which are specific and how it can be
o Responsibility of the CHIEF OF PHILIPPINE NATIONAL accomplished on time with available allocated resources.
POLICE and other chiefs of the different units or headquarters o OPLAN JUMBO – Aviation Security Group Strategic Plan
within their area of jurisdiction to achieve the objectives or against terrorist attacks
mission of the police organization. o OPLAN SALIKOP – CIDG Strategic Plan against
o They are responsible for planning, organizing, staffing, Organized Crime Groups (OCG)
directing, coordinating, controlling, reporting and budgeting o The TMG through its "OPLAN DISIPLINA" that resulted
for the police organization within existing policies and in the apprehension of 110,975 persons, the confiscation of
available resources. 470 unlawfully attached gadgets to vehicles, and rendering
o For maximum police effectiveness, they shall be responsible various forms of motorists assistance
for the technical operation of the police organization and
management of its personnel. TYPES OF PLANS (RSVP)
REACTIVE PLANS
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN POLICE PLANNING o Developed as a result of crisis.
o A particular problem may occur for which the department
PRIMARY DOCTRINES has no plan and must quickly develop one, sometimes
o FUNDAMENTAL DOCTRINE – Is the basic principle in without careful preparation.
planning, organization and management of the PNP in support
of the overall pursuits of the PNP Vision, mission and STRATEGIC PLANS
strategic action plan of the attainment of the national o Designed to meet the long-range, overall goals of the
objectives. organization.
o OPERATIONAL DOCTRINE – Are the principles and rules o Such plans allow the department to adapt to anticipated
governing the planning, organization and direction and changes or develop a new philosophy or model of policing
employment of the PNP forces in the accomplishment of basic (e.g. community policing).
security operational mission in the maintenance of peace and
order, crime prevention and suppression, internal security and VISIONARY PLANS - Essential statements that identify the role of the
public safety operation. police in the community and a future condition or state to which the
o FUNCTIONAL DOCTRINE – This provides guidance for department can aspire.
specialized activities of the PNP in the broad field of interest
such as personnel, intelligence, operations, logistics, planning, PROACTIVE PLANS - Developed in anticipation of problems.
etc. Although not all police problems are predictable

SECONDARY DOCTRINES TYPES OF POLICE PLAN (POTEM)

o COMPLEMENTARY DOCTRINE – Doctrines formulated PROCEDURAL PLAN OR POLICY PLANS
jointly by two or more bureaus in order to effect a certain o deal with procedures that have been outlined and officially
operation with regard to public safety and peace and order. adopted by all members of the unit under specified
This essentially involves the participation of the other bureaus circumstances
of the BJMP, BFP, PPSC, NBI and other law enforcement o guidelines for actions to be taken
agencies. o include all STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOP)
o ETHICAL DOCTRINE – That defines the fundamental
principles governing the rules of conduct, attitude, behavior POLICY
and ethical norm of the PNP. o general plan of action that serves as a guide in the operation of
the organization or unit
CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLICE PLANS o codes of procedures
ACCORDING TO COVERAGE
o Local Plan EXAMPLES OF PROCEDURAL PLANS/POLICY PLANS (FHS)
o Regional Plan o FIELD PROCEDURES- procedures intended to be used in
o National Plan all situations of all kinds shall be outlined as guide to officers
and men in the field, such as: procedures that relate to
ACCORDING TO TIME reporting, to raids, arrests, stopping suspicious persons,
o STRATEGIC OR LONG RANGE PLAN - It relates to receiving complaints, investigation, etc
plans which are strategic or long range in application, it o HEADQUARTERS PROCEDURES - include the
determine the organization’s original goals and strategy. Ex. procedures to be followed in the headquarters, usually
Police Action Plan on the Strategy DREAMS and Program P- reflected in the duty manual
O-L-I-C-E 2000, Three Point Agenda, GLORIA o STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOP) -
o INTERMEDIATE OR MEDIUM RANGE PLANNING - procedures intended for specific operations to ensure
It relates to plans, which determine quantity and quality uniformity of action
efforts and accomplishments. It refers to the process of
determining the contribution on efforts that can make or OPERATIONAL PLANS
provide with allocated resources Ex. PNP-MTDP 1999-2004 o often called work plan
o the work program of the field units
o describe specific actions to be taken
VARIOUS MASTER PLANS o the work to be done is estimated, manpower and equipment is
o MASTER PLAN SANDIGAN -MILENYO (Anti-Crime allocated, proper objectives are defined and methods of
Master Plan) accomplishment are developed
o MASTER PLAN SANDUGO (Support to Internal o statistical analysis is widely used
Security Operations Master Plan)
TYPES OF OPERATIONAL PLAN (SOFT)

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 o STANDING PLAN- provide the basic framework for o TRAFFIC PATROL – Police control of streets or highways,
responding to organizational problems. vehicles, and people shall facilitate the safe and rapid
o OPERATIONAL- efficiency, effectiveness, and Productivity movement of vehicles and pedestrians. To this end, the
Plans- are essentially the measures or comparison to be used inconvenience, dangers and economic losses that arise from
to assess police activities and behavior and results. this moment, congestion, delays, stopping and parking of
o FUNCTIONAL PLAN- includes the framework for the vehicles must be lessened.
operation of the major functional unit in the organization Such o VICE CONTROL – it shall be the determined stand of the
as patrol and investigation. Coordination PNP in the control of vices to treat vice offenses as they shall
o TIME SPECIFIC PLANS- are concerned with the specific do to any violation, and exert efforts to eliminate them, as
purpose and conclude when an objective is accomplished or a there attempt to eliminate robbery, theft, and public
problem is solved. disturbance.
o JUVENILE DELINQUENCY CONTROL – effective crime
TACTICAL PLANS control necessitates preventing the development of individuals
o plans that concern methods of action to be taken at a as criminals. The police commander shall recognize a need
designated location and under specific circumstances for preventing crime or correcting conditions that induce
o generally emergency type plans that can be put into effect on criminality and by rehabilitating the delinquent.
the sudden occurrence of a condition requiring their use
o planning for emergencies of a specific nature at known STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOP)
locations o SOP #01 – POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES -
o developed for specific situations as they arise This SOP prescribes the basic procedures to be observed by all
o examples are: planning for major accidents; calamities or PNP Units and mobile patrol elements in the conduct of
disasters; special events; hostage-taking situations, etc visibility patrols.
o SOP #02 – BANTAY KALYE - This SOP prescribes the
EXTRA-DEPARTMENTAL PLANS deployment of 85% of the PNP in the field to increase police
o those which require actions or assistance from persons or visibility and intensifies anti-crime campaign nationwide.
agencies outside of the department o SOP #03 – SIYASAT - This SOP prescribes the guidelines in
o involve coordination with other agencies the conduct of inspections to ensure police visibility.
o Examples are: exchange of information on wanted o SOP #4 – REACT 166 - REACT 166 was launched in 1992
persons, known drug syndicates, known organized crime as the people’s direct link to the police to receive public calls
groups, stolen vehicles, etc. for assistance and complaints for prompt action by police
authorities. This SOP prescribes the procedures in detail of
MANAGEMENT PLANS Duty Officers, Telephone Operators and Radio Operators for
o those plans that relate to staffing, equipping, supplying and REACT 166; their term of duty and responsibilities.
o SOP #5 – LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING) - With the
organizing
o include the structuring of functions, authority and creation of the Presidential Anti-Organization Crime Task
Force (PAOCTF), the PNP is now in support role in campaign
responsibilities, the allocation of resources, personnel
against kidnapping in terms of personnel requirements. SOP
management, budgeting and other concerns administrative in
#6 sets forth the PNP’s guidelines in its fight against
nature
kidnapping activities.
o examples are: assignment and training of personnel;
o SOP #6 – ANTI-CARNAPPING - This SOP prescribes the
recruitment; equipment and supply procedures, etc
conduct of an all-out and sustained Anti Carnapping campaign
to stop/minimize carnapping activities, neutralize syndicated
CREATIVITY IN PLANNING
carnapping groups, identify/prosecute government personnel
o IMITATION - involves using plans, programs, methods, and
involved in carnapping activities, and to effectively address
so on, developed by others.
other criminal activities related to carnapping.
o INDUCTIVE REASONING - moves from specific to the
o SOP #7 – ANTI-TERRORISM - This prescribes the
more general; for example, an increase in the number of
operational guidelines in the conduct of operations against
citizen complaints may mean there are problems in police
terrorists and other lawless elements involved in terroristic
training and supervision.
activities.
o DEDUCTIVE REASONING - is just the reverse; that is, it
o SOP #8 – JOINT ANTI-BANK ROBBERY ACTION
moves from the general to the specific. For example, if an
COMMITTEE (ANTI-BANK ROBBERY) - This SOP
organization assumes that the primary role of the police is to
provides overall planning, integration,
maintain order, and then it specifies the policies and
orchestration/coordination and monitoring of all efforts to
procedures that are necessary to implement this assumption.
ensure the successful implementation.
o IDEA LINKING - is often done through free association.
o SOP #9 – ANTI-HIJACKING/HIGHWAY ROBBERY -
Individuals participating in planning are encouraged to
This SOP sets forth the guidelines and concepts of operations
identify any ideas, without limitations or inhibition that might
to be observed in the conduct of anti-highway robbery/hold-
relate to the problem or plan at hand. This may result in
up/hijacking operations.
important, innovative solutions, particularly when those
o SOP #10 – PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-HOPE - This
involved come from different organizational levels and
SOP sets for the concept of operations and tasks of all
different backgrounds in terms of experience and education.
concerned units in the campaign against Partisan Armed
Groups and loose fire.
FIELD OPERATIONS AND HOW PLANNING AFFECTS THEM
o SOP # 11 – MANHUNT BRAVO (NEUTRALIZATION
FIELD OPERATIONS - Operations in the field shall be directed by OF WANTED PERSONS) - This SOP sets forth the
the police commander and the subordinate commanders and the same objectives and concept of operation tasks of all concerned
shall be aimed at the accomplishment of the following primary tasks units in the neutralization of wanted persons.
more effectively and economically o SOP #12 – ANTI-ILLEGAL GAMBLING -This SOP sets
o PATROL – The patrol force shall accomplish the primary forth the operational thrusts to be undertaken by the PNP that
responsibility of safeguarding the community through the will spearhead the fight against all forms of illegal gambling
protection of persons and property, the preservation of the nationwide.
peace, the prevention of crime, the suppression of criminal o SOP #13 – ANTI-SQUATTING - This SOP sets forth the
activities, the apprehension of criminals, the enforcement of concept of operation in the campaign against professional
laws and ordinances and regulations of conduct and squatters and squatting syndicates.
performing necessary service and inspections. o SOP #14 – JERICHO - This SOP prescribes the operational
o INVESTIGATION – The basic purpose of the investigation guidelines to be undertaken by the NHQ, PNP in the
division unit shall be to investigate certain designated crimes establishment of a quick reaction group that can be detailed
and clear them by the recovery of stolen property and the with the office of the SILG (OSILG), with personnel and
arrest and conviction of the perpetrators. To this end, the equipment requirements of that reaction group supported by
investigation division shall supervise the investigation made the PNP.
by patrolman and undertake additional investigation as may be o SOP #15 – NENA (ANTI-PROSTITUTION/VAGRANCY)
necessary of all felonies. This SOP sets forth the operational thrusts to be undertaken by

12 | P a g e
 the PNP that will spearhead the fight against prostitution and
vagrancy.
o SOP #16 – ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY - This prescribes the
guidelines to be followed by tasked PNP Units/Offices in
enforcing the ban on pornographic pictures, videos and
magazines.
o SOP #17 – GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF
ARREST, SEARCH, AND SEIZURE -This SOP prescribes
the procedures and manner of conducting an arrest, raid,
search and/or search of person, search of any premises and the
seizure of properties pursuant to the 1987 Philippine
Constitution, Rules of Court, as amended and updated
decision of the Supreme Court.
o SOP #18 – SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SANDIGAN
MASTER PLAN
o SOP #19 – ANTI-ILLEGAL LOGGING
o SOP #20 – ANTI-ILLEGAL FISHING
o SOP #21 – ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS

STEPS IN POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING

o Frame of Reference - careful selection on the matters relating
to the situation for which plans are being develop, and
opinions of ideas of persons who may speak with authority on
the subject concerned.
o Clarifying the problems - identification of the problem
understanding both its record and its possible solutions.
o Collection all Pertinent Facts - Both attempts shall be made
to develop a plan until facts relating to it have been gathered.
o Analyzing the facts - a careful analysis and evaluation shall
be made.
o Developing alternative Plans - In the initial phases of plan
development, several alternative measures will appear to be
logically comparable to the needs of a situation.
o Selecting the most appropriate Alternative - A careful
consideration of all facts usually leads to the selction of a
“best” of alternative proposal.
o Selling the plan - A plan to be effectively carried out must be
accepted be persons concerned at the appropriate level of the
plans development.
o Arranging for Executions of the Plan - The execution of a
plan requires the issuance of orders and directives to unit
personnel concerned the establishment of a schedule, and the
provisions of manpower and equipment for carrying out the
plans.
o Evaluating the Effectiveness of the plan - The results of the
plan shall be determined, this necessary in order to know
whether a correct alternative was chosen, whether the plan
was correct, which phase was poorly implemented, whether LEA 2 - INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT
additional planning may be necessary.
BRIEF HISTORY OF SECURITY MANAGEMENT IN THE
PHILIPPINES
o Private security business in the Philippines began on March 1,
1933 when the City Council of Manila passed City Ordinance
No. 2162 granting license and recognition to the “SPECIAL
WATCHMAN AGENCY” owned by the brothers JUAN
AND PEDRO JIMENEZ. The agency will later be renamed
“JIMENEZ SECURITY AGENCY”.
o During the outset of the Second World War (WW II), private
security business were hampered and eventually ceased during
the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines;
o After the end of WW II law enforcement agencies such as the
NBI and Police found their resources inadequate to cope with
rising criminality throughout the country;
o Private security agencies stepped in to fill the gap of securing
private individuals, their estates and industries in the near
incapability of law enforcement at the time in providing
adequate protection for their various private interests;
o Due to the absence of proper legislation in monitoring and
accounting the actions of private security agencies, a period of
unregulated growth prevail for many years;
o On 30 May 1958, the Philippine Association of Detective and
Protective Agency Operators (PADPAO) was formally
organized with the objective of petitioning congress to
formally enact legislation that will regulated the private
security agencies throughout the country;
o Congress eventually passed Republic Act No. 5487 regulating
private security agency services;
o On 1 June 1969, Republic Act No, 5487 was passed directing
the Chief of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) to create a unit
with the specific purpose of monitoring and regulating private
security businesses;

13 | P a g e
 o On 4 August 1969, the PC activated the Security and protect transmission from interceptions, traffic
Investigation Supervisory Office (SIASO); analysis and imitative deception.
o The SIASO was later renamed Philippine Constabulary  CRYPTOGRAPHIC SECURITY- results from
Supervisory Unit for Security and Investigation Agencies provisions of technically sound crypto-systems and
(PCSUSIA); their proper use.
o Upon the integration of the PC and the INP it was renamed as  PHYSICAL SECURITY- Providing of safeguards
the PC/INP SOSIA; to equipment and material from access by authorized
o On 3 October 1972 Presidential Decree (PD) No. 11 of former person.
President Ferdinand Marcos was passed in order to encompass o PERSONNEL SECURITY- it involves the background
and defined all forms of contracted private security services checks of individual commensurate with the security
within the entire Philippine Archipelago; requirements.
o On 17 January 1973, PD No. 100 was passed in order to o DOCUMENT SECURITY- Protection of documents,
include government employed security personnel securing classified matters and vital records from loss, access to
government installations and buildings unauthorized persons, damage, theft and compromise through
o With the abolition of the PC/INP and the creation of the proper storage and procedures.
Philippine National Police, the PC/INP SUSIA was renamed o INDUSTRIAL SECURITY- A form of physical security
the Security Agencies and Guards Supervision Division or involving industrial plants and businessenterprises. This
SAGSD under the PNP – Civil Security Group; involves the safeguarding of personnel, processes, properties
o Recently, the unit had been renamed back to the PNP SOSIA. and operation.
o BANK SECURITY -Is the protection resulting from the
PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCY IN THE PHILIPPINES TODAY application of various measures which safeguards cash and
o A continuing growth industry generating not less than P22 assets which are in storage, in transit, and or during transaction?
Billion pesos per year in salaries alone; o HOTEL SECURITY - Is the protection resulting from the
o With not less than 1,700 private security agencies operating application of various measures which safeguards hotel guests
nationwide with a total manpower employment of 240,000 and their personal effects, hotel properties and functions in
plus private security practitioners; hotel restaurant, bars and clubs.
o A continuing contributing organization to the country’s peace o PERSONAL SECURITY - Involves the protection of top-
and order program. ranking officials of the government, visiting persons of
illustrious standing and foreign dignitaries. Also called VIP
DEFINITION OF TERMS security.
Security: o OPERATIONAL SECURITY - This involves the protection
a. The state or quality of being secure; of processes, formulas, and patents, industrial and
b. Protection against any type of crime to safeguard life, assets manufacturing activities from espionage, infiltration, loss,
and operation by the use of various methods and devices; compromise or photocopying.
c. Freedom from fear and danger; assurance; certainty o AIR CARGO SECURITY- to minimize or to prevent loses of
d. Defense against crime cargo during in transit, storage, or transfer.
o THREATS – positive inimical (harmful) acts. o SCHOOL SECURITY- Security involving not only facilities
o VULNERABILITY - measure of how open an establishment but also the students or pupils.
o SUPERMARKET SECURITY - Security involving the
is to intrusion, attack or injury from the outside.
o HAZARDS – positive inimical (harmful) conditions. facility, merchandise and goods also to prevent shoplifting to
proliferate in the establishment.
o RISK – The probability of occurrence of an event that will lead
to loss. The risk could be classified as virtually certain, highly
THREE LINES OF PHYSICAL DEFENSE
improbable, improbable and probability unknown.
o SECURITY SURVEY – is the critical, on site examination
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE - Perimeter fences/barriers, Guards at the
and analysis to ascertain the security status, identify gate.
deficiencies or excesses, determine protection needed and make
recommendations; a fact-finding probe to determine a plant’s SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE – Doors, floors, Windows (Less than
adequacy and deficiency in all aspects of security, with the 18 feet must be grilled), or less than 14 feet from the trees, walls and
consequent recommendations. roofs
CONCEPT OF SECURITY THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE - steel cabinets, lacks, safes, Vaults,
o It is the degree of protection to safeguard a nation, union of Interior file rooms.
nations, persons or person against danger, damage, loss and
crime. DIFFERENT ASPECT OF SECURITY
o A state or quality of being secure ; freedom from fear and
danger. PHYSICAL SECURITY
o An organization or department responsible for providing o Physical measuresare used to define, protect, and monitor
security by enforcing laws, rules, and regulations as well as property rights and objects
maintaining order. o They consist of barriers and devices that are able to detect,
o Security is a condition of resistance to any type of behavior that impede, and deter potential security threats.
causes harm or damage to a person or to property. o It is the sum total of all physical safeguards employed or
o It is a form of defense where a division is created among the installed to secure the assets.
assets and the risk.
o The purpose of security is to release people from their OBJECTIVES:
apprehensions and aversions and by that to give them feeling of o To protect the organization’s asset.
safety o To make access so difficult that an intruder will not dare
attempt penetration.
TYPES OF SECURITY o To further strengthen the premises from criminal attack by
o PHYSICAL SECURITY - Thebroadest type of securitythat is denying ready access to interior premises in the event the
concerned with the physical measures designed to safeguard exterior barriers are surmounted by a determined intruder.
personnel and prevent unauthorized access to equipment,
facilities, materials, documents, and to protect them from PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL SECURITY
espionage, sabotage, damage or theft. o The type of access necessary will depend upon a number of
o COMMUNICATION SECURITY- The protection resulting variable factors and may be achieved in a number of ways.
from the application of various measures which prevent or o There is no impenetrable barrier.
delay the enemy or unauthorized person in gaining information o Defense is depth - barrier after barrier
through communication. This includes transmission,
o Delay should be provided against surreptitious and non-
cryptographic and physical security.
surreptitious entry.
 TRANSMISSION SECURITY- a component of
o Each installation is different.
security, which results from all measures designed to

14 | P a g e
PROTECTIVE BARRIERS
o BARRIER- Any structure or physical device capable of ADDITIONAL PROTECTIVE BARRIERS
restriction, deterring or delaying illegal access to an o TOP GUARD – an additional overhead of barbed wire placed
installation. on vertical perimeter fences fencing upwards and outward
o PERIMETER BARRIER- A medium or structure which with a 45* angle with three to four strands of barbed wires
defines the physical limits of an installation or area to restrict spread 6” apart.
or impeded access thereto. Any physical barrier used to o GUARD CONTROL STATIONS - normally provided at
supplement the protection of an inside or outside perimeter. main perimeter entrances to secure areas located out of doors,
and manned by guards on a full time basis.
OBJECTIVES OF PERIMETER BARRIER o TOWER/GUARD TOWER –house-like structures above the
o Outline the perimeter of the area to be secured; perimeter barriers. It gives a psychological effect to violators.
o Great Physical and Psychological deterrent to unauthorized o PROTECTION IN DEPTH – in large open areas or ground
entry; where fencing or walling is impracticable and expensive,
o Delay intrusion, thus facilitating apprehension of intruders; warning signs should be conspicuously placed.
o Assist in more efficient and economical employment of guards
and; o SIGNS AND NOTICE – “control signs” should be created
o Facilitate and improve the control of pedestrian and traffic. necessary in the management of unauthorized access, and
prevent accidental entry. Signs should be plainly visible and
TYPES OF PHYSICAL BARRIERS legible from any approach and in under language. Signs on
o NATURAL BARRIER - geographical features, such as entry shall also be posted at all principal entries.
rivers, lakes
o STRUCTURAL BARRIER - man-made constructions, such PROTECTIVE LIGHTING
as fences and walls o It must produce sufficient light to create psychological deterrent
o HUMAN BARRIER - security guards and employees of the to intrusion as well as to make detection virtually certain in the
establishment event an entry is made
o ANIMAL BARRIER – Animals are used in partially o Protective lighting will designed either to emphasize the
providing a guarding system like dogs and geese. illumination of the perimeter barrier and the outside
o ENERGY BARRIER – It is the employment of mechanical, approaches.
electrical, electronic energy imposes a deterrent to entry by the o The system must be reliable and designed with overlapping
potential intruder. illumination to avoid creating unprotected area in the event of
individual light failure.
TYPES OF PERIMETER BARRIER
o SOLID FENCE -This is a kind of fence that is constructed in PURPOSE OF PROTECTIVE LIGHTING
such a way that visual access through the fence is denied from o It improves visibility so that intruders can be seen, identified or
the intruders. apprehend.
o FULL VIEW FENCE - This is a kind of fence that provides o It gives Psychological fear, which serves as a deterrent,
visual access through the fence. o It makes easier for guards to identify employees and vehicles
during night time.
TYPES OF FULL VIEW FENCE o It may even reduce the number of stationary guards.

CHAIN LINK FENCES (Permanent Structure) TYPES OF PROTECTIVE LIGHTING

o Must be constructed in 7 feet material excluding the top guard STATIONARY LUMINARY - This is a common type consisting of
o Must be of 9 gauge or heavier series of fixed luminous flood a given area continuously with overlap.
o Mesh opening must not be larger than 2 inches Commonly used in Entry gates of employees and vehicles.
o Securely fastened to rigid material or reinforced concrete o GLARE-PROJECTION TYPE- The intensity is focused on
o Reach within 2 inches of hard ground or paving the intruder while the observer guard remained in the
comparative darkness. The lighting is toward of the approach
o On soft ground, it must reach below surface deep enough to
of an entrance to an installation.
compensate for shifting soil or sand.
o CONTROLLED LIGHTING TYPE- The lighting is focused
on the pile of items, rather than the back ground.The wealth of
BARBED WIRE FENCES (Semi-Permanent)
the lighted strip can be controlled and adjusted to suit the
o Standard barbed wire is twisted double strand, 12 gauge wires,
security needs.
with 4 point barb spaced on equal distant part.
o Barbed wire fencing should not be less than 7 feet high,
STANDBY LIGHTING- This system is similar to continuous lighting
excluding the top guard. but it is turn on manually or by special device or other automatic means.
o Barbed wire fencing must be firmly affixed to post not more
than 6 feet apart. MOVEABLE LIGHTING- This consist of stationary or portable,
o The distance between strands will not exceed 6 inches and at manually operated searchlights. The searchlights may be lighted
least one wire will be interlock vertical and midway between continuously during the hours of darkness nor only as needed, it is just a
posts. supplementary to other protective or security Lighting.
CONCERTINA WIRE FENCES (Least Permanent EMERGENCY LIGHTING- This standby lighting may be utilized in
o Standard concertina barbed is a commercial manufactured the event of electric failure, either due to local equipment or commercial
wire coil of high strength steel barbed wire clipped together at failure.
intervals to form cylinder.
o Opened concertina wire is 50 feet long and 3 feet in diameter. TYPES OF LIGHT LAMPS
INCANDESCENT LAMPS- These are common light bulbs that are
TYPES OF PERIMETER BARRIER OPENING found in every home. They have the advantage of providing instant
o GATES AND DOORS- It should be locked and regularly illumination when the switch is thrown and most commonly used
checked by guards when not in active use and controlled by protective lighting system.
guards; locks should be change from time to time
o SIDEWALK ELEVATOR- These provide access to areas GASEOUS-DISCHARGE LAMP - The use of this in protective
within the perimeter barrier and should be locked or guarded. lighting is limited since they require a period of two to five minutes to
o CLEAR ZONE – it refers to unobstructed area maintain on light when they are cold and even longer period to light, when hot, after
both sides of the perimeter barrier. It affords better a power interruption, it is very economical to use but for industrial
observation and patrol movement. It should be cleared of security it is not acceptable due to long time of lighting.
anything that may provide concealment or assistance to a o MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS -These lamps give ablue
person seeking an authorized entry. green color light due to the presence of mercury vapor. Its
o 20 feet or more between the perimeter barrier and initial cost is higher than incandescent lamps of the same
exterior structure. (Outside) wattage but is more efficient and giver more light. This is
o 50 feet or more between the perimeter barrier and widely used in interior and exterior lighting.
structure within the protected areas.(Inside)

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 o SODIUM VAPOR LAMP - These lamps emits Yellow Light. detecting a change in the temperature caused by the presence of an
It is an efficient bulb and due to its color, these light lamps are object.
used in areas where insect predominate. Amber color does not TYPES OF BANK ALARMS
attract insects at night.
FOOT RAIL ACTIVATOR - They are place on the floor in such a
QUARTS LAMP - These lamps emits very bright white light and position that tellers may activate the alarm by placing the front of their
instant on almost as rapidly as the incandescent lamp. They are foot engage the activation bar.
frequently used at very high wattage and they are excellent for use along
the perimeter barrier. BILL TRAPS
o It is also known as Currency Activation devices which are
TYPES OF LIGHTING EQUIPMENT usually place in the tellers top cash drawer and connected to
FLOODLIGHTS - projects light in a concentrated beam. Best used in the alarm system using a wire connector
boundaries, building or fences. Otherwise known as reflectorized or o When currency is removed from the devices, the alarm is
spotlight. activated.

SEARCHLIGHTS - highly focused incandescent lamps used in KNEE OR THIGH BUTTONS

pinpointing potential intruders o It is installed inside thedeck or teller station so they can be
activated by knee or thigh pressure.
FRESNEL LIGHTS - Wide beam unit, primarily to extend the o They are commonly found in location where personnel
illumination in long horizontal stripsto protect the approaches to the usually perform their duties from a seated position.
perimeter. It projects a narrow, horizontal beam which is approximately
180 degrees in the horizontal and 15 to 30 degrees in the vertical plane . FOOT BUTTON - Like the foot rails it permits alarm activation in
relatively safety while both hands remain clearin view of the robbers.
STREET LIGHTS - produced diffused light rather than direction
beam. They are widely used in parking areas DOUBLE SQUEEZE BUTTON - It requires pressure on both side of
the device and therefore the probability of accidental alarm is reduced.
AREAS TO BE LIGHTED
o Vehicular Gates TYPES OF PROTECTIVE ALARM SYSTEM
o Pedestrian Gates
o Thoroughfares CENTRAL STATION SYSTEM
o Parking Areas o A type of protective alarm where the central station located
o Sensitive Areas outside the installation.
o It can be located in agency and the installation is one of the
PROTECTIVE ALARM subscribers.
o These different alarms of various types and cost can be o When alarm is sounded, central station notifies police and
installed indoors and outdoors. other agency.
o Basically alarms system is designed to alert security personnel o A system in which the alarm signal is relayed to remote panel
for possible intruder. located at the facilities of private owned protection Service
o It is used to assist security to complement if not supplement Company manned by its personnel.
physical barriers is an array of alarms.
PROPRIETARY SYSTEM
BASIC PARTS OF ALARM SYSTEM o It is the same as the central station system except that it is
o SENSOR OR TRIGGER DEVICE – It emits the aural or owned by, operated and located in the facility
visual signals or both. o It is located inside the industrial firm itself with a duty
o TRANSMISSION LINE – A circuit which transmits the operator.
message to the signaling apparatus. o Response to all alarms is by facility’s own security or fire
o ENUNCIATOR/ANNUNCIATOR–It is the signaling system personnel, since this system is monitored locally, the
that activates the alarm. response time to an alarm is reduced.

TYPES OF ALARMS SYSTEM AUXILIARY SYSTEM - In this system installation circuits are led into
METALLIC FOIL OR WIRE local police or fire department by lease telephone line
o It will detect any action that moves or break the foil or wire.
o It is commonly used in window or glass surfacesof building or LOCAL ALARM BY CHANCE SYSTEM
compound, all possible point of entry can be wired by using o This is a local alarm in which a siren or bell is sounded with
electrically charge strips of tinfoil or wire. no predicable Response.
o These systems are used in residence or small establishment
PHOTOELECTRIC OR ELECTRIC EYE DEVICE which cannot afford a respond system.
o A light beam is transmitted at a frequency of several thousand o The hope is that a neighbour or passing patrol car will reach
vibrations per second. the alarm and call for police assistance.
o It is connected by a wire to control station and when an
intruder crosses the beam he breaks the contact with the DIAL ALARM SYSTEM
photoelectric coil which thus activates the alarm. o This system is set to dial a predetermined number when the
alarm is activated. The numbers selected might be the police
AUDIO DETECTION DEVICE station or others.
o It is a supersensitive microphone speaker sensor that is o When the phone is answered, a recording state that an
installed in walls, ceilings, and floors of the protected area. intrusion is in progress atthe location alarmed.
o Any sound caused by attempted forced entryis detected by file
censor. PROTECTIVE LOCKS
o Locks are one of the most widely used physical security
VIBRATION DETECTION DEVICE devices in the protection of facilities and activities, personnel
o The vibration-sensitive sensor is attached to walls, ceilings or and information, and government, business and personal
floors of the protected areas. property.
o Any vibration caused by attempted force entry is detected by o Locking Device is simply mechanism that extends the door
the sensor. and window into the wall that hold them. If therefore, the
wall or the door itself is weak or easily destructible, the lock
MAGNETIC DOOR CONTACT - It is a protective device usually is not effective.
placed in the door, and window that can send notification when the
opening and closure occurs LOCK- A mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, or electronic device
designed to prevent entry into building, room, container or hiding place,
PASSIVE INFRARED DETECTOR (PIR) OR MOTION SENSOR and to prevent the removal of items without the consent of the owner.
- PIRs are able to distinguish if an infrared emitting object is present by
first learning the ambient temperature of the monitored space and then

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PADLOCK- A portable and detachable lock having or sliding hasp MASTER KEY
which passes through a staple ring or the like and is then made fast or o A special key capable of opening a series of locks.
secured. o This key is capable of opening less number of locks than the
grand master key.
PETERMAN- A term used in England for lock picker, safecrackers,
and penetrators of restricted areas or room. GRAND MASTER KEY
o A key that will open everything involving two or more master
TYPES OF LOCKS key groups.
WARDED LOCKS o This key is relatively rare, but might be used by a multi-
o The underlying principle is incorporation of wards or premises operation in which location was master keyed while
obstructions inside the lock to prohibit a key from operating the grand master key would function on any system.
the bolt unless the key has corresponding notches cut in it that
it will pass the wards. STATUTORY PROHIBITIONS OF KEY
o It offers very little security, this type of lock must therefore be
used only to have privacy, but not to provide degree of ART. 304 POSSESSION OF PICKLOCKS OR SIMILAR TOOLS -
security. Any person, who shall without lawful cause have in possession
picklocks or similar tools especially adapted to the commission of the
DISC TUMBLER LOCKS crime or robbery, shall be punished by arresto mayor in its maximum
o Also known as wafer tumbler type, has flat metal tumblers period to prison correctional in the minimum period
with open center fitted into lock case
o It is commonly designed for automobile industry and is in Art. 305 False Key - The term “false keys” shall be deemed to include
general use in car doors today because this lock is easy and o Genuine Keys stolen from the owner.
cheap to manufactured o Any keys other than those intended by the owner for use in the
o The delay afforded is between 7 to 10 minutes. lock forcibly opened by the offender.

LEVER LOCK PROTECTIVE CABINETS

o This lock is used in safe deposit boxes and is for all purposes. o The final line of defense at any facility, every facility will
o The least of this lock are used in desks, lockers and cabinets have its own particular need, but certain general observations
and are generally less secure than pin tumbler lock. apply.
o The choice of proper security cabinet for specific application
PIN TUMBLER LOCK - The pin tumbler mechanism depends for its is influenced largely by the value and the vulnerability of the
security, on a number of round pin or tumblers operating on a cylinder. items to be stored in them.

COMBINATION LOCKS TYPES OF SECURITY CABINET

o A lock that requires manipulation of dials according to a SAFE
predetermined combination code of numbers or letters o Metallic container used for the safekeeping of documents or
o Most of these locks have three dials but some locks have four small items in an office or installation.
dials for greater security. o Safe can be classified as both robbery and burglary resistance
depending upon the use and need.
CODE-OPERATED LOCKS o At least 750 lbsor below 750 lbs must be anchored
o They are open by pressing a series of numbered buttons in the to building structure.
proper sequence. o 1 inch thick steel.
o Some of them are equipped of alarm if wrong sequence is o Door should be 1 1/2 thick steel.
pressed. These are high security locking device VAULT
o Heavily-constructed fire and burglar resistance container
CARD-OPERATED LOCKS usually a part of the building structure used to keep and
o Coded card notched, embossed or containing an embedded protect cash, documents and negotiable instruments.
pattern of copper flocks. o It is bigger than safe but smaller than File Room.
o These are frequently fitted with a recording device which o Doors should be 6 inches thick made of steel
register time and identify the user. o Walls, ceilings and floor should be 12 inches thick
o Floor should be elevated by 4 inches
KEY CONTROL- is the management of keys in a plant or business o Not more than 5,000 cubic feet in size
organization to prevent unauthorized individual access to the keys. o Vault door must be fire-resistive up to 4 to 6 hours
MAISON KEY SYSTEM - keying system that permits a lock to be
File Room
opened with a number of unique, individual keys. Maison key systems
o A cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a vault
are often found in apartment building common areas, such as main
entrance or a laundry room where individual residents can use their own but bigger size
apartment key to access these areas. o I can accommodate limited people to work on the records
inside.
METHODS FOR EFFECTIVE KEY CONTROL
o KEY CABINET - A well-constructed cabinet will have to be Specifications of File Room
of sufficient size to hold the original key to every lock in the  Should be 12 feet high
system and It should be secured at all times.  Interior cubage should not be more than 10,000 cubic feet
o KEY RECORD - Some administrative means must be set up  Water-tight door, fire-proof for 1 hour
to record code numbers. Indicate to whom the keys to specific
SOME TEST FOR FIRE RESISTANCE
locks have been issued.
 Fire Endurance Test- A safe should not have any one time a
o INVENTORIES - Periodic inventories will have to be made
temperature 350 0F.
of all duplicate and original keys in the hands of the
employees whom they have been issued.  Explain Hazard Test- test to determine if the sudden rise in
o AUDITS- In addition to periodic inventory an unannounced temperature will not cause the safe to rupture. If the safe can
audit should be made of all key control records and procedure withstand 2000 0F for 30 minutes without cracking or opening
by a member of management. then it has passed the test.
o DAILY REPORT - It should be made to the person
responsible for key control.  Fire and Impact Test- Its objective is to determine the strength
of a safe to resist the collapse of a building during fire.
TYPES OF KEY
CHANGE KEY - A key to single lock within a master keyed system. 7. PERSONNEL IDENTIFICATION AND MOVEMENT
CONTROL
SUB-MASTER KEY - A key that will open all the locks within a
particular area or grouping in a given facility. PASS/BADGE SYSTEM

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  A pass or badge is issued by security for personnel to be  Partial Background Investigation- investigation of the
admitted in the installation. background of the individual but limited only to some of the
 The purpose of this is to insure that only those persons who have circumstances of his personal life.
the right and authority will be given the necessary access to the
area. Security Clearance- It is a certification by a responsible
 The pass system is for general use and not for the restricted areas authority that the person described is cleared to access and
like exclusive, limited or controlled areas. classify matters at appropriate levels.

TYPES OF PASS SYSTEM o Interim Clearance- Effectivity Two Years

 Single Pass System- In which the badge or pass coded for o Final Clearance- Effectivity Five Years
authorization to enter specific areas issued to an employees who
keeps it in the possession until his authorization is change or until SECURITY EDUCATION PROGRAM
he terminates.  A program given to employees of an installationby lecture and
other means pertaining to measures and safeguards to be taken to
 Pass Exchange System- Which he exchange one-color coded pass protect the interest of the installation from loss, damage, sabotage,
at the entrance to the controlled area is issued to an employee who pilferage, and other criminal acts.
keeps it in his possession until his authorization or until he  Thebasic goal is to acquaint all the employees the justification
terminates. behind the security measures and to insure cooperation at all
times.
 Multiple Pass System- Multiple copies of passes are issued to an
individual with the same photograph. The individual exchange his PHASES OF SECURITY EDUCATION
badge for another color or markings at the entrance. Once inside, if  Initial Interview
he needs to enter a restricted area, he exchanges it for another color  Training Conference
acceptable in that area.  Refresher Conference
 Security Reminders
RESTRICTED AREA  Security Promotion
 It refers to an area in which personnel or vehicles are controlled for  Special Interview
reasons of security.  Debriefing
 It is established to provide security for installation or facilities and
to promote efficiency of security operations and economy in the C. DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURITY
use of security personnel.  The loss of document and information cost billions of pesos.
 The importance of document and information security is not
TYPES OF RESTRICTED AREA realized until after a loss has been discovered in many
 Controlled areas- access is restricted to entrance or movement by instances one that has already cause irreparable damage.
only authorized personnel and vehicles.  For this reasons comprehensive document and information
security program is vital to operating.
 Limited Area - It is a restricted area in which lesser degree of
control is required than in an exclusion area but which the security INFORMATION CYCLE (CUSTD)
interest would be compromised by uncontrolled movement.
 Creation- Information is discovered and develops.
 Exclusion Area – It refers to a restricted area which contains a  Use- Some action is taken with the information.
security interest to TOP SECRET importance and which requires  Storage/Retrieval – for future use
the highest degree of protection. The area should be under  Transfer- Transferring of information from active to inactive
surveillance at all times. use.
 Disposition- Decision may be made to retain the information
B. PERSONNEL SECURITY indefinitely at either an active or an inactive storage center or to
 Personnel Security is the sum total procedures followed, dispose it.
inquiries conducted and criteria applied to determine the
work suitable to a particular applicant or the retention or TYPES OF DOCUMENTS (VIUN)
transfer of a particular employee.  Class I – Vital Documents- In this category these are records
 Its purpose is to insure that a firm hires those employees best that are irreplaceable; records of which reproduction does not
suited to assist the firm in achieving its goals and ones hired have the same value as the original.
assist in providing the necessary security to the employees  Class II – Important Documents- This includes records, the
while they are carrying out their duties. reproduction of which will close considerable expense and
Personnel Security Investigation – is an inquiry into the labor, or considerable delay.
character, reputation, discretion, integrity, morals and loyalty  Class III – Useful Document- This include records whose
of an individual in order to determine a person’s suitability for loss might cause inconvenience but could b readily replaced
appointment access to classified matter. and which would not in the meantime present an
insurmountable obstacle
 Class IV – Non-essential Documents- These records are
TYPES OF PSI daily files, routine in natureeven if lost or destroyed, will not
affect operation or administration.This class represents the
o National Agency Check- It consists of LAC supplemented by bulk of the records which should not be attempted to protect.
investigation of the records and files of the following
agencies: PNP, ISAFP, NBI, CSC, Bureau of Immigration and III. RISK ANALYSIS AND SECURITY HAZARD
Deportation and other agency.
Security Hazards - act or condition, which results in a situation like a
o Local Agency Check- Refers to the investigation of the breach of the protection system and the subsequent loss or compromise
records and files of agency in the area of principal residence of of defense information, company secret or damage to personnel,
the individual being investigated like Mayor, Police, Fiscal, property or facilities.
Judge.
KINDS OF SECURITY HAZARDS
o Background Investigation – a check made on an individual
usually seeking employment through subjects records in the  Human Hazard – is the act or condition affecting the safe
police files, educational institutions, place of residence, and operation of the facility caused by human action, accidental or
former employers. intentional, this type of hazard is the result of a state of mind,
attitude, weakness, or character traits on the part of one or more
 Complete Background Investigation- it is a type of BI which persons, like sabotage, espionage, pilferage, theft, etc.
is more comprehensive, particularly all the circumstances of
his personal life.  Natural Hazard – is the act or situation caused by natural
phenomenon, like floods, typhoons, earthquakes, etc. but there
are many measures and techniques which may be employed to
reduce their effects in establishment, plants or installation.

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  Call an organization meeting of Heads of services, employee
EXTENT AND DEGREE OF RISKS TO SECURITY WILL BE representatives and key personnel. (out line purpose of the
DEPENDENT program and explain how the plant should organize for
 Relative Criticality of Operation – is the importance of firm protection;
with reference to the national economy and security  Define the Program.
 Relative Vulnerability – is the susceptibility of the plant or
establishment to damage, loss or disruption of operation due V. SALIENT FEATURES OF R.A. 5487 AS AMENDED
to various hazards.
TYPES OF SECURITY GUARD
THEFT/ PILFERAGE
 It is one of the most annoying and common human hazards. A. COMPANY SECURITY- A security guard recruited and
 Security force has to concentrate a large number of men to employed by the company. (30 – 100)
check this immoral and disturbing activity. Advantage of CSF
 Petty pilferage is frequent hard to detect, difficult to prove and  High caliber and receives higher salary;
win conviction but definitely risky to ignore.  Provides better service;
 Can be trained to handle some of the more complex
PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS ON THEFT security duties;
 The need or desire - An individual may need or desire to  More familiar with facilities they protect;
commit the act because of financial problem, inadequate  Tend to be more loyal with the company.
income, extravagant living, gambling.
Disadvantage of CSF
 The psychological needs (Kleptomania) - irresistible urge to  May be required to join the union;
steal items of trivial value. People with this disorder are  Cost more;
compelled to steal things, generally, but not limited to, objects  Problem of ensuring availability of back-up
of little or no significant value. personnel.

 The criminal tendency - The individual with such tendency B. PRIVATE SECURITY- A security guard hired by client
may be more tempted to steal if security control are belonging to private security agency. 200 – 1000)
inadequate.
Advantages of PSA
TYPES OF PILFERER  Less expensive;
 Casual Pilferer – one who steals due to his inability to resist  Use is convenient;
the unexpected opportunity and has little fear of detection.  Less administrative and personnel problems;
 Agency assumes full responsibility for the scheduling
 Systematic Pilferer – steals with preconceived plans and and supervising of all guard personnel
takes away any or all types of items or supplies for economic  Can easily obtain extra guard if needed;
gains.  Agency easily usually accepts liability of civil suits.

SECURITY SURVEY . Disadvantages of PSA

 It is a critical, on-site examination and analysis of an  Lack of training, low caliber employee;
industrial plant, business, and name of public or private  No loyalty to the company;
institution to ascertain current security status deficiencies or  Large turnover
excesses  Not familiar with facilities
 To determine what protection is needed and to make
recommendations from improving the over-all level of C. GOVERNMENT SECURITY- A security guard recruited and
security at that location. employed by the government (200 – 1000)

PURPOSE OF SECURITY SURVEY UNIFORMS, EQUIPMENTS AND PARAPHERNALIA

 To determine existing state of security;
 To locate weaknesses in defense; 1. Set of Uniforms for Security personnel:
 To determine degree of protection required and;  Headgear – persing cap for men, 2 ply cap for woman
 To produce recommendations establishing a total security  Service bush jacket – intended for directorial and staff officers
program.  Service shirt
 Service trouser
SECURITY INSPECTION  Service belt
 It is the process of conducting physical examination to  Footwear
determine compliance with establishment security policies and
procedures as a result of security survey. 2. Color of Uniforms
 PSA – navy blue – upper and lower
SECURITY PLANNING  CSF – light blue/light gray upper – navy blue lower
 It is pre-determining a course of action;  GSU – white upper-navy blue lower
 It is deciding in advance what to do, how to do it, and who is
to do it. 3. Ornaments and Patches
 National badge
GOALS OF SECURITY PLANNING  Cap Device
 To minimize effects of any incident upon plant and personnel;  Regulation Buckle
 To keep property and equipment loss at a minimum;  Collar device
 To ensure cooperation of all plant departments charged with  Name cloth
specific activities of an emergency;  Agency/unit name cloth
 To ensure appropriate cooperative action by and with outside
civic and government agencies. 4. Equipments and paraphernalia
 Leather pistol belt with regulation buckle
KEY STEPS IN PLANNING  Holster, black leather for pistol
 Get in touch/coordinate with your Local Civil Authorities. (Tie  Night stick (baton) with horizontal handle
your programs with theirs and standardize equipment with them  Whistle with lanyard
thus creating compatibility.);  Hand held radio
 Visit neighboring Plants/offices (coordinate your activities with  Pocket notebook and ball pen
theirs.);
 Survey your plant for possible hazards and take immediate 11 GENERAL ORDERS
action to lessen or eliminate them; 1. To take charge of the post and all company properties in view and
 Appoint a disaster Director or Disaster coordinator; protect/preserve the same with utmose diligence;
 Early in the planning stage, present the Program to your
Employees and enlist their active support;

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2. To walk during tour of duty in a military manner, keeping always No regular license shall be granted to any PSA or CSF unless
on the alertand observing everything that takes place within sight or it has under its employ the following number of duly licensed security
hearing; guards
3. To report all violations of order he is instructed to enforce;  For PSAs – aminimum of two hundred (200) and maximum of
4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guardhouse he one thousand (1,000).
is stationed;  For CSFs – a minimum of thirty (30) and a maximum of one
5. To quit his post only when properly relieved; thousand (1,000).
6. To receive, obey, pass on to the relieving guard all orders from
company officers or officials, supervisor, post-in-charge or shift F. GRADUATED SCALE OF LICENSE FOR PSA/PDA
leaders;  PSAs with 200-1000 guards – a regular license to operate
7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty; good for two (2) years;
8. To sound or call the alarm in case of fire or disorder;  New PSAs – a temporary license to operate good for one (1)
9. To call the superior officer in any case not covered by the year;
instructions;  PSAs with temporary license to operate having posted one
10. To salute all company officials, superiors in the agency, ranking hundred (100) guards or more but less than two hundred (200)
public officials and commissioned officers of the AFP and PNP; guards shall, upon expiration of such license be issued an
11. To be especially watchful at night and during the time of extension period to operate good for six (6) months.
challenging, to challenge all persons on or near my post and to However, upon the expiration such six (6) months extension
allow no one to pass or loiter without proper authority. period, no additional extension of license shall be granted
unless the PSAs concern shall submit a certification for the
A. AUTHORIZED PERSONS TO ORGANIZE AND MAINTAIN posting of at least an additional fifty (50) guards thereby
A PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCY AND PRIVATE DETECTIVE making a total of one hundred fifty (150) or more guards.
AGENCY  PSAs with extended temporary license to operate, shall upon
 Filipino citizen or corporation, association, partnership; expiration of such license but still fail to comply the two
 100% of which is owned and controlled by Filipino citizen. hundred (200) guards requirement, be granted additional
extension of another six (6) months period in order to
B. BASIC REQUIREMENT OF AN OPERATOR OR MANAGER complete the two hundred (200) guards requirement for the
OF AGENCY issuance of a regular license to operate. Otherwise, failure to
 Filipino citizen; comply with the two hundred guard’s requirement shall serve
 Not less than 25yrs of age; as a basis for the issuance of a cease operation order.
 College graduate and/or a commissioned officer in the inactive  License of PSAs with less than one hundred (100) guards
service or retired from AFP or PNP, or graduate/taken a course in shall not be renewed after one (1) year of operation.
concepts and methods in Industrial Security and Security  PSAs with cancelled/revoked licenses shall cease to operate,
Management and/or must have adequate training or experience in and with seven (7) days after having been duly notified of
security business; such cease operation order, shall immediately deposit all its
 Good moral character not having been convicted of any crime firearms with the FEO.
involving moral turpitude, and not suffering from any of the
following disqualifications: G. TENURE OF SECURITY PERSONNEL
The tenure of security personnel shall be co-terminus with the
 Having been dishonorably discharged or separated from the service contract between the PSA and the Client. However, services of
Armed Forces of the Philippines; any security personnel shall be terminated on the following grounds:
 Being a mental incompetent;  Expiration of contract;
 Being addicted to the use of narcotic drug or drugs; and  Revocation of license to exercise profession;
 Being a habitual drunkard.  Conviction of crime involving moral turpitude;
 Loss of trust and confidence;
C. LIMITATIONS, DISQUALIFICATIONS AND  Physical and mental disability; and
PROHIBITIONS  Any other violation of the pertinent rules and regulations
 No person shall organize or have an interest in more than one hereof.
agency.
 Elective or appointive government employees, who may be H. EXEMPTIONS FROM PRE-LICENSING TRAINING
called upon on account of the functions of their office in the  Holder of a Degree of Bachelor of Laws
enforcement and implementation of this law, and any related  Holder of Degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology
to such employee by affinity or consanguinity in the next 3 rd  Graduate of Criminal Investigation Course offered by NBI or
civil degree, shall not hold an interest, directly or indirectly, in any PNP training school.
any security agency.  Veterans and retired military/police personnel or honorably
 No agency shall offer, render, or accept services in gambling discharged military/police personnel possessing all the
dens or other illegal business establishments or enterprises. qualifications mentioned in the preceding section
 The extent of the security guard service being furnished by the
security agency shall not go beyond the compound and/or I. QUALIFICATIONS OF PRIVATE DETECTIVE
property of the person or establishment contracting the  In addition to those prescribed in Section 1 of these Rule,
security service except when the security guard is escorting a possesses any of the following:
huge amount of money or valuables.  Holder of baccalaureate degree or Bachelor of Laws; or
 Main/Branch offices- All agencies shall maintain in other  Holder of a degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology; or
provinces or cities where the security agency has deployed  Graduate of a criminal investigation course offered by the then
security guards. PC/INP or the PNP or the NBI or any police training school or
 All applicants for LTO shall be required to attend a PSA and detective training with authorized/recognized training/center
CSF operators and management seminar workshop. for security guard.
 Prohibition on “Kabit Sytem” Operator.  Advance ROTC/CMT graduate.
o No licensed security agency shall operate, promote and  Any officer or enlisted man of the AFP or uniform member of
enter into an agreement of “merger” (kabit system) with the PNP honorably discharged/separated or retired from the
any group of persons for the purpose of organizing a service are exempted from the requirements of a private
branch unit or subsidiary under separate control and detective.
ownership.
J. QUALIFICATION OF SECURITY OFFICER
D. BASIC QUALIFICATIONS OF SECURITY GUARDS  Filipino citizen;
 Filipino citizen;  Holder of Baccalaureate degree;
 High school graduate;  Physically and mentally fit;
 Physically and mentally fit;  Has graduated from a Security Officer Training Course;
 At least 18 years of age but not more than 50 years old;  Retired personnel of the PNP or AFP;
 Has undergone pre-licensing course.  Must not possess any of the disqualifications enumerated in
Section 2 of Rule II.
E.MEMBERSHIP
K. QUALIFICATION OF SECURITY CONSULTANT

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  Holder of a Masters Degree in either Criminology, Public administration/management of the security agency and directly
Administration, MNSA, Industrial Security Administration or responsible to the agency operator/owner/Board of Directors.
Law;
 Must have at least ten (10) years experience in the operation  Security Executive Director (SED) - Assistant agency
and management of security business. manager/Assistant chief security officer- automatically the
security executive director, assists the agency security director
L. LICENSE AND FEES and takes operational and administrative management when the
 Application of Fees manager is absent.
 New applicants to operate shall be required to obtain a
minimum capitalization of ONE MILLION (P1, 000,  Security Staff Director (SSD) - Staff director for operation
000.00) pesos with a minimum bank deposit of FIVE and administration- The staff director for operation is the staff
HUNDRED THOUSAND (P500, 000.00) pesos in order assistant of the security manager for the efficient operations of
to start its business operations. the agency. He is also responsible for the conduct of
investigation and training.
 License to Operate
 No person shall engage in the occupation, calling or
employment or engage in the business of PSA or PDA 2. Line Leadership Staff
unless has a license to operate duly approved by the  Security Supervisor 3- Detachment Commander- the field or
Chief, PNP or authorized representative. area commander of the agency.
 All security agencies must be registered at the Security  Security Supervisor 2-Chief Inspector- responsible for
and Exchange Commission (SEC). inspecting the entire area coverage by the detachment.
 Security Supervisor 1- Inspector- responsible for the area
 Surety Bond assigned by the chief inspector or the detachment commander.
o Agency with 1-199 guards – P 50,000.00
o Agency with 200-499 guards – P100,000.00 3. Security Guard
o Agency with 500-799 guards – P150,000.00  Security Guard 1- Watchman/Guard- person posted as
o Agency with 800-1000 guards – P200,000.00 watchman or guard.
This bond shall answer for any valid and legal  Security Guard 2- Shift-in-Charge- responsible for the
claims against such agency filed by aggrieved party. security officer who are scheduled in a certain shift for a
particular period.
M. USE OF FIREARMS  Security Guard 3—Post-in-Charge- responsible for the entire
 Number of firearms shall not exceed one (1) for every two detailed security office with a certain establishment.
(2) Security Guard.(1:2)
 NO PSA and CSFs unit shall be allowed to possess firearm in O. TRAINING SYSTEM AND ITS DURATION PERIOD
excess of 500 units. OBJECTIVES OF TRAINING
 For Temporary licensed,one hundred (100) guards, an initial  To enhance a highly professionalized security industry in the
of at least 30 licensed firearms. country.
 For regular licensedtwo hundred guards (200), at least 70  To upgraded the discipline, competence and efficiency of
pieces of licensed firearms. security guards.
 High powered firearms are not allowed only shotgun not  To educate them on the importance of national and community
higher than 12 gauge and low power rifles and revolvers such security needs and prevention losses.
as cal .22, cal .38
 Total number of high powered Firearms that is authorized to CLASSIFICATION AND DURATION PERIOD OF TRAINING
possess in areas there is an upsurge of lawlessness and  Basic Security Guard Course (Pre-Licensing Training Course)-
criminality as determined by authority, shall not exceed 10% 150 Hours
of the total number of security guards.  Re-Training Course- 48 Hours
 Firearms unit shall be carried only within its area of  Security Officers Training Course- 300 Hours
operation where he is task to guard except when escorting  Basic Supervisory Course- 48 Hours
big amount of money or valuables outside his area of  Security Supervisor Development Course
operation.  Other Specialized Training Course
 PSA or CSF detailing their security personnel on duty while
escorting big amount of money or valuable outside its P. GROUNDS FOR CANCELLATION OF SECURITY GUARD
jurisdiction shall issue an appropriate DUTY DETAIL LICENSE
ORDER  Assisting or protecting criminals during on or off duty status;
 Confiscation of firearms shall be effected upon the following  Providing confidential information to unauthorized person;
circumstances:  Posted security guard found drunk or drinking intoxicating
 When the firearm is about to used in the commission liquor; and
of a crime.  Other similar acts
 When the firearm is actually being used in the
commission of a crime. Q. UTILIZATION OF AGENCIES DURING EMERGENCIES
 When the firearm just been used in the commission of
a crime.  Powers of Mayors over the agencies in case of emergency
 When the firearm being carried by the security guard is - In time of disaster, disorder or calamity when security
unlicensed. services are required, the city or municipal mayor may
 When directed by the court. utilize security agencies to help in maintenance of peace
 When the firearms is used or carried outside his area of and order, prevention of crime, or apprehension of
operation without proper authority. criminal offenders and the protection of lives and
 When a security guard does not possess any license to properties within the area of such calamity.
exercise his profession. - The deputized security guard may receive direct orders
 Illegal possession of Firearms- only firearms from the chief of police for the duration of the emergency,
licensed by the PSA CSF concerned shall be used. disorder or calamity.
 Stocking of Ammunition- Basic load of firearms is
fifty (50) rounds security guard shall be limited to  Emergency Deputation
one half of such basic load or twenty-five (25) - In times of emergency, disorder or calamity, the C/PNP
roundsfor every security guard. may deputize security guard to assist the PNP members in
the performance of their duties for the duration of the
N. SECURITY RANKS, POSITIONS, STAFFING PATTERN AND calamity.
JOB DESCRIPTION
VI. DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Security Management Staff  Access List- An authenticated list of personnel given to
 Security Director (SD)-Agency Manager/Chief Security security allowing entry to compound or installation.
officer-responsible for the entire operation and  Assets Protection Program - It is the sum total of the
protection scheme encompassing the entire security spectrum,

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 designed to eliminate, reduce or control threats, hazards, risk
or damages to company assets.
 Dry Run- Practical Test or exercise of a plan or any activities
to test its validity.
 Master Keying System- A system use in big installation
whereby keys can open a group of locks.
 PNP SAGSD- Philippine National Police Security Agency
and Guard Supervision Division- formerly known as
Supervisory Office Security Investigation Agency (SOSIA) -
office under the C/PNP through the civil Security Group
(CSG) which is primary office for supervision of the
implementation of RA 5487.
 PADPAO- Philippine Association of Detective and Protective
Agency Operators, Inc. (Organized in May 1958.)
 Physical Barriers- Any physical means to impede, delay, or
prevent intrusion into a protected area.
 Private Detective- Any natural person, not a member of the
regular police force, the AFP, who does detective work for
hire, reward or commission.
 Remote Station System -A system where the alarm signal is
transmitted to a remote location manned and operated by an
independent party or police department.
 Security Guard- Is any natural person who offers or renders
personal service to watch or guard residential or business
premises or both, government and /or their premises for hire
and compensation
 Security Supervisor- Is charged with directing the work and
observing the behavioral performance of the guard under his
unit.
 Security Guard Force- A group of forces of men selected,
trained or organized into functional group for the purpose of
protecting operational processes from those disruptions which
impede efficiency or halt operation at a particular plant,
facility, installation, or special activity.
 Security Planning- Is a corporate and executive
responsibility. It involves knowing the objectives of the
security and the means and the method to reach those
objectives or goal must then evolve.
 Security Survey- Is the process of conducting an exhaustive
physical examination and thorough inspection of all operation
system and procedures of a facility
 Security Inspection- Is the process of conducting physical
examination to determine compliance with establishment
security policies and procedures as a result of security survey
 Security Hazard- Is any act or condition, which may result in
the compromise of information, loss of life, loss or destruction
of property or disruption of objectives of the installation
 Security Cabinet- Is an added protection of important, vital-
papers, plans, data, special correspondence, cash and other
essential documents, such as vault, safe and file room.
 Security Alarm System- Combination of compatible
intrusion and detection device so arranged and wired as to
support one another.
 Security Lighting- The providing of sufficient illumination to
areas during hours of darkness to insure visibility and to act as
a deterrent to the intruders.

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 B. FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVE S OF POLICE PATROL

1. Crime Prevention and Suppression

 It is the Primary goal of the Patrol officer since they are the one
who has direct contact with the society.
 Patrol officer are accountable for preventing or reducing crime
commission.
POLICE PATROL OPERATIONS with POLICE
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM 2. Law Enforcement
 Patrol force has the utmost responsibility because of the nature
POLICE PATROL OPERATION of their duties and responsibilities.
 The law must be enforced neutrally and with full recognition of
ORIGIN OF THE WORD POLICE AND PATROL the intent and purposes.
POLICE  Preventive Enforcement - involves the prevention of crime
 The word POLICE was derived from Greek word POLIS which through the noticeable presence of police vehicles and
means “city-state”. personnel. Sir Robert Peel first presented preventive
 Another Greek word POLITEIA which means “government of enforcement as a criminological philosophy. And this had
the city”. been regarded as the soundest of all criminological theories.
 The Roman changed the word slightly to POLITIA which means “It is much easier to patch a crack in the dike than to repair
“condition of the state or government”. the wall after it has broken an ounce of prevention being
 The French changed the word to “Police” which means person worth a pound of cure”.
who enforced the law and it was later adopted by the English  Selective Enforcement - It is proven to be a very effective
Language. technique in the patrol procedure. If a certain area is subject
to a high crime rate, the patrol cars spend a greater part of
PATROL their patrolling time in that area.
 The word PATROL was derived from the French word  Traffic Enforcement - Large police departments have
“PATROUILLER” which means to go through paddles; to traffic divisions, but the majorities of the departments are
travel on foot. small, and have only patrol division to handle traffic
enforcement.
POLICE PATROL
 One or more police officer making round in order to guard or 3. Preservation of peace and order
inspect property and to protect lives within a designated area.  It is the fundamental obligation of the Police and it is the most
important function performed by the patrol service
I. OVERVIEW OF PATROL WORK  It must be recognize as an alternative to law enforcement.
 Patrol is the innovator of police department in crime
prevention. 4. Crime Investigation
 Patrol force serves as the nucleus of police department.  Most of the Patrol officer’s doesn’t possess necessary
 Police Patrol is the basic law enforcement method. qualifications or skills to thoroughly investigate crimes
 Patrol work will become interesting when officer makes an  They play only a minor role in investigation nevertheless it is
intelligent effort to discover and solve problems. still one of its objectives for the reason that they are the first
 Careful patrol by intelligent officer is the first line of defense responder. They conduct only brief, report taking of
against crime. investigations.
 Patrol work deals basically with people.
 The action taken by the patrol officers have a direct impact on 5. Emergency call for Service
the community and well being.  One of the duties and purposes of patrol is the handling of
emergency calls for service.
II. THE IMPORTANCE AND OBJECTIVES OF POLICE  The police vehicle had been equipped as an emergency
PATROL vehicle, and special laws had been passed exempting the
The objectives of the Patrol force are identical as those of a police officer from the normal rules of the road when
police organization cautious patrol by smart Patrol officers is considered responding to an emergency.
as the first line of defense against crime and comprises its largest unit in  Handling of emergency calls for service is one of the basic
the organization. The action of Patrol officers strongly and visibly serves duties of the patrol officer; he should be trained in first aid and
influences the public’s attitude toward the excellence and sufficiency of water life-saving emergencies.
management services.
6. Police Service
A. THE IMPORTANCE OF POLICE PATROL  This are the benevolent services performed by the Patrol
1. Patrol force as the essence of Police function officers like mediate in family quarrels, render first aid for
 It is the soul or spirit of Police organization. accident victims, Dispersion of unlawful assemblies and get
 The patrol function is the most visible form of police activity relief assistance to disaster victims.
and directly attempts to eliminate the opportunity to commit
crime. III. CLASSES OF PATROL ACTIVITIES
 The Patrol force is the “ears and eyes” of the Police  “Called – for” service – Incidents, requiring immediate
Organization. police action.
 Inspectional service – tending to reduce criminal opportunity
2. The Patrol force as the backbone of the Police Organization and accidents.
 It is the most important of all police functions.  Routine patrol – directed at less tangible hazards, such as
 It is the only division that cannot be eliminated. poor lighted areas, business section etc.
 They are considered as the Prime mover of the organization
other units of Police Organization participate only in a IV. FACTORS AFFECTING PATROL OPERATIONS
supportive capacity. A. PATROL DEPLOYMENT
 The actions taken by the Patrol officers are reflected to the  It may have an effect on Patrol operation since some patrol
Police Organization officers have different variation of moving on to specific factors
 Some of these are size and shape of their AOR, modes of
3. Patrol force as the operational heart of Police Organization transportation, problems they might encountered on the beat
 Almost all police function had been vested to the patrol and level of trust and confidence of the people to the police,
division. location and number of crimes and arrest.
 Patrol has the direct contact with the society, and is responsible  Police personnel allotted for Patrol Function – 50%
for its primary objectives.  Manning Level of Patrol force – Sec. 27 of R.A. 6975 provides
 The patrol division is often the only one to work on a twenty- (police-to-population ratio)
four hour basis.  1:500 – nationwide average
 The Patrol force incorporates all objectives inherent in the  1:1000 – minimum police-to-population ratio
police organization FACTORS AFFECTING EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE
DISTRIBUTION OF PATROL FORCES

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1. Chronological Distribution – It involves consideration of the nature  Places – It includes terminals, demonstrations, parks, parades,
and causes of crimes. They should familiarize how crimes are conventions, political meetings, lodging houses, schools, and
committed, when and who committed them. athletic events.
 Crime Clock – It signifies what time crime is often or frequently
committed. FACTORS THAT CREATE HAZARDS
 Crime Map – Location or place or crime prone areas wherein  Deficient Visibility – resulting from inadequate illumination or
crime is frequently or often committed. obstruction of views.
 Insecurity of premises – created by the absence of suitable
2. Geographical Distribution – It involves weighing categories of locks, bars and gratings.
incidents and accounting the number of identifiable hazards and street  Presence of condition of things – poorly designed roadways,
mileage. defects or obstructions in public spaces and presence of
combustibles.
3. Walking beats – it involved determining man hours needed to cover  Presence of People – crowd offers opportunities for theft, loss
the streets and alleys to inspect the police hazards prevails within the of persons or things, fights and panics.
AOR.  Lack of regulation

4. Motor Patrol Distribution-involves determining the need to shift V. ORGANIZATION AND STAFFING OF THE PATROL
motor patrol units hour – by – hour at the area according to where and FUNCTIONS
when crime mostly likely to occur.
A. ORGANIZATION PRINCIPLES
B. POST ASSIGNMENT  Span of Control - refers to the number of officers or
subordinates that a Superior supervises without regard to the
1. Regular Post- assigning members to its regular or usual post usually effectiveness or efficiency of the supervision.
based on seniority.  Unity of Command - refers to placing one and only one
superior in command or in control of every situation and every
ADVANTAGES OF REGULAR POSTS employee.
 Patrol officer becomes thoroughly familiar with the various  Delegation of Authority - is the assignment of tasks, duties,
post conditions. and responsibilities to subordinates while at the same time
 Patrol officer takes more pride and interest in improving the giving them the power or right to control, command, make
conditions on his post resulting in better public relations and decisions, or otherwise act in performing the delegated
cooperation from the residents. responsibilities.
 The patrol officer moral is enhanced, since a steady post is an  Chain of Command - the arrangement of officers from top to
indication of public acceptance of his work. bottom on the basis of rank or position and authority
 Command Responsibility - dictates that immediate
DISADVANTAGES OF REGULAR POSTS commanders shall be responsible for the effective supervision
 The patrol officer may turn the assignment into a routine detail and control of their personnel and unit.
and may take it too much for granted.
 Familiarity with the residents may breed contempt or favoritism B. TERRITORIAL UNITS IN PATROL
in the form of gratuities.  Route - the length of street or streets, designated for patrol
purposes also referred to as line beat.
2. Shift/Post Rotation – It is the process of assigning members of Patrol  Beat - an area designed for patrol purposes, whether foot or
force from post to post. motorized.
 Sector - an area containing two or more beats, routes or posts.
ADVANTAGES OF POST ROTATION  District - a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol
 The patrol officer becomes acquainted with general purposes, usually with its own station.
precint/station problems when shifted from post to post.  Area - A section or territorial division of a large city.
 Such assignments require more observation, alertness and  Post - A fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned
vigilance on the part of the patrol officer since he is not familiar for duty.
with the new layout.
 Routine patrol or fixed habits are less likely to be adopted in the C. PREPARATIONS FOR PATROL OPERATIONS
new environment which will result in more rigid enforcement.  General Preparation – Attitude is the first and foremost
 Favoritism will be lessened because of transitory assignments. preparation of patrol officer since he will be dealing with
 Rotation expands on the officer’s experience thereby enabling different persons in the society.
him to handle varied emergencies.  Pre – Patrol Operation – The Patrol officer should be armed
with knowledge and equipment.
DISADVANTAGES OF POST ROTATION  Vehicle inspection – Involves inspection of Patrol vehicles to be
 It destroys any chance of specialization in the handling of used before going out of patrol.
individual post problems.  In – Field Preparation – This is made by having debriefing
 It creates a tendency of leaving the unpleasant chores to the conference with the officer who is being relieved and who has
next man. just spent the previous tour of duty.
 It makes it difficult to cultivate sources of information as to  District Orientation Tour – This involves familiarization of
criminal activities. assigned area for patrolling upon arrival in the field.
 It creates irregular living habits in the officer, to the detriment
of his health. VI. VARIOUS METHODS OF POLICE PATROL
 It can have a bad effect on the family because of the frequently A. FOOT PATROL
changing of shifts/post.  Foot patrol is assigned to an area of crowded population such as
downtown area, or where there is heavy traffic congestion and
C. POLICE HAZARD assistance of an officer is needed to help eliminate traffic jam.
 Hazard – it refers to any person, place, thing, situation, or  Foot patrol is the most expensive type of patrol in terms of
condition which, if allowed to exist may induce an accident or human resources and most departments had reduced their foot
cause the commission of a crime. patrols to a minimum because of this.
 Police hazard - Anything that possesses a high potential for  It is the common and best known methods of patrol.
criminal attack that may induce incidents calling for some kind TYPES OF FOOT PATROL
of police action.  Fixed Foot Patrol – It usually used for traffic, surveillance,
parades and special events.
KINDS OF POLICE HAZARDS  Moving Foot Patrol – It is used when then there is considerable
 Persons – It includes criminals, alcoholics, prostitutes, Juvenile foot movement such as business and shopping center, family
delinquents, drug peddlers, addicts, gamblers and insane dwellings and the like.
persons.  Line beat patrol – it is used in securing certain portion
 Property – It includes piers, warehouse, unoccupied dwelling, of the road.
gambling joints, banks, pawnshops, drug dens, and gambling  Random foot Patrol – It is used in checking residential
dens. buildings, business establishments, dark alley, and
parking lots.

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 DISADVANTAGES OF AUTOMOBILE PATROL
ADVANTAGES OF FOOT PATROL  It separates public from the Police.
 Patrol officers can enter small alleys and side streets.  Suspicious persons may go unnoticed.
 It provides closer observation of persons and things.  Neglect to make routine security checks.
 The foot patrolman can provide immediate traffic control  It slows down apprehension and surveillance operations.
when it is needed.
 The officer can actually get to know the physical layout of his AUTOMOBILE PATROL TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES
beat better.  Check the police car thoroughly before leaving the garage.
 It maintains better personal contact with citizens and develops  Don’t establish a patrol pattern; do in irregular and
community relations. unpredictable manner.
 By the use of a two-way radio, the officer can maintain  Don’t spend too much time in drive-ins or coffee-spots.
communications with the department and the mobile unit.  Don’t drive too fast in general patrol.
 A foot officer can sneak up on situation, where a patrol car is  During normal patrol, observe the rules of the road.
easily noticed when it approaches.  The license numbers of all strange or suspicious cars should
be jotted down.
Disadvantages of Foot Patrol  Make it a habit to never leave the keys in the police car, even
 Slow response time if it is just for a minute.
 Low mobility  Patrol officer must make a habit to use the seat belt at all
 Can’t be employed during inclement weather times.
 It requires huge amount of Personnel  The beat officer should learn the whereabouts of all safe lights
and outside lock on his beat.
FOOT PATROL PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES  The officer on automobile patrol must, like the foot patrolman,
 Walk close to the curb during the day and close to the always be on the alert for possible informants.
building at night.  Do not develop the habit of using the main roads, most
 When patrolling at nighttime always approach each building criminal activity occurs at the back streets.
with caution, always assume the possibility that a felon maybe  Always follow traffic rules and regulations except in case of
lurking inside. emergency.
 Don’t establish a set of patterns of patrol.  When patrolling with partner, divide the observation area
 When checking doors for forced entry, use flashlight on or inside the vehicle.
around the lock to see if there are noticeable jimmy marks. a. Driving Officer – must cover 100% of his vision in
 When an open door is found, NEVER ENTER ALONE. front.
 At least once a night use the fire escapes to check the roof in b. Passenger officer – cover a field of view twice more
the downtown area for possible ‘cut through” burglaries as than the driving officer
they are sometimes referred to.
 Be alert for boxes that are being piled up behind building, or CALLS ENCOUNTERED BY AUTOMOBILE PATROL
ropes that are hanging down the sides of building, or ladders  Routine Call – a call where mobile car is required to observed
that might have been used to gain access to a roof. the traffic laws and does not normally used flashing lights and
 At nighttime, the foot patrol officer should occasionally step siren while on its way to the scene of the crime
into alleys or store entrance, and get out of the light as much  Urgent Call – the responding patrol car has to observed the
as possible. traffic laws without need of using flashing lights and siren but
 Foot patrol must walk his best during all type of weather. proceed directly to its destination without stopping enroute
 A foot patrol officer should never smoke while in uniform on unless incident of far more serious occurs
the street, nor should chew gum.  Emergency Call – requires the use of flashing lights and siren
 The foot patrol officer should make a conscious effort to make except when there is an attempt to surprise the criminals in the
friends on the beat. act.
 Use all five senses while walking the beat.
 When things are slow, the officer should plan strategies. ONE MAN VERSUS THE TWO MAN AUTOMOBILE PATROL
While there is an argument concerning one and two man
B. AUTOMOBILE PATROL patrol cars, these are the different advantages of one man versus the Two
 It is the most economical type of patrol and offers tactical man Automobile Patrol.
ability when used in numbers.
 It is the most effective means of transportation for police TWO MAN PATROL CAR
patrol.  A two-man patrol car provides the officer with a greater safety
factor by doubling the firepower and the physical protection.
CONTEMPORARY PATROL CAR EQUIPMENTS  The mistakes that one-man make may be caught by his
 Mobile Data Terminal – It refers to a computer that is partner, and vice versa.
installed inside a patrol car which allows patrol officer to have  One officer does not have to drive a full eight hours, and he is
an access from the Headquarters files and other Law therefore more rested and can do a better job.
Enforcement Agencies which are used in order to expedite  Two pair of eyes is better than one.
their operation.  One man can operate the radio while the other drives.
 Vehicle-Mounted TV – It refers to a Video Camera which is  On the quiet night, the driver can have someone to talk to and
attached and installed in a patrol car with a high-resolution help keep him awake.
and wide angle lens.
 High Intensity Emergency Lighting Plan – It refers to a ONE MAN PATROL CAR
heavy duty light that can provide two (2) million candle power  Having twice as many police cars on the street doubles the
of light. preventive enforcement.
ADVANTAGES OF THE AUTOMOBILE PATROL  When the officer is alone he devotes full attention to his
 Where speed and mobility are needed such as in a large area driving and the beat rather than to the conversation with his
that must be covered by few officers, the speed of the partner.
automobile allow them to service the whole area and do so  A one man alone developed self-reliance.
efficiently.  In two-man car, an officer will take more chances than if he is
 It is one of the best means of Preventive Enforcement. alone.
 It offers the officer protection.  Personality conflict is reduced.
 It permits the officer to carry extra equipment.
 The patrol car allows the police officer to have a partner when C. MOTORCYCLE PATROL
needed, and to transport one or several prisoners.  The use of motorcycles has lost ground to the used of patrol
 In the case of station wagons, which are becoming popular as cars in recent years, their need of congested traffic will insure
patrol vehicles, they can be used to carry police dogs on patrol their continued use as a form of police patrol.
and emergency ambulance during disaster.  The two-wheeled motorcycle is quite adaptable to traffic
 Patrol cars can be used as barricades in roadblocks, and they enforcement, parades, and escort duty.
offer a high degree of safety during high-speed pursuits.
 Provides constant availability to public calls. ADVANTAGES OF MOTORCYCLE PATROL
 High Mobility particularly in congested traffic

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  Quick response to emergency call
DISADVANTAGES OF HELICOPTER PATROL
DISADVANTAGES OF MOTORCYCLE PATROL  Bad weather will ground the helicopter.
 The danger involve in riding causing a greater number of  Smog and light or intermittent clouds might affect vision.
accidents.  This type of service requires special skills and training.
 Can’t be use during inclement weather.  There is a danger from high wire, trees, and similar object.
 Relatively high cost to operate  There can be difficulty of landing in urban areas.
 Inability to carry additional equipments  Pilots fatigue and most work shorter periods of time than
 Rough driving affects the driver’s health regular police shift.
 Refueling problems.
D. CANINE (K-9) PATROL/ DOG PATROL  Special facilities are required for housing and repairs.
 Egyptians are the first to used Dogs for patrolling.  There are many tactical problems to overcome such as
 Dogs are of great assistance in search and rescue as well as in location of police units on ground, and the exact locations of
smelling out drugs and bombs. addresses from the air.
 A dog is capable of recognizing an odor 10 million times  Adverse public reaction due to the fear of “spying from the
better than a human can. sky” or just simple objection of the noise involved.
 Police Dogs should never be used to replace police officers.  Criminals can hear the helicopter coming and suspires is lost.
They are supplementary forces that can aid the officer in better
performing his duty. F. HORSE PATROL
 A single K-9 team was able to complete building searches  It is one of the oldest types of patrol next to walking.
seven times faster than four officers working together were to  It is commonly used to wooden areas which horses provided
search the same building. the best mobility in those areas.
 The dog team found the hidden suspects 93 percent of the  It is also used in large park, parade and crowd control.
time, the human officers found (hidden suspects) only 53  Mounted officers can see three blocks more than a foot patrol
percent. officer.

ADVANTAGES OF K-9 PATROL G. MARINE/BOAT/BAY PATROL

 Provide protection for patrol officer  It is a specialized form of police patrol, it is likewise expensive
 Locating trap people during emergencies to maintain.
 It can be use in crowd control  Its primary goal is to control smuggling in any community near
 Great assistance in locating Narcotics and bombs. water necessitates the use of water patrol.

DISADVANTAGES OF K-9 PATROL H. BICYCLE PATROL

 Costly maintenance  It has long been a part of the patrol services of most countries
 Work only with one handler throughout the world since the bicycle was first developed
 Dog training is expensive; it requires 3 months to train because of its salient features

BREEDS OF DOGS APPROPRIATE FOR POLICE WORKS ADVANTAGES OF BICYCLE PATROL

 German Shepherd- the most frequently used and high scoring  It has the advantage of mobility and Stealth.
dog for police work  Inexpensive to procure and maintain compare to other
 Bloodhounds- a large powerful dog with dropping ears, methods.
sagging jaws, and keen sense of smell.  It can cover areas not accessible by motorcycle or patrol cars.
 Black Labrador Retrievers  Biking is a good form of exercise to maintain excellent
 Rottweiler physique and good health.
 Bouviers  It is effective in combating theft, burglary, vandalism in
 Doberman Pinschers residential areas, parks and shopping malls.
 Airedale Terriers  It can be effectively used by plainclothes officer while
 Giant Schnauzers conducting surveillance.
 Newfoundlands
DISADVANTAGES OF BICYCLE PATROL
WOLVES (Wireless Operational Link and Video Exploration System)  Inability to carry additional equipments
– It is the system of attaching miniature camera and transmitter to a  Apprehended criminals can’t be transported.
search dog which makes the dogs the eyes and ears of his handler.  Danger involved in driving.

E. AIR PATROL (HELICOPTER OR FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT) I. PLAINCLOTHES

ADVANTAGES OF FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT  This type of patrol is particularly effective for “Saturation
 Effective when patrolling long stenches of highway if coverage” of high crime areas.
inaccessible to land.  The Patrol officer should dress to fit the occasion and wear
 Excellent in traffic control in long stenches of highways, for whatever clothing is the mode of the day and fits the type of
search and surveillance and other missions. activity to be covered.
 It provides extra coverage without alarming the occupants
DISADVANTAGES OF FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT with a usual number of police officer.
 It has very little flexibility in congested areas.
 It needs wide span of land for lift and landing. J. CLOSE CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) PATROL
 Very expensive to maintain.  It is basically used for traffic control which originates in West
Germany.
ADVANTAGES OF HELICOPTER PATROL  Television Cameras are mounted in a weatherproof housing.
 Improves response time to emergency calls for service.  They were equipped with Zoom lens and were remotely
 Increase apprehension of offenders. controlled by operator who can adjust each camera to 270
 Increase prevention of crime. degrees.
 Improved efficiency of regular patrol units through air borne  It makes possible to pick up the license of fleeing
information. Automobiles.
 Increase ability in conducting roof searches for suspected
felons. VII. THE TRADITIONAL FOOT PATROL PATTERN
 Easier location of both lost and escaped persons. A. Clockwise Patrol Pattern
 More efficient rescue operations and emergency ambulance  The officer walk from one beat to another making sure that he
service. stays on the left side and at the center or middle portion of
 A better system of floodlighting areas at night. any street between adjoining beats.
 Information can be broadcast to large areas through airborne  For every beat, the officer calls the station until the clockwise
loudspeakers. patter is completed.
 Rapid emergency transportation of personnel.  Short beats well for foot patrol.
 Added security to patrol officers through “backup” offered by  Rectangular/square size of beat.
aerial patrol.  Done in the start of 8 hours tour of duty.

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  Render hourly report of location and situation through radio/
B. Counter-clockwise Patrol Pattern telephone to Police Community Precinct (PCP)/Station
 The reverse of clockwise pattern with the same characteristic Headquarters Tactical Operation Center (TOC).
of an area to be patrolled.  Render after-patrol report duly signed by detailed personnel .
 Done in the last hour of the 8 hour tour of duty PCP Commanders shall collate and submit significant details
 To ensure nothing unusual has happened to the Area of to the Station Patrol Supervisor, who in turn, will submit the
Responsibility. same to the Provincial/District Patrol Supervisor.
 Strictly observe “Buddy System” during the patrol operations.
C. Zigzag/Free Wheeling Patrol Pattern  Conduct debriefing after the patrol to assess its conduct and
 Done by patrolling the streets within the perimeter of the beat make necessary corrective measures on defects noted.
not at random but with definite target location where he knows
his presence is necessary. C. Patrol Guidelines
 It starts at one corner of the patrol area and work your way  Observe precautionary measures and personal safety while on
diagonally across it to the opposite corner. patrol.
 Practice defensive driving and follow traffic rules and
D. Straightway and Criss-Cross Patrol Pattern regulations.
 Hazard oriented patrol.  Select routes which provide best visibility.
 Easiest to observe the movement of the patrol officer.  Be observant of people, places, situations or conditions and
 In straightway pattern, it involves patrolling the length of the develop a suspicious attitude especially if the subject appears
street, therefore, movement of officer is easy to observe. to be slightly out of the ordinary.
 criss-cross is almost similar with zigzag.  Use tact and persuasiveness when conducting spot inquiry or
 “In any patrol pattern, the relieving patrol officer shall make questioning individuals for information.
his first hourly call before starting his patrol duty.”  When requiring a suspicious person or any individual for
identification, avoid taking the wallet or bag in which the
E. Cloverleaf Pattern cards/documents are placed. Let the individual remove and
 A highway intersection designed to route traffic without hand them to you.
interference, by means of a system of curving ramps from one  Be familiar, as much as possible, with known criminals/ex-
level to another, in the form of a Four (4) leaf clover. convicts residing in or frequenting the patrol beat.
 Be on the alert for loiters.
VIII. PATROL SUPERVISION  Keep under close observation actions of juveniles, trouble
A. Duties and Responsibilities of Patrol Officers makers/ agitators and the mentally ill/retarded persons.
 Attend the Roll Call Formation before his Tour of Duty for  Observe the practice of “shaking doors” of unguarded
briefing and likewise attend the after Tour of Duty formation business establishments during night patrol. Check for signs of
for debriefing; intrusion.
 Patrol the assigned beats, observe and check suspicious  When checking suspicious persons, places, buildings/
people, structures/buildings, compounds and vehicles; establishments and vehicles especially during nighttime, be
 Respond to calls, entertain complaints, initiate the prepared to use your service firearm. Flashlight should be held
investigation and protection of the scene and minimize the tightly away from the body to avoid making you a possible
after effects of accidents, fires and other catastrophes; target.
 Observe and monitor public gatherings, prevent disorders and  Be familiar with stay-in employees of business establishments
disperse unlawful assemblies; in your beat.
 Prevent crimes and arrest sighted law violators, assuring the  Establish good rapport with the people in your beat.
public that peace is preserved;  Keep watch of uninhabited homes.
 Inspect and/or conduct surveillance in various places of  Patrol members should avoid loitering in theaters, restaurants
business establishments and other installation and remove and other recreational places.
hazards to public safety;  Develop contacts by getting to know as many people as
 Assist personnel of responsible agencies/unit in facilitating the possible who can give factual information about crime
flow of traffic at busy intersections/roads within his Area of condition in the patrol beat.
Responsibility (AOR), assist and provide pedestrian  Patrol members must be always on the look-out for indications
information such as directions and street locations; of vices and other illegal activities in their beat.
 Conduct home visitations when circumstances warrants,  Patrol members must be knowledgeable of all conditions,
ugnayans/dialogues with the residents in their beat; events and details of places in their beat.
 Report occurrences and conditions which relate to crime,
public peace, order and safety;
 Enforce city/municipal ordinances on liquor establishments
and night clubs, cabarets and all houses of ill-reputes; and
 Check suspicious vehicles (private, public, or commercial/
delivery vehicles) along the highways in the course of their
patrol.
 Patrol Officers shall wear the prescribed patrol uniform.
 Patrol Officers must have the equipment necessary in the
performance of their duty.

B. Duties of Patrol Supervisors

 In any operation, careful planning is a must in order to avoid
waste of time, effort and resources.
 Make a patrol plan with the following details:
 Area Coverage: safe haven, ambush areas and crime
prone areas
 Organizational Detail of Personnel
 Duration
 Stand-by points
 Route plan
 Designate and select the members of the patrol team/s.
 Inspect the members of the patrol on the completeness of the
uniforms, availability of personnel, and operational readiness
of personnel and equipment.
 Conduct briefing, prior to dispatch, on the priority of activities
to be undertaken during the patrol as the situation demands;
remind the patrol on the strict observance of the PNP
Operational Procedures.

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IX. POLICE PATROL STRATEGIES AND TACTICS  The emphasis of this is on positive, target oriented activities
which includes physical security inspection.
A. ANATOMY OF CRIME  This is effective if the information regarding identifiable crime
There are three elements of crime that must be present at the trends is based on crime analysis.
same time for any crime to happen; MOTIVE, OPPORTUNITY, and
INSTRUMENTALITY. 7. STREET/INTERVIEW INTERROGATION
 It is different from custodial interrogation therefore reciting of
Miranda warning is NOT applicable.
 In this method the patrol officers aggressively investigate
crimes that may have just occurred, are occurring or are about
to occur.
CRIME  Through this technique person whose answers arouse
suspicion of criminal involvement it gives the police a
probable cause to arrest him.
 This technique is highly visible a deterrent impact to would –
be criminals.

 Motive - It is the basis why the people will commit crime or it is 8. UNDERCOVER/DECOY PATROL
what induces the people to act.  It is quite different from traditional patrol methods in that the
 Opportunity - It is the physical possibility that criminals could strategy is to rely heavily on disguise, deception , and lying in
have executed the crime such as acts of the victim which enables wait rather than high and low visibility patrols techniques.
the suspect executes the crime and existence of police officer that
will deter the commission of the crime. Concept of Decoy Patrol
 Instrumentality - it is the means used in executing the crime.  It is performed by a group of highly trained specialist rather
than regular patrol personnel.
B. TYPES OF POLICE PATROL  These specialists may operate under the supervision of the
 Proactive Patrol- Deployment of Patrol personnel in their patrol supervisor or may entirely operate independent patrol
respective Area of Responsibility with definite objectives. force.
 Reactive Patrol- An old concept in patrolling wherein officers  Decoy officer are not generally available for routine patrol
and units drive around their area of responsibility waiting for assignments.
something to happen or waiting for a call that they will respond.  Their most salient characteristics are that they have as their
 Preventive Patrol-The objective of this Patrol is to reduce or primary purpose the detection and interception of crime rather
totally prevent the desire of human being to commit crime. than crime prevention which is their secondary objective .
 Crime Prevention – It involves recognition of crime  Decoy officer are usually assigned to selected high crime
risk and initiation of positive action to remove or reduce areas and are not given instructions to concentrate their
risk, its main objective is to eliminate or reduce the activities against specific types of crime.
desire to commit crime.  Team members either male or female may disguise themselves
 Crime Suppression – It is the actual prevention of the to different character as per condition varies to avoid
commission of crime. detection.
 Team members are allowed to dress in a manner design to
C. VISIBILITY PATROL STRATEGIES help them blend with the neighborhood where they are
designed.
Police Visibility – It is not just the actual presence of the policeman on
the beat it involves the following: a. Physical Presence, b. Patrolling 9. Stop and Frisk
Scheme, c. Response time  A Patrol officer has the right to perform a pat-down search if
the individual has been legitimately stopped with reasonable
Response time - It refers to the running time of the dispatched patrol car suspicion.
from his position where the assignment was received and the arrival at  the police officer has reason to believe that the individual
the scene. possesses weapon/s on his person and poses a threat to the
police officer’s or another person’s safety.
Critical Time – It is the tine between the call of concerned individual to  In a pat-down search, officers are permitted only to feel the
the police regarding crime incident and the arrival at the scene. outer clothing of the suspect.
 Police officers may not place their hands inside the pockets of
1. High Visibility Patrol the subject’s clothing unless they feel an object that could
 Its objective is to increase the “aura of police omniprescence” probably be a weapon and the Patrol officer does not insert his
in the community which can reduce certain types of crimes. hand inside the pocket. Instead, it is the suspect himself who
 Another concept is the “saturation concept “wherein selected produce from his pocket, as requested.
high-risk crime in a residential area of the city is saturated by
intensive patrol of marked police vehicles and uniformed Grounds for Spot Check/Accosting
policemen. The police officer may stop an individual for the purpose of
conducting a spot check/accosting only when reasonable suspicion
2. Low Visibility Patrol exists. Reasonable suspicion must be more than just a hunch or feeling.
 In this Patrol Strategy the primary purpose is no longer crime In justifying the stop, the police officer must be able to point to specific
prevention but crime repression facts that, when taken together with rational inferences, reasonably
 The objectives are the increase number of arrest engaged in warrant the stop. Such facts include, but are not limited to, the
street crime following:
 Patrol Officers are in plainclothes patrol or in unmarked  The appearance or demeanor of the individual suggests that
vehicle where street crimes become high-risk. he is part of a criminal enterprise or is engaged in a criminal
act;
3. Target Oriented Patrol  The actions of the individual suggest that he is engaged in a
 It is patrol strategy which is directed towards specific persons criminal activity;
or places.  Questionable presence of the individual in the area;
 The subject is carrying a suspicious object;
4. Directed deterrent Patrol  The suspect’s clothing bulges in a manner that suggests he is
 It is a patrol strategy differs from traditional patrol methods carrying a weapon;
wherein patrol officers perform specific predetermined  The suspect has been found in the time and place proximate to
preventive functions on a planned systematic basis an alleged crime;
 The police officer has knowledge of the suspect’s prior
5. Interactive Patrol Strategy criminal record or involvement in criminal activity; and
 The emphasis is on police – citizen interaction wherein  The individual flees at the sight of a police officer.
community input is sought in resolving patrol problems.
PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES FOR SPOT
6. Aggressive Patrol Strategy CHECKS/ACCOSTING

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  If after conducting a spot check/accosting or pat-down search,
Spot Check/Accosting - is the brief stopping of an individual, whether the police officer has no basis for making an arrest, he should
on foot or in a vehicle, based on reasonable suspicion/probable cause, record the facts of such spot check/accosting or pat-down
for the purpose of determining the individual’s identity and resolving the search and forward a report to the appropriate authority.
officer’s suspicion concerning criminal activity.  If the spot check/accosting or pat-down search gives a
 When approaching the individual, the police officer shall justification for a valid warrantless arrest, then an arrest shall
clearly identify himself as a police officer. If not in uniform, be made.
by announcing his identity and displaying official POLICE CHECKPOINT - It is a location where the search, which is
identification card and/or badge. duly authorized by the PNP, is conducted to deter/prevent the
 Police officers shall be courteous at all times but maintain commission of crimes, enforce the law, and for other legitimate
caution and vigilance for suspicious movements like tending purposes.
to retrieve weapon, conceal or discard contraband, or other
similar actions. COMPOSITION
 Before approaching more than one individual, police officers  Team Leader (TL) - shall lead and take responsibility in the
should determine whether the circumstances warrant a request conduct of checkpoint preferably an officer with the rank of at
for back-up and whether the spot check/ accosting can and least Police Inspector;
should be delayed until such back-up arrives.  Spotter - PNP personnel who will point/profile suspected
 Police officers shall confine their questions as to suspect’s vehicle subject for checkpoint;
identity, place of residence, and other inquiries necessary to  Spokesperson - TL or member who is solely in charge of
resolve the police officer’s suspicion. However, in no instance communicating with the motorists subject for checkpoint;
shall a police officer hold a suspect longer than the period  Investigation Sub-team - in charge of investigation and
reasonably necessary to be able to make these limited inquiries documentation of possible incidents in the checkpoint to
and to resolve suspicions. include issuance of Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT) or Traffic
 Police officers are NOT REQUIRED to give the suspect Violation Report (TVR);
Miranda Warning unless the person is placed under arrest.  Search/Arresting Sub-Team - designated to conduct search,
seizure and arrest, if necessary;
GROUNDS FOR BODY FRISK/PAT-DOWN SEARCH  Security Sub-Team - tasked to provide security in the
checkpoint area; and
Pat-down Search - is a “frisk” or external feeling of the outer garments  Blocking/Pursuing Sub-Team - team tasked to block/pursue
of an individual for weapons only. fleeing suspects/vehicle
A police officer has the right to perform a pat-down search if
the individual has been legitimately stopped with reasonable suspicion HASTY CHECKPOINT
and when the police officer has reason to believe that the individual  It is an immediate response to block the escape of lawless
possesses weapon/s on his person and poses a threat to the police elements from a crime scene, and is also established when
officer’s or another person’s safety. nearby checkpoints are ignored or during hot pursuit
operations.
CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH MAY JUSTIFY PAT-DOWN  It is set up by police personnel conducting mobile patrol on
SEARCH board a marked police vehicle, or those conducting ISO and
 The type of crime believed to be committed by the subject – foot patrol operations within the vicinity/periphery of the
particularly crimes of violence where the threat of use or use national or provincial highways.
of deadly weapon is involved;
 Where the police officer handles several suspects; HOT PURSUIT (Cross Jurisdictional Pursuit) (also termed in the US
 The time of the day and the location where the pat-down as fresh pursuit)
search took place;  Immediate, recent chase or follow-up without material interval
 Prior knowledge by the police officer of the suspect’s use of for the purpose of taking into custody any person wanted by
force and/or propensity to carry deadly weapons; virtue of a warrant.
 The appearance and demeanor of the suspect;  One who is suspected to have committed a recent offense while
 Visual indications suggesting that the suspect is carrying a fleeing from one police jurisdictional boundary to another that
firearm or other deadly weapon; and will normally require prior official inter-unit coordination but
 Whenever possible, pat-down searches should be performed which the pursuing unit cannot, at that moment, comply due to
by police officers of the same gender. the urgency of the situation.

PROCEDURES FOR PAT-DOWN SEARCH - When reasonable HIGH RISK STOP - Actual stopping or accosting of armed and
suspicion justifies a pat-down search, the search should be performed dangerous person or persons, aboard a vehicle or on foot, including the
with due caution, restraint, and sensitivity. Pat-down searches should be power to use all necessary and legal means to accomplish such end.
conducted in the following manner:
 Whenever possible, pat-down searches should be conducted HIGH RISK ARREST - Actual restraint of armed persons following a
by at least two (2) police officers, one to perform the search high-risk stop.
while the other provides protective cover.
 Because pat-down searches are cursory in nature, they should PRE-DETERMINED AREA - specific or projected spot where the
be performed with the suspect in a standing position, or with armed and dangerous person or persons would pass or likely to pass
hands placed against a stationary object, and feet spread and so tactically located as to gain calculated advantage against said
apart. However, should an officer visually observe a weapon, person or persons.
a more secure search position may be used like the prone
(lying face down) position. STOPPING ZONE - strategic predetermined area strongly sealed off,
 In a pat-down search, officers are permitted only to feel the barricaded and occupied by tactical forces in a lawful display of
outer clothing of the suspect. Police officers may not place authority to maintain law and order or in defensive response to an event
their hands inside the pockets of the subject’s clothing unless of criminal nature or of such gravity that occurred or likely to occur
they feel an object that could probably be a weapon, such as a calling for a high risk stop or arrest.
gun, knife, club, or the likes.
 If the suspect is carrying an object such as handbag, suitcase, DRAGNET OPERATION - police operation purposely to seal-off the
briefcase, sack, or other similar items that may conceal a probable exit points of fleeing suspects from the crime scene to prevent
weapon, the police officer should not open the item but their escape.
instead put it in a place out of the suspect’s reach.
 If the external patting of the suspect’s clothing fails to LIMITATIONS ON THE ROLE OF THE PNP ON PUBLIC
disclose evidence of a weapon, no further search may be ASSEMBLY
made. If a weapon is found and the possession of which The PNP shall NOT INTERFERE with the holding of a
amounts to a violation of the law, the police officer shall arrest public assembly. However, to ensure public safety and to maintain peace
the suspect and conduct a complete search. and order during the assembly, the police contingent under the
command of a PCO preferably with the rank of Police Senior Inspector
REPORTING AFTER THE SPOT CHECK/ACCOSTING OR may be detailed and stationed in a place at least one hundred (100)
PAT-DOWN SEARCH meters away from the area of activity.

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GUIDELINES FOR CIVIL DISTURBANCE MANAGEMENT  To encourage consistency and continuity of police policies
(CDM) CONTINGENT DURING RALLIES / and procedures and to provide greater uniformity in
DEMONSTRATIONS developing solutions to community problems.
 CDM contingent shall be in prescribed uniform and without
firearm. 2. Low-level Flexibility in Decision Making
 Tear gas, smoke grenades, water cannons, or any similar anti- riot  Members are encouraged to share and exchanged ideas and
device shall be used only when the public assembly is attended by work together in solving problems within their area of
actual violence or serious threats of violence, or deliberate responsibility.
destruction of property.
3. Combined Investigation and Patrol Function.
GUIDELINES IN THE USE OF NON-LETHAL WEAPONS  It is intended to unify the investigators and patrol officers to a
 Shield and Truncheon more competent and cooperative approach to crime solving.
- During the confrontational stage, truncheon may be utilized
only to push back demonstrators and not as an instrument to 4. Unified Delivery of Service.
strike individuals.  Its importance is to develop every member on all skills rather
- However, when demonstrators become aggressive, truncheon than focusing on single skills only.
shall be the principal non-lethal weapon for dispersal.
- In such situation, CDM contingents shall nonetheless, use the Team Policing: Cause and Effects
same with caution and due diligence to avoid unnecessary  Reduce the crime rate and increase crime clearance
injury.  Increase the community participation in crime control
 Water Cannons  Reduce public fear on crime
- Water cannons may be utilized when demonstrators become  Improve police community relation
unruly and aggressive forcing troops to fall back to their  Increase police morale and their line of job satisfaction
secondary positions.  Facilitate career development
 Tear Gas
- Tear gas may be utilized to break up formations or F. INTEGRATED PATROL SYSTEM
groupings of demonstrations who continue to be aggressive  Considered as the best way of immersing policemen in various
and refused to disperse despite earlier efforts. activities of a particular area and to demonstrate to the
populace the commitment of the Police to serve and protect
D. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF OMNIPRESENCE the community.
While it is true that the patrol officer cannot detect the  This provides a symbiotic relationship between the police and
thinking or desire of the criminal, yet he can destroy the opportunity to community, which would eventually draw the active support
commit a crime by his presence. and cooperation of populace.
Psychology of omnipresence as an initial police strategy is to  It is response to the requirement of Police Visibility.
establish the aura of police presence in the community through It is contained in the acronym PATROL:
uniformed foot patrol and mobile (marked and equipped) patrol cars, a Policemen, Assigned, To, Reinforce, Order in the, Locality
feeling of fear on the part of would be violator and a feeling of
confidence that the police are constantly available to respond to any A. COMPONENTS
situation. 1. Fixed Components - include the different police station headquarters,
PCP, police visibility points, and traffic post.
Strategic Objectives:  Station Desk – Serves as the 3 C’s of Police force:
 High visibility police presence Communication, Coordinating Center/Command Post.
 Feeling of security for law abiding  Police Community Precinct (PCP) – It is headed by a PCO
 Feeling of fear for would be criminal with a rank of Chief Inspector or Superintendent with a
 Feeling of confidence for the public that police are constantly minimum of 30 personnel including the commander divided in
available. 3 shifts of 8 hours duty.

E. TEAM POLICING SYSTEM 2. Patrol Components - include the air patrols; the line beat patrols,
 It is an attempt to integrate the police and the community mobile patrols and detective repressive patrols.
interest into a working relationship so as to produce the  Police Beats – consist of identifiable boundaries within the
desired objective of peace keeping in the community. AOR where an officer can conduct patrol.
 Originated in Aberdeen, Scotland Patrol Beats Identification for NCR
 Team of 5-10 men is assigned according to concentration of  Identifiable by a (5) Five digit number.
crimes and citizens-calls for police service.  1st digit refers to the numerical assigned to the district.
 Effective police-community cooperation is critical to the  2nd digit refers to the number assigned to each of the
success of a team policing system municipality/city within the district.
 Public assistance and participation must be solicited actively.  3rd digit refers to the number assigned to particular PCP.
 4th and 5th digits refer to the number assigned to particular
CHARACTERISTICS OF TEAM POLICING beat.

1. Geographic Stability of the Patrol Force Patrol Beats Identification for Regions
 The application of permanent patrolling to foster greater  Identifiable by a (7) Seven digit number.
awareness and sensitivity to local police problems by team  1st and 2nd digits refer to number of region.
members.  3rd digit refers to the number assigned to a particular province
within the region.
2. Maximum Interaction between Team Members  4th digit refers to the PCP’s.
 Members must be given opportunity to work closely together  5th and 6th digits refer to the beat.
in solving problems.  Mobile Patrol – similar as discussed in the method of patrol.
 Members are encouraged to share information with one  Detective Beat system
another through informal meetings or conference.
3. Auxiliary Components - include the security guards deployed in
3. Maximum Communication between Team Members and area, the traffic enforcer, barangay tanods, volunteers and NGO’s.
Community Residents.
 Team policing is intended to develop a greater sense of B. OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES IN THE CONDUCT OF BEAT
understanding and increased cooperation between members of PATROL
the team and community residents. 1. Pre-Deployment Phase
 Encourage members of the community to attend informal  The members of the patrol team shall form and assemble at the
sessions in which they discussed community problems with police unit Headquarters at least 30 minutes before the start of
the team. their shift for their accounting.
 Platoon commanders shall conduct inspection as to
ORGANIZATIONAL FEATURES OF TEAM POLICING appearance and completeness of individual equipment.
1. Unity of Supervision

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  After the inspection, the platoon commander shall conduct a  On May 04, 1993, the PNP started establishing the
short troop information and education and disseminate KABABAYAN Center as Community Oriented Policing Units.
instructions/order.  Finally on August 15, 1994, the PNP adopted and started
 The Front-desk officer shall then read their assigned line implementing the Community Oriented Policing System
beats. He may, if applicable, disseminate (COPS).
information/requirements that should be monitored during
their patrol duty. Other Countries
 The Front-Desk officer shall make the report on the higher  In Japan, they have operationalized and even institutionalized
headquarters on the dispatch of the patrollers. it through the Koban or police box system.
 In Singapore, they are wielding it through the Neighborhood
2. Deployment Phase Police Post.
 Upon arrival at their beats, patrol officers shall report to the  In the United States about 60 % of the police departments are
desk and give the number and name of patrol members and implementing it through Community Oriented
their location. They shall likewise give their situation report, Policing/Problem Oriented Policing.
which shall be done on an hour basis.  In Canada and several countries in Europe and other parts of
 While on Patrol, the patrol officer’s shall adopt the “buddy- the world, they are into it also.
buddy system”, keeping in mind to make a patrol plan and
follow the procedures. Basic Principles / Foundation of Cops
 Upon reaching the end of their line beat, patrol officer shall To appreciate COPS in its proper perspective and develop the
make a situation report before returning to their point of proper mindset about it, a foreknowledge of the basic principles that
origin. serves, as its foundations shall be very helpful and conducive. They are
 All unusual incidents, which came to their attention, must be as follows:
reported or recorded in the patrol sheet report.  Democracy – It is imperative for the people to participate in and
support the processes, programs and activities of the government
3. Post- Deployment Phase to attain SUMMUM BONUM or the greatest good for the
 After their tour of duty, patrol officers shall return to their greatest number of our people.
Patrol Unit Headquarters and surrender the team equipment.  Criminal Justice – It refers to the machinery used by
 They shall likewise accomplish the Daily Patrol report before democratic government to protect the society against crime and
being released and discharged. disorder.
 They shall turnover to the Front-Desk Officer on duty all  Who are the police – According to the father of modern
items confiscated/recovered during their patrol duty. policing, Sir Robert Peel, “The police are the public and public
 Their Platoon Commander shall then properly dismiss them are the police”.
after conducting an accounting of personnel.  People’s Power
 The Police Unit Commander shall collect the Daily Patrol
Report and submit the same to the police Headquarters for Elements of Cops
consolidation and reference  Philosophy – The present and future crime and other disorder
requires the police to provide full service policing and
C. CROSS INSPECTION BY PATROL ELEMENTS problem solving with the active participation and support of
Procedures in the conduct of cross inspection the community.
 Mobile Patrol crews on designated patrol beat shall inspect  Personalized – officers should have personal contact with the
and account the foot patrol teams, PCP elements and traffic members of the society.
cops manning fixed posts during their tour of duty and vice  Patrol – officers must work and patrol their defined beat or
versa as to the other elements. AOR as often as possible.
 They shall require these policemen to sign the checklist before  Permanent – officers should be assigned permanently for at
leaving the line beat. least 18 months to defined beat.
 The crew of patrol cars shall report to the station concerned  Place – AOR should be divided/Sectorized into distinct
their findings through radio for these units to make necessary neighborhoods in urban areas and clusters of barangays in
actions on defects noted. rural area.
 After their TOD, these checklists shall be submitted for  Pro-active – shall have pro – active focus of pre – empting,
compilation and references. preventing, suppressing, and deterring crimes, anticipate or at
least detect as early as possible the occurrence of crime.
G. DETECTIVE BEAT SYSTEM  Policing - provide full service policing in the community.
It is one of the concrete responses of the PNP in reinventing  Problem Solving – includes those abets or serves as breeding
the field of investigation. Its purpose is to provide the organizational and grounds of crime.
operational framework in truly effecting mechanisms towards enhancing  Partnership – establish community relationship.
the efficiency and effectiveness of the PNP’s investigation capability.
Detectives are charge with total investigation responsibility. POLICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Communication – It is the exchange of information between peopl e,
Nature of DBS e.g. by means of speaking, writing, or using a common system of signs
 DB is concerned with the crime solution angle while the PB has or behavior.
the primary role of crime prevention and control.
 DB maybe different from PB but the former complements the Police Communication- technical means used or employed by the
latter in serving and protecting the community police for the effective and efficient performance of their missions or
 PB occupy a particular AOR while the detectives have the objectives. It consist telephone, telegraph, teletype, radio and television
primary responsibility of 1st response in all cases reported for systems.
investigation purposes
A. ESSENTIALS FOR A POLICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
H. COMMUNITY – ORIENTED POLICING SYSTEM (COPS)  Training- as much as possible, messages and communications
Philippines should be conformed to standard procedure.
 The implementation of National Anti – Crime Strategy (NACS)  Dependability- it must be totally dependable under both
at the community level started as mere initiative of some emergency and routine conditions.
innovative police commanders.  Security- It must be secured from attack in the event of any
 In Bacolod City, the Negros Occidental Provincial Commander criminal action directed toward destruction or neutralization of
of the defunct PC/INP managed to mobilize the community to any part of the organizations vital functions.
support and team up with Bacolod City Police Station through  Accessibility or Adaptability- all operational units of the
the Bacolod Citizens for Unity and Peace ( BAC – UP ) organization must have convenient access to every type of
Foundation from June 7, 1986 to date. communications that is essential to its efficient operation.
 On August 8, 1991, the Davao Del Norte Provincial PNP  Speed- Maximum utilization of a language that is clearly
Commander instituted the KAUBAN, an integrated undertaking understandable to all its users but that can be appreciably
of the police/barangay/citizenry to maintain peace and order. shortens the time it takes to deliver the message.
 It was also in 1991 when the PNP started implementing the ‘  Confidential/Secrecy – Provides that information in the
Koban Philippine style dubbed as Pulis Patrol Lingkod Bayan organization must be private and should not be held in public as it
(PPLB). relates to suspects or victims.

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  Transducer – converts the information to be transmitted into
B. POLICE COMMUNICATION OPERATION varying electrical voltage proportional to each successive
 Police Radio Operator- “Dispatcher”, “Coordinator”, or instantaneous intensity.
“Voice Radio Operators”. Before a policeman or
civilian can be dispatchers, they must be trained formally or C. Radio Receivers
by job training.  Antenna – receives the electromagnetic waves and converts
 Dispatcher Personnel- In communication center or them into electrical oscillations
coordinating center charged with the receiving and  Amplifier – increases the intensity of oscillations
transmitting messages.  Demodulator – detection equipment for demodulating
 Base Station - Radio base Station is authorized primarily to  Speaker – converts the impulses into sound waves audible
intercommunicate with its radio units, foot patrols and outpost by the human ear
and to other Law Enforcement radio stations.  Oscillators – to generate radio frequency that can be mixed
with incoming waves.
C. POLICE RADIO SYSTEM
Radio – is a system of communication using electromagnetic D. FREQUENCY NEEDED BY THE POLICE DEPARTMENT
waves propagated through space  Above 30 MHz or within Very High Frequency (30–
300MHz) – is the frequency needed by the police
A. Radio Waves- The radio or electromagnetic waves travel as fast as departments.
the speed of light at 186,000 miles per second or 300,000 kilometers per  30–300 MHz – is intended for short distances transmission.
second.
Advantages of the use of Radio in Police Work
GENERAL TYPES OF RADIO WAVES  Simple Installation Process
 Ground Wave – is radiated energy that touches along the  Cost of transceivers has relatively gone down
surface of the earth  The ease in the use of radio equipments
 Sky Wave – is a radiated energy that travels to the  Availability of safeguards in the transmission of classified
ionosphere and is reflected back to earth. operational informatio

B. Radio Transmitters – generates electrical oscillations at a radio OFFICIAL APCO TEN SIGNALS
frequency called the carrier frequency Radio users are urged to incorporate the use of the APCO
 Oscillation Generator – converts electrical power into TEN SIGNALS in their radio operating procedure. They are short,
oscillations of a predetermined radio frequency easily understood and convey maximum meaningful intelligence in
 Amplifiers – increases the intensity of oscillations while minimum time.
retaining the desired frequency
10 - 0 Caution 10 – 51 Wrecker needed
10 – 1 Unable to copy/Change Location 10 – 52 Ambulance needed
10 – 2 Signal Good 10 – 53 Road Blocked
10 – 3 Stop Transmitting 10 – 54 Fire stock Highway
10 – 4 Acknowledgement 10 – 55 Intoxicated Driver
10 – 5 Relay 10 – 56 Intoxicated Pedestrian
10 – 6 Busy-standby unless urgent 10 – 57 Hit and Run
10 – 7 Out of Service 10 – 58 Direct Traffic
10 – 8 In Service 10 – 59 Convoy or Escort
10 – 9 Repeat/Say again 10 – 60 Squad in Vicinity
10 – 10 Fight in Progress 10 – 61 Personnel in Area
10 – 11 Dog case 10 – 62 Reply to Message
10 – 12 Stand-by 10 – 63 Prepare to make written copy
10 – 13 Weather and Road report 10 – 64 Message to local delivery
10 – 14 Report of Prowler 10 – 65 Next message assignment
10 – 15 Civil Disturbance 10 – 66 Message Cancellation
10 – 16 Domestic Trouble 10 – 67 Clear to read next message
10 – 17 Meet Complainant 10 – 68 Dispatch Information
10 – 18 Complete the assignment quickly 10 – 69 Message received
10 - 19 Return to _____ 10 – 70 Fire Alarm
10 – 20 Location 10 – 71 Nature of Fire
10 – 21 Call ____ by telephone 10 – 72 Report progress in fire
10 – 22 Disregard 10 – 73 Smoke report
10 – 23 Arrived at Scene 10 – 74 Negative
10 – 24 Assignment Complete 10 – 75 In contact with
10 – 25 Report in person to (meet) 10 – 76 En route
10 – 26 Detaining subject Expedite 10 – 77 ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival)
10 – 27 Driver’s license Information 10 – 78 Need Assistance
10 – 28 Vehicle registration Information 10 – 79 Notified
10 – 30 Illegal use of Radio 10 – 80 Kidnapping
10 – 31 Crime in Progress 10 – 81 Stolen Vehicle
10 – 32 Man with Gun 10 – 82 Reserve Lodging
10 – 33 Emergency 10 – 83 Found Vehicle
10 – 34 Riot 10 - 84 If meeting advice ETA
10 – 35 Major Crime Alert 10 – 85 Will be late
10 – 36 Correct Time 10 – 86 Missing Person
10 – 37 Investigate Suspicious vehicle 10 – 87 Pickup checks for distribution
10 – 38 Stopping Suspicious vehicle 10 – 88 Advice present telephone number of
10 – 39 Urgent use of light and siren 10 – 89 Found person
10 – 40 Silent run- no light or siren 10 – 90 Bank Alarm
10 – 41 Beginning of tour of Duty 10 – 91 Unnecessary use of radio
10 – 42 Ending tour of Duty 10 – 92 Wanted person
10 – 43 Information 10 – 93 Blockade
10 – 44 Request permission to leave patrol 10 – 94 Drag racing
10 – 45 Animal carcass in late at _____ 10 – 95 Stole Cattle
10 – 46 Assist Motorist 10 – 96 Mental Subject
10 – 47 Emergency road repairs needed 10 – 97 Secret
10 – 48 Traffic Standards needed repairs 10 – 98 Prison Jail break
10 – 49 Traffic Lights out 10 – 99 Record indicate wanted or stolen
10 – 50 Accident

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POLICE PERSONNEL and RECORDS MANAGEMENT  Discipline – The state of its disciplinary process
depends upon the quality of its leaders.
PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT  Unity of Command – employee should receive
 Part of management concerned with people at work orders from one superior only.
and their relations within an organization.  Unity of Direction – there should be only one manger
 Area of management concerned with human relations and one plan for a group of activities that have the
in the organization. same objective.
 It involves Planning, organizing, and controlling the  Subordination of Individual interest to general
efforts of a group of individuals toward achieving a interest – The interest o employee shall not take
common goal with maximum dispatch and minimum precedence over the organization.
use of administrative resources.  Remuneration of personnel – compensation should
be fair both to employee and employer.
POLICE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT  Centralization – The objective is to pursue the
 Area of management concerned with human relations optimum utilization of the capabilities of personnel.
in the police organization  Scalar Chain – hierarchy of authority from top to
 uses planning, organizing, directing and controlling of bottom.
day-to-day activities involved in procuring,  Order – material and human resources should be in
developing and motivating them and in coordinating the right time at the right place.
their activities to achieve the aims of the police  Equity – employees should be treated with kindness
and justice.
OBJECTIVES OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT  Stability of personnel tenure – employee needs time
 To assist top and line management achieves the to adjust to a new job and reach a point of
organization’s objective of fostering harmonious satisfactory.
relationship with its human resource.  Initiative – the ability to conceive and execute the
 To acquire capable people and provide them with plan.
opportunities for advancement in self-development.  Espirit the Corps – Harmony and Teamwork are
 To assist top management in formulating policies and essential to effective organizations.
programs that will serve the requirements of the
police organization and administer the same fairly to Fayol believed that each of the principles was universal and
all members. applicable not only to government – Military, industrial but
 To provide technical services and assistance to the also religious and other types of organization.
operating management in relation to their personnel
functions in promoting satisfactory work Gullick and Urwick (1920 – 1937)
environment.  They have described the major functions of
 To assist management in training and developing the Administration in the book “The Science of
human resources of the organization if it does not Administration” using the acronym POSDRCB
have a separate training department to perform its  Planning - a method of doing something that is worked
functions. out in advance
 To see that all police members are treated equally and  Organizing – establishment of the formal structure of
in the application of policies, rules and regulations authority
and in rendering services to them.  Staffing – Filling the organization with the right people
 To help effect organization development and and right position
institution building effort.  Directing - to organize and control the work of an
organization or a group of people
CONVENTIONAL AND CONTEMPORARY  Coordinating - to work together as a unit
APPROACH IN POLICE MANAGEMENT  Reporting - to give the executive information about
something that has happened
A. Classical Approach – This approach is mainly focused on  Budgeting – Fiscal Planning, accounting and control
aspects of organizations and ignoring the human aspects.
B. Human Relations Approach – It is focused on the
A.1 Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor, 1856 – 1915) predicted patterns of behavior, thus the occurrence of the
 It is focused on methods of increasing worker human relations movement, emphasizing the informal aspect
productivity. of organization.
 Taylor believed that workers are motivated primarily
by economic rewards. B.1 Hawthorne Study (Elton Mayo)
 If workers were taught the best procedures, with pay  It suggests that when special attention is paid to
tied to output, they would produce the maximum employees by management, productivity is likely to
amount of work. increase regardless of changes by management. This
occurrence is called as “Hawthorne Effect”.
A.2 Bureaucratic Management (Max Weber, 1864 – 1920)  Workers do not act or react as individual but as
 Division of Labor based on a specified sphere of members of a group.
competence
 Hierarchy of authority where its lower office is under C. Behavioral Science Approach – utilizes scientific method
the control and supervision of a higher one. as the foundation for testing and developing theories about
 Specified set of rules applied uniformly throughout human behavior that can be used to guide and develop
the organization managerial policies and practices.
 Maintenance of interpersonal relationships, because
rational decisions can only be made objectively and C.1 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Abraham Maslow, 1940)
without emotions  Maslow suggested basic classes of needs, or motives,
 Selection and promotion based on competence, not on influencing human behavior, these motives are:
irrelevant considerations. Biological, Safety, Love, Cognitive needs, Esteem,
Aesthetic and Self Actualization.
Administrative Management  It is significant to a police manger because he will
consider human needs as a factor in making decisions
Henri Fayol (1841 – 1945) which affect human relationship in his organization.
 In his most influential work “Industrial and General
management”, 14 principles of efficient management was Theory X and Y (Douglas McGregor, 1960)
identified Theory X
 Division of Work – specialization can increase  Management assumes employees are inherently lazy
efficiency with the same amount of effort. and will avoid work if they can and that they inherently
 Authority and responsibility – Authority includes dislike work.
the right to command and the power to require
obedience.

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  Managers rely heavily on threat and coercion to gain F.
Budgeting- the forecasting in detail of the results of
their employee's compliance towards organizations an officially recognized program of operations based
goals. on the highest reasonable expectations of operating
Theory Y efficiency
 Assumes employees may be ambitious and self- OPERATIVE FUNCTIONS OF POLICE PERSONNEL
motivated and exercise self-control.
 Managers believe that, given the right conditions, most A. Police Personnel Planning – study of the labor
people will want to do well at work. supply of jobs which are composed of the demands
 Employees possess the ability for creative problem for employees in an organization to determine future
solving, but their talents are underused in most personnel requirements which either increase or
organizations decrease.
B. Recruitment – the process of encouraging job
D. Contemporary Approach – movement towards quality applicants from outside an organization to seek
management, theories have incorporated the influences of the employment in an organization; the process of
behavioral sciences and other school of thoughts. attracting candidates who have the minimum
qualifications to be eligible
D.1 System theory C. Selection (Screening) – the process of determining
 All parts of a system are interrelated and the most qualified job applicant or employees for a
interdependent to form the whole. given position in the organization
 A system is composed of elements or subsystems hat D. Placement (Appointment) – the process of making
are related and dependent upon one another. an employee adjusted to the work place and
 Subsystems are in interaction with one another, they knowledgeable in his new job and working
form a unitary whole. environment
E. Training And Development – refers to any method
D.2 Contingency theory used to improve the attitude, knowledge, and skill or
 It recognizes various internal and external environment behavior pattern of an employee for adequate
variables affect organizational behavior. performance of a given job
 There is no best way of structuring and managing F. Performance Rating – the evaluation of traits,
diverse types of organization, it all depends on a behavior and effectiveness of an employee as
particular situation on what course of action is determined by established work standards
appropriate. G. Compensation – refers to the wages and salaries of
the employees of the organization
POLICE MANAGERIAL SKILLS
Kind of Financial Compensations
SKILL
 the ability to translate knowledge into action that  Basic pay or basic compensation
results in desired performance  Incentive or variable compensation
 ability that allows a person to achieve superior  Supplementary compensation
performance in one or more aspects of his or her work

A. Technical Skill POLICE POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

 the ability to perform specialized tasks
 this skill involves being highly proficient at using POLICY
selected methods, processes and procedures to  General Plan of Action that serves as a guide in the
accomplish tasks operation of the organization.
 It defines the authority and responsibility of supervisors
B. Human/Interpersonal Skill in their job of directing group efforts and implementing
 the ability to work well with other people personnel programs.
 this skill emerges as a spirit of trust, enthusiasm and
genuine involvement in interpersonal relationships Purposes of Police Policies
 the skill essential in networking activities  To give life and direction to the program of activities
covering the needs of the police organization and its
C. Conceptual Skill resources.
 the ability to analyze and solve complex problems  To provide definite guidelines to achieve consistent
 this skill draws on one’s mental capacities to identify treatment of all employees.
problems and opportunities and to make good  Policies serve as standards of performance.
problem-solving decisions that serves the  To help build police officers enthusiasm and loyalty.
organization’s purpose
TYPE OF POLICE POLICIES
MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
A. Planning - the determination in advance of how the A. According to Origin:
objectives of the organization will be attained;
involves the determination of a course of action to  Originated Policy – this type of policy comes from top
take in performing a particular function or activity management level and is intended to set up guidelines
B. Organizing - involves the determination and in the operation of the police organization
allocation of the men and women as well as the  Appealed Policy – this type of policy is born when
resource of an organization to achieve pre- problems arise at the lower levels of organization and
determined goals or objectives of the organization the man in charge does not know how to meet the
C. Directing - involves the overseeing and supervising problem; he then appeals to his superiors for and for
of the human resources and the various activities in guidance
an organization to achieve through cooperative  Imposed Policy – this type of policy comes from the
efforts the pre-determined goals or objectives of the government in the forms of laws, administrative orders
organization and rules and procedures
D. Controlling- involves the checking or evaluation
and measurement of work performance and B. According to Subject Matter:
comparing it with planned goals or objectives of the  General Statement of Principles – policies stated in
organization and making the necessary corrective broad terms, such as statement of objectives,
actions so that work is accomplished as planned philosophy and creed
E. Staffing- the task of providing competent men to do  Specific Rules – cover specific situations; they are
the job and choosing the right men for the right job; more direct and are less flexible; more rigid in nature
involves good selection and processing of reliable
and well-trained personnel DISSEMINATION OF POLICIES

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A. Police Handbooks POLICE REGIONAL OFFICE (PRO) SCREENING
 these handbooks are distributed to all personnel and COMMITTEE 
contain among things, information about the benefits and
services that the organization grants to its officers, the Chairman: Deputy Regional Director for Administration
organization’s history, its organizational structure, its
officers, and other information useful to the officers in Vice Chairperson: Senior NAPOLCOM official with Salary
understanding their relationship with the organization Grade 24 or higher which shall be designated by the
B. Police Manual NAPOLCOM Regional Director
 a policy manual covering all police personnel policies and
procedures Members:
1. Regional Peace and Order Council (RPOC) member
C. Memoranda and Circular designated by the RPOC Chairman;
 another common means of communicating police 2. Senior Regional DILG Officer designated by the
policies to all officers DILG Regional Director;
 can be issued fast and they provide the greatest 3. Women’s representative from private sector with
assurance of reaching every employee known probity designated by the PNP Regional
Director.
D. Bulletin Boards
 organizational policies, rules and regulations and Secretariat: Chief, Regional Personnel on Human Resource
activities may be posted on bulletin boards and Doctrine Development (RPHRDD)
 if strategically located and well-managed, these are PNP RECRUITMENT PROCEDURE (NAPOLCOM M.C.
effective medium for transmitting newly-issued policies, No. 2007-009)
rules and regulations to police officers
1. Preparation and proper approval of quota allocation
E. Meetings or Conferences The PNP shall prepare, through the Directorate for
 often held to inform officers about new policies, their Personnel and Records Management (DPRM) and submit it to
objectives and implementation the NAPOLCOM for approval of the PNP annual recruitment
 one advantage of this type of policy dissemination is that quota.
it gives the officers the opportunity to ask questions and
request clarification on some points 2. Posting and publication of Notice of Recruitment
The Notice of Recruitment shall include the following data for
F. Police Publications the information of prospective applicants:
 may be in the form of magazines, journal, newsletters or  quota for the city/municipal police station;
brochures  vacancies are open to both male and female applicant;
 general qualification standards;
POLICE RECRUITMENT  documentary requirements;
 where to submit the application papers and
RECRUITMENT the process of attracting candidates who documents;
have maximum qualifications to be eligible for selection  deadline for submission; and
procedure. It is the process of searching the candidates for  schedule of screening/evaluation.
employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the
organization. 3. Submission of the application folders

In the Philippine National Police, the recruitment and selection 4. Selection and evaluation process by the PNP Screening
of applicants who will be appointed to the police service is the Committee
responsibility of the Directorate for Personnel and Records
Management (DPRM). DPRM is tasked in the management 5. Psychiatric/Psychological Examination (PPE)
of PNP uniformed and non-uniformed personnel as
individuals, manpower procurement and control and in the 6. Complete Physical, Medical and Dental Examination
records management of the organization. (PMDE)

SCREENING COMMITTEE 7. Physical Agility Test

responsible for the widest dissemination of vacancies in their
respective areas, the evaluation of the applicant’s 8. Final Committee Interview
qualifications and the selection of the most qualified applicants
to be recommended for appointment to the police service.- 9. Certification by the NAPOLCOM and attestation by the
established at the NHQ, NSU’s and PRO’s. Civil Service Commission

A. NATIONAL SUPPORT UNIT (NSU) SCREENING 10. Issuance of appointment order and oath taking
COMMITTEE: The final evaluation includes the sequential conduct of the
following examinations, test and interview:
Chairman: Deputy Director for Administration of the
respective National Support Unit/ the  Psychiatric/Psychological Examination (PPE) – to
Deputy Director General for exclude applicants that may be suffering from any
Administration. mental disorder. It shall be administered to all
applicants under the supervision of the PNP Medical
Vice Chairperson: Senior NAPOLCOM official with Salary Officer and NAPOLCOM Representative. Only
Grade 24 or higher which shall be those applicants who passed the PPE shall proceed
designated by the Vice Chairperson and to the next stage, the Physical, Medical and Dental
Executive Officer of the NAPOLCOM. Examination (PMDE).
Members:  Complete Physical, Medical and Dental
1. National Peace and Order Council (NPOC) member Examination (PMDE) – this test shall determine
designated by the NPOC Chairman; whether or not the applicants are in good health and
2. Private Sector representative designated by the free from any contagious diseases. It shall be
NPOC Secretary General; and conducted by the PNP Health Service under the
3. Women’s representative from private sector with supervision of the PNP Medical Officer and
known probity designated by the NSU Director. NAPOLCOM Representative. Applicants who
passed the PMDE shall be indorsed for the conduct
Secretariat: Assistant Director for Personnel and Records of the Physical Agility Test (PAT).
Management (ADPRM) / Human Resource Management
Officer (HRMO)
MEDICAL STANDARDS FOR POLICE CANDIDATES

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A. General Appearance NOTE:
 must be free from any marked deformity, from all  The drug test (DT) shall not follow the sequential steps
parasite or systematic skin disease, and from evidence but shall be conducted on passers only anytime after the
of intemperance in the use of stimulants or drugs PPE, PMDE, or PAT but before the Final Committee
 must be well proportioned, of good muscular Interview. It shall be administered by the PNP Crime
development and show careful attention to Laboratory.
personal cleanliness  The conduct of the Physical Agility Test (PAT) and
 obesity, muscular weakness or poor physique must be Neuro-Psychiatric (NP) examination shall be
rejected simultaneous nationwide to prevent a retake in another
 Girth of abdomen should not be more than the place of said tests by applicants who initially failed on the
measurement of chest at rest same.
 The complete Character and Background Investigation
B. Nose Mouth and Teeth (CBI) shall be conducted on all PPE passers and must be
 obstruction to free breathing, chronic cataract, or very completed before the start of the Final Committee
offensive breath must be rejected Interview. The complete CBI shall determine their
 mouth must be free from deformities in conditions that reputation and possible involvement in any questionable
interfere with distinct speech or that predispose to or criminal activities or violent incidents.
disease of the ear, nose or throat
 shall be no disease of tonsils or thyroid enlargement NAPOLCOM PARTICIPATION IN THE PNP
 teeth must be clean, well-cared for and free from RECRUITMENT AND PROMOTION PROGRAMS
multiple cavities
 missing teeth may be supplied by crown or bridgework NAPOLCOM representatives to the PNP Recruitment
 at least twenty natural teeth must be present Screening Committees are actively involved in the recruitment
and selection process including interview of applicants, the
C. Genitals PNP Neuro-Psychiatric Examinations, Physical/Medical and
 must be free from deformities and from varicole, hyrocole Dental Examination, Physical Agility Test (PAT) and Drug
and enlargement of the testicles, stricture of urine Test.
 any acute and all venereal disease of these organs must be There are also NAPOLCOM Representatives to the following
rejected PNP Promotion Boards:
1. PCO Promotion Boards;
D. Varicose veins 2. PNCO Promotion Boards; and
 a marked tendency to their formation must be rejected 3. Lateral Entry Board

E. Arms, Legs, Hands and Feet STATUS OF APPOINTMENT OF A NEWLY

 must be free from infection of the joints, sprains, stiffness APPOINTED PO1
or other conditions, such as flat foot, which would
prevent the proper and easy performance of duty Temporary Appointment shall be issued to a newly recruited
PO1 who meets the required minimum qualifications, except
F. Eyes the training requirement which is the PNP Field Training
 the applicant must be free from color blindness, and must Program (FTP). The FTP shall be composed of the Public
be able to read with each eye separately from Safety Basic Recruit Course (PSBRC) and the Field Training
standard test type at a distance of twenty (20) feet Exercise (FTX) such temporary appointment shall not exceed
 permanent abnormalities of either eye must be rejected twelve months to be reckoned from the date it was issued.

G. Respiration TERMINATION OF SERVICE OF PO1 IN

 must be full, easy, regular, respiratory murmur must be TEMPORARY STATUS
clear and distinct over the lungs and no disease of the
respiratory organ is present A. Grave Administrative Offense – the following are the
offenses for which a PNP member under temporary status
H. Circulation maybe terminated from the police service.
 the action of the heart must be uniform, free and its  Grave misconduct
rhythm steady  Incompetence
 blood pressure: systolic, maximum 135; diastolic, 90;  Dishonesty
pulse pressure, 15 to 50  Disloyalty to the government
 Serious irregularities in the performance of duties
I. Kidneys  Serious Neglect of duty
 must be healthy and urine normal  Oppression

3. Physical Agility Test (PAT) - the Screening Committee B. Lack of Aptitude in the Service – This shall refer to any of
shall require the applicant to undergo a physical agility test the following circumstances:
designed to determine whether or not he possess the required
coordination strength, and speed of movement necessary for  Academic deficiency arising from failure to obtain a
police service passing grade in the required basic training course in
accordance with the established training rules and
4. Physical, Medical and Dental Examination (PMDE) regulations;
 Conducted by the PNP Health Service or accredited  Serious violation of training rules and regulations
diagnostic centers inside the camp (mobile clinic) or involving non academic matters.
outside the camp under the supervision of the PNP  Possession of such habits, traits, conduct or behavior
Medical Officer and NAPOLCOM representative. which, when taken on their overall context. Tend to
 The tests shall determine whether or not the applicants are manifest and display an undesirable disposition or
in good health and free from any contagious diseases. attitude towards the law enforcement profession.
 The items to be covered by the Physical, medical and
Dental Examination are specified under PNP Circular No. C. Failure to complete the required FTP within the
2000 – 010. prescribe period of twelve (12) months from the time he/she
was issued an appointment under temporary status.
5. Final Committee Interview (FCI)
 The Final Interview shall determine the applicants’ POLICE TRAINING - is a means of providing knowledge
aptitude to join the police service, likableness, and skill to police officers which are needed in the
affability, outside interest, conversational ability, performance of their functions. It is the objective of police
dis agreeable mannerisms, etc. training to bring the police force to the desired standards of
 Absolutely, no applicant shall be interviewed discipline and efficiency by making each police officer fully
unless he/she passes through the sequential process aware of his duties and responsibilities and by providing him
and is declared “Passed” in all these stages.

36 | P a g e
with a working knowledge of police procedures and A. Temporary – if the applicant passes through the waiver
techniques. program as provided in under R.A 8551.
B. Permanent – if the applicant able to finish the required
TYPES OF POLICE TRAINING PROGRAM field training program for permanency.

1. Basic Recruit Training – is the most basic of all police

training. It is a pre-requisite for permanency of appointment Appointment of uniformed PNP personnel
and is required for newly hired police officers. In the o PO1 TO SPO4 – appointed by the Regional Director for
Philippine National Police, a newly appointed Police Officer 1 regional personnel or by the Chief, PNP for the national
is required to undergo a Public Safety Basic Recruit Course headquarters
(PSBRC) as a basic recruit training. o INSP. TO SUPT. – appointed by the Chief, PNP
o SR. SUPT TO DDG – appointed by the President upon
2. Field Training Program (FTP) – or on-the-job training is recommendation of the Chief, PNP, subject to
the process by which an individual police officer who is confirmation by the Commission on Appointments
recruited into the service receives formal instruction on the job o DIRECTOR GENERAL – appointed by the President
for special and defined purpose and performs actual job from among the senior officers down to the rank of
functions with periodic appraisal on his performance and C/Supt.
progress.
As provided for under R.A. 8551, police officers are PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
required to undergo a Field Training Program for twelve (12)
months (inclusive of the PSBRC) involving actual experience POLICE APPRAISAL
and assignment in PATROL, TRAFFIC AND  refers to the process of measuring the performance of
INVESTIGATION which is required for permanency in the people in achieving goals and objectives
police service.  also known as the PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
SYSTEM
EXCEPTION FROM FIELD TRAINING PROGRAM  it shall be the responsibility of the NAPOLCOM which
shall issue the necessary rules and regulation for the
Under Section 33, R.A. 6975, PNPA Graduates shall be orderly administration of the appraisal process
automatically appointed to the initial rank of Inspector via
Lateral Entry. OBJECTIVES OF PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Taking into consideration that the PNPA Cadetship Program is  To provide an administrative effectiveness and efficiency
a four-year course that includes academic subjects on core in the performance of the mission and functions of the
police functions such as patrol, traffic and criminal PNP;
investigation, and on-the-job training in urban and rural areas,  To provide a basis of professional growth and conferment
PNPA graduates are exempted to undergo the FTP and that of greater responsibility;
they shall be issued with a permanent status.  To foster the improvement of individual efficiency, work
3. In-Service Training Program – or refresher training ethics and behavioral discipline among the PNP
program. uniformed personnel; and
The following are examples of in-service training programs as  To motivate the personnel in working to the fullest and
mandatory requirement for promotion: exerting greater effort to improve themselves.
 Junior Leadership Training – PO1 to PO3
 Senior Leadership Training – SPO1 to SPO4
 Police Basic Course (PBC) –for senior police officers MERIT RATING - A method of measuring employee
 Officers Basic Course (OBC)– Inspectors to Chief efficiency sometimes called “Progress rating”, “Development
Inspectors rating”, or “Service rating”.
 Officers Advance Course (OAC) – for Chief Inspectors
to Senior Superintendent Objectives of Merit Rating
 Officers Senior Executive Course (OSEC) –  To ascertain which worker is best suited for particular
Superintendent and above assignment.
 Directorial Staff Course (DSC) – for Directors and  To discovers workers weaknesses as a basis for planning
above training
 To reveal hidden abilities
4. Departmental Training Program  To permit the release of totally unfit workers
 Roll-Call Training – instructional courses of several  To elevate the ability of the supervisors to rate
hours a day concerning departmental activities subordinate.
 Supervisory Development, Specialized or Technical
Training – seminars or special sessions on criminal FREQUENCY OF RATING
investigation, traffic, drug control, etc  Frequency of the individual performance shall be
 Training conducted by other law enforcement units or undertaken every SIX (6) MONTHS.
agencies  Evaluation report covering the period of January to June
shall be submitted 1st WEEK OF JULY and the report
POLICE ASSIGNMENT - refers to the process of from June to December shall be submitted 1st WEEK OF
designation a police officer at a particular function, duty or JANUARY of the succeeding year.
responsibility. The very purpose of police assignment is to
ensure systematic and effective utilization of all the members PROMOTION
of the police force.  the upgrading of ranks and/or advancement to a position
 Police Officer 1s, specifically those who were recruited of leadership
under the attrition recruitment program, after undergoing  a system of increasing the rank of a member of the
the required Field Training Program (FTP), shall be police service
assigned with the Regional/Provincial/City Public Safety  the NAPOLCOM shall establish a system of promotion
Battalion/Company of their place of recruitment for a which shall be based on the following:
maximum period of two (2) years.  merit – qualifications
 After their assignment with the Regional/Provincial/City  seniority
Public Safety Battalion/Company, they shall be  availability of vacant positions
downloaded/assigned to their respective city/municipal
police stations where they were recruited. PREFERENCES FOR PROMOTION
 Appropriate Eligibility – whenever there are two or
POLICE APPOINTMENT more persons who are next in rank, preference
shall be given to the person who is the most
Any applicant who meets the general qualifications for competent and qualified and who has the appropriate
appointment to police service and who passes the tests eligibility
required in the screening procedures shall be recommended for  Competency and Vacancy – when competency,
initial appointment and shall be classified as follows: qualification and eligibility are equal, preference shall be

37 | P a g e
 given to the qualified member in the organizational unit  Clothing allowance; and
where the vacancy occurs  Laundry allowance.
 Seniority – when all the foregoing conditions have been
taken into account, and still the members in the next D. Permanent Physical Disability - PNP uniformed
rank have the same merit and qualifications, preference personnel who are permanently and totally disabled as a
shall be given to the most senior officer result of injuries suffered or sickness contracted in the
performance of his duty shall be entitled to ONE
FACTORS IN SELECTION FOR PROMOTION YEAR’S SALARY and to a LIFETIME PENSION
equivalent to EIGHTY PERCENT (80%) of his last
 EFFICIENCY OF PERFORMANCE as an aid to fair salary, in addition to other benefits. Should such PNP
appraisal of the candidates’ proficiency, the performance personnel die within FIVE (5) YEARS from his
rating period shall be considered; provided that in no retirement due to physical disability, his legal spouse or
instance, shall a candidate be considered for promotion legitimate children shall be entitled to receive the pension
unless he had obtained a rating of at least “satisfactory” for the remainder of the five year-period. (Sec. 35,
 EDUCATION AND TRAINING educational R.A.8551)
background which includes completion of in-service
training courses, academic studies, training grants and the E. RETIREMENT PROGRAM
like  Retirement is the separation of the police personnel
 EXPERIENCE AND OUTSTANDING from the service by reason of reaching the age of
ACCOMPLISHMENT includes occupational history, retirement provided by law, or upon completion of
work experience and other accomplishments worthy certain number of years in active service
of commendation  A PNP uniformed personnel shall retire to the next
 PHYSICAL CHARACTER AND PERSONALTY the higher rank for purposes of retirement pay.
factors of physical fitness and capacity as well as  Active Service shall refer to services rendered as an
attitude and personality traits in so far as they bear officer and non-officer, cadet, trainee or draftee in the
on the nature of the rank and/or position to be filled PNP
 LEADERSHIP POTENTIAL capacity and ability to
perform the duties required in the new or higher position TYPES OF RETIREMENT IN THE PNP
and good qualities of leadership  Compulsory retirement – separation from the PNP
upon reaching the age of fifty-six (56), the
NOTE: All police officers are eligible to be promoted during compulsory age of retirement.
the entire length of his service, provided they meet the  Optional Retirement - separation from the PNP
minimum requirements for promotion. upon accumulation of at least twenty (20) years of
satisfactory active service.
KINDS OF PROMOTION
 Regular Promotion - promotion granted to police Retirement Benefits - Monthly retirement pay shall be
officers meeting the mandatory requirements for FIFTY PERCENT (50%) of the base pay in case of twenty
promotion. years of active service, increasing by TWO AND ONE-
 Special Promotion – promotion granted to police HALF PERCENT (2.5%) for every year of active service
officers who have exhibited acts of conspicuous courage rendered beyond 20 YEARS to a maximum of ninety percent
and gallantry at the risk of his/her life above and beyond (90%) for thirty-six (36) years of service and over:  Provided,
the call of duty. that the uniformed member shall have the option to receive in
 Promotion by Virtue of Position Any PNP personnel advance and in LUMP SUM HIS OR HER RETIREMENT
designated to any key position whose rank is lower than PAY FOR THE FIRST FIVE (5) YEARS.  Provided,
that which is required for such position shall, after six further, that payment of the retirement benefits in lump sum
(6) months of occupying the same, be entitled to a rank shall be made within six (6) months from effectivity date of
adjustment corresponding to the position. retirement and/or completion.  Provided, finally, that the
retirement pay of PNP members shall be subject to
WELFARE AND BENEFITS adjustments based on the prevailing scale of base pay of police
personnel in the active service. Sec. 34, R.A. 8551)
A. Incentives and Awards - The NAPOLCOM shall
publicize standards on incentives and award system in the
PNP administered by the Board of Incentives and POLICE RECORDS MANAGEMENT
Awards.
B. Salary (Status of members of PNP) - The uniformed A. RECORDS
members of the PNP are considered EMPLOYEES OF
THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT and draw their  an oral or written evidence that has been gathered or
salaries there from. They have the SAME SALARY collected for decision making
GRADE THAT OF A PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHER.  includes letters, contracts, books, photos, drawings,
Police Officers assigned in Metropolitan Manila, maps, motion picture film, microfilm, sound recording,
chartered cities, and first class municipalities may be paid videos, and other documents or recording of any
with financial incentives by the local government unit physical form
concerned subject to the availability of funds.(Sec. 36,  anything that contains information of whatever form or
R.A. 8551) kind that would prove the existence of something that
C. Longevity Pay and Allowances - PNP personnel are was said or done
entitled to a longevity pay of 10% of their BASIC
MONTHLY SALARIES FOR EVERY FIVE YEARS B. RECORDS MANAGEMENT
of service. However, the totality of such longevity pays
DOES NOT EXCEED 50% OF THE BASIC PAY.  function of administrative management concerned with
They shall also enjoy the following allowances: the creation, protection, retention, retrieval,
Subsistence allowance, Quarter’s allowance, Clothing preservation and disposal of records and records
allowance, Cost of living allowance, Hazard pay and information required for the continuance of operations
others. Sec. 71, R.A. 6975 at cost consistent with the services involved
 involves the different phases of the records cycle
The total earnings of a police officer consist of the following:
 Base pay; C. RECORD CYCLE
 Longevity pay;
 Personnel Economic Relief Allowance (PERA);  the life span of a record, from the time it was created
 Incentive pay; up to the time it was disposed or destructed; also called
 Hazard pay; the “birth-to-death” cycle
 Subsistence allowance;
 Quarter allowance; D. RECORDS CENTER/DIVISION
 Additional compensation;

38 | P a g e
  a facility or section specially designed and constructed submitted immediately after having conducted the
for the efficient storage and security of records initial investigation of the case.
 Progress or Follow-up Report – it is the result of the
E. RECORDS CUSTODIAN follow-up investigation of a new or fresh case. It is
written and submitted every time or whenever any
 a qualified officer who has the responsibility and development or progress is accomplished in the follow-
control of all the records of the organization up investigation.
 Final or Closing Report – is a complete written
F. FILE - folder containing records that are related to each narration of facts based on an exhausted investigation
other of the case. It is the result of evaluated, summation,
analysis of all facts and circumstances of the case. This
G. FILING SYSTEM – the manner of organizing records is written and submitted whenever the case is solved
designed to make retrieval for future use easy and convenient and closed. A case is solved and closed when the
for the users offender was arrested; evidence against him was
completely gathered to warrant prosecution and witness
H. RETENTION PERIOD – specific period of time located to testify in the trial.
established and approved by competent authority to store  Technical Report – a report on the laboratory
records, after which said records are deemed ready for examination of the physical evidence gathered in order
permanent storage or destruction to supplement the findings of the investigator.
 Accident Report – an investigation report regarding an
CLASSIFICATION OF RECORDS accident which includes vehicular accident and damage
to property.  
A. According to Period of Retention:  Wanted Persons Report – a report on persons who are
 Permanent Record – to be kept for not less than ten wanted by the police.  
(10) years  Daily Record of Events – a record needed to keep all
 Semi-Permanent – to be kept for five (5) years members of the police force informed concerning
 Temporary – no specified period but usually less police operations, assignments, and administrative
than (5) years. functions.
B. According to Importance or Essentiality:
 Vital Records – are records that are irreplaceable, CLOSED CASE AND CLEARED CASE
but can be reproduced.  Closed Case – when the case is no longer being
 Important Records – records that can be investigated and is not assigned to any investigator;
reproduced after considerable delay. can either be solved or unsolved
 Useful Records – records that would cause  Cleared Case – when one or more persons have
inconvenience if lost but could be readily replaced. already been arrested, charged with an offense and
 Non-essential Records – records that are previously turned over to the prosecutor or court for prosecution
determined by retention schedule to be illegible for B. ARREST AND BOOKING RECORDS
destruction.  required for all persons arrested

C. According to Phases of its Life Cycle

 Current Phase (Current or Active Records) - records TYPES OF ARREST AND BOOKING RECORDS
that are regularly used and maintained.
 Semi-current Phase (Semi-current Records) - records ARREST REPORT
that are still used but only infrequently.
 Non-current Phase (Non-current or Inactive  should be made out in full on each person arrested
Records) - records that are no longer used.  should be prepared at the time a prisoner is booked
 information regarding the arrested offender must be
TYPES OF POLICE RECORDS recorded before he is locked in jail or released on bail
 the arresting officer should prepare the report
A. CASE RECORDS  shall be filed according to arrest number
 the heart of any police records system  shall contain the complaint number and case number
 the basis of analysis of offenses and the methods by
which they are committed
BOOKING REPORT

CATEGORIES OF CASE RECORDS  the list of all prisoners in custody which contains all
information regarding status and disposition
 COMPLAINT/ASSIGNMENT SHEET  the booking sheet shall be filed alphabetically and kept
 reflects all information regarding complaints and at the booking counter under the supervision of the
reports received by the police from citizens or actions booking officer
initiated by the police  after the release of the prisoner, the booking sheet is
 the foundation record of the police department forwarded to the records division and shall be filed
 two copies must be prepared for every complaint according to arrest number
 there shall be a consecutive series of complaint
number  PRISONER’S PROPERTY RECEIPT
 the receipt issued to prisoners for their properties
surrendered to the police upon arrest and detention
COMPLAINT NUMBER AND CASE NUMBER  original shall be given to the prisoner
 Complaint Number – assigned to all incidents of  the properties must be sealed in a plastic or envelope
complaint containing the name of the prisoner, the property
 Case Number – assigned only to incidents or receipt number and the date
complaints requiring further police investigation  the booking officer is responsible for the custody of the
INVESTIGATION RECORDS property until his release or transfer

 Contains the findings and action taken by the C. IDENTIFICATION RECORDS

investigating officer based on inquiries made and by  records containing identification information
obtaining the facts of the incidents

TYPES OF IDENTIFICATION RECORDS

TYPES OF INVESTIGATION RECORDS
 Initial or Advance Report – is an advance  CRIMINAL FINGERPRINT
information on a new or fresh case. It is written and

39 | P a g e
  all persons arrested shall be fingerprinted and majority of individuals within an office require access
identification number shall be issued to each arrested to majority of files
person 7. Decentralized Filing – it physically locates record
 same identification number shall be used for the same series in different places within an office. Most useful
person when only one individual requires access to a specific
 identification numbers shall be issued chronologically record series.
 Fingerprint Record – heart of any identification
system. THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE PERSONNEL
RECORDS MANAGEMENT
 CRIMINAL SPECIALTY FILE (MODUS
OPERANDI FILE) As provided in the PNP Personnel Records Management
 consists of photographic records and modus operandi Manual of 2008, the PNP shall establish a centralized records
of known criminals management system and create, maintain, protect and preserve
 shall contain the description of the modus operandi of records both in physical and electronic form.
criminals and criminal groups
RECORDS MANAGEMENT DIVISION (RMD) - it was
D. ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS established to oversee the records management functions of the
 records pertaining to the personnel, as well as letters, DPRM. The RMD shall develop, coordinate and implement
memoranda, orders and others that are related to the PNP-wide programs, policies and procedures for creation,
efficient administration of the organization usage, maintenance, storage and disposition of personnel
records. The RMD is headed by a division chief with a rank of
Police Senior Superintendent and assisted by an assistant
TYPES OF ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS division chief with a rank of Superintendent.
 Personal Records – A file showing the history of
each police officer, both prior and subsequent to RECORDS CREATION - refers to the act of exchanging
joining the force, is indispensable. written ideas between two (2) sources. At this point, the life of
 Correspondence File – This shall consist of set or the record begins. However, due to the fast pace at which the
records of communications classified, arranged and records of PNP personnel are created, and the cost involved in
filed alphabetically by the subject to which they maintaining them, a control system is necessary.
pertain.
 Memoranda, Orders, Policy files, etc. – These shall THE PNP PERSONNEL FILE (PPF)
be filed accordingly as they are made available. The PNP Personnel File which is also known as 201 File is a
 Assignment Record – The detective assignment folder containing a set of personal records and information
record is desirable for the effective function of the pertaining to an individual member of the PNP, which serves
detective division. Other division in the force may as basis in availing of service record, leave record, PNP ID,
devise a system of assigning personnel. legal beneficiaries, authentication of photocopies, etc.
 Other files – Police stations shall maintain other The color of the folder for the PPFs shall be as follows:
administrative records responsive to their needs.  Red, for Police Commissioned Officers (PCO);
 Blue, for Police Non-Commissioned Officers (PNCO)
 Green, for Non-Uniformed Personnel (NUP)
RECORD CYCLE
RECORDS MAINTENANCE - refers to the activities
A. CREATION - involves the preparation of the record involving proper handling of records, arranging them into
as the need arises usable filing sequence, using the most efficient type of filing
B. USE - the phase where the record serves its purpose equipment.
C. CLASSIFICATION - assignment of the RECORDS DISPOSITION – it is the systematic transfer on
classification of the record for filing purposes non-current records from an office to any records storage area,
D. STORAGE the identification and preservation of permanent records and
 the filing of the record according to its the outright destruction of valueless records.
classification  No PNP personnel or units/offices shall dispose of,
 includes the proper labeling of the record and destroy or authorize the disposal or destruction of
putting it in the place according to its records or PPFs which are in the custody or under its
classification control except with the prior written authority of the
 filing for temporary or short-term period only Executive Director, National Archives of the
E. RETRIEVAL - the taking out of a record from Philippines (Section 18, R.A. 9470).
storage for reference or other purposes  Any PNP personnel who, willfully or negligently,
F. PURGING OR RETENTION - determination of damages a police record or disposes of or destroys a
which documents should be retained or disposed police record shall be deemed to have committed an
G. TRANSFER - moving of records from one storage offense.
to another RECORDS SECURITY AND PROTECTION - refers to
H. ARCHIVAL STORAGE OR DISPOSITION the preventive and preventive and protective measures and
 involves the transfer of records to the archives for long- actions undertaken in order to safeguard records/documents in
term storage; or all government agencies from unauthorized and indiscriminate
 involves the disposal or destruction of records disclosure, damage, destruction and loss, whether records are
filed in current of non-current storage area.
FILING SYSTEM
PROTECTION OF RECORDS
1. Alphabetical – all materials are filed in dictionary  Duplication – records shall be created with
order. It is the most widely used form of filing. additional copies or duplicates depending on the
2. Encyclopedic Order – the subjects are grouped into needs and circumstances.
major headings, individual folders are filed in  Dispersal – records shall be distributed without
alphabetical order behind each heading. additional copies or duplicates.
3. Chronological Order – folders are arranged by  Vaulting – vital records shall be stored in a vault.
sequential date order. It is useful for records that are  Evacuation – original and older records
created and monitored on a daily basis. considered to be vital shall be transferred to a
4. Geographical – files are arranged alphabetically by secure location.
geographical name of the place.
5. Numerical – assigning of numerical value or number RECORDS PROTECTION LEVEL
into a specific file which can be managed through the  Vital – or “top protection priority”, consists of all
following system: a. Serial Number b. Digit Filing essential records considered as mission critical and
6. Centralized Filing – places all record series in one irreplaceable.
central location in an office. Most useful when the

40 | P a g e
  Important – or “second protection priority”, o Frederick the Great - "Father of Organized Military
consists of all documents still considered as essential Espionage". He divided his agents into four classes.
but could be replaced or recreated. 1. COMMON SPIES - recruited among poor
 Useful – or “lowest protection priority”, consists of folk, glad to earn a small sum or to
all other documents considered to be non-essential to accommodate a military officer;
normal operations but inconvenient when lost. 2. DOUBLE SPIES - the low informers and
unreliable renegades of value chiefly in
spreading false information to the enemy;
3. SPIES OF CONSEQUENCES - courtier and
POLICE INTELLIGENCE AND SECRET SERVICE noblemen, staff officers and kind red
conspirators always requiring a considerable
NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE FUNCTION bribe or bat
o INTELLIGENCE is responsible in procuring and 4. Persons who are forced to undertake
obtaining political, economic, psychological, espionage against their will.
sociological, military and other information which may
bear upon, national interest and which had been o ALEXANDER THE GREAT - A renowned GREEK
collected by the different government and agencies. CONQUEROR had his share of advance information
o INTELLIGENCE - is knowledge and powerful it can when rumors of discontent circulated from among the
prevent war and cause one it can help in crime control ranks of his men. He was able to identify those disloyal
(there is crime) and crime prevention (no crime). ones by ordering the communication letters opened and
o INTELLIGENCE – The end product resulting from was successful in curtailing the decline of esprit de
the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and corps and morale of his men.
interpretation of all available information o SIR FRANCIS WALSINGHAM OF ENGLAND-
PROTECTOR OF QUEEN ELIZABETH I, who
Basic Concepts organized the secret police and established a spy
network to detect fleet movement of enemies of the
A. Intelligence British Empire particularly the Portuguese. Regarded
o As an ACTIVITY - The organized effort to collect as the "FIRST GREAT SPYMASTER", a ruthless in
information, to assess it little by little, and piece it the cause, he was responsible for the assassination,
together until it forms larger and clear patterns. murdering and execution of people who covertly
o As a PRODUCT- The end product resulting from the betrayed the queen.
collection, evaluation, analysis, integration, and o KARL SCHULMEISTER - famous as
interpretation of all available information which may "NAPOLEON'S EYE". He was credited for
have immediate or potential significance to the establishing counter intelligence conducted against
development and execution of plan, policies and spies. He is a MASTER OF DECEIT who used black
programs of the user. mail to obtain vital information pertaining to the
o As an ORGANIZATION- An institution composes of personality and identify of the enemies of Napoleon
persons who pursue of preparing plans or formulating during the 18th Century
policies. o JOSEPH PETROSINO - Member, New York Police
Department in early 1900, he was the head of the
POLICE INTELLIGENCE – The end product resulting from Italian Squad. Through extensive intelligence network,
the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and he is credited to smash the Black Society.
interpretation of all available information regarding the o JOSEPH FOUCHE - the French statesman Joseph
activities of criminals and other law violators for the purpose Fouche (1759 - 1820) served as minister of police
of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling under Napoleon and was influential in the return of
plan to commit crimes. Louis XVIII to the throne in 1815.
o ADMIRAL YAMAMOTO - April 1943, the
Cryptanalysts of the U.S. Navy Communications
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF INTELLIGENCE Intelligence interpreted a top secret signal relaying the
o The first intelligence operation recorded in history is travel of the Admiral. En route he was intercepted and
found in the HOLY BIBLE. crashed in the Jungles of Bougainville.
o HERBERT YADLEY - Head of the MI-8, the
“NUMBER 13:17-32, Old Testament (Holy Bible) - forerunner of the Top Secret National Security
Moses sent TWELVE (12) SCOUTS to the LAND Administration a.k.a Black Chamber, a Cryptanalytic
OF CANAAN where he detected directed them to spy Organization.
the land, the people and their location and the nature of o GENERAL NAPOLEON BONAPARTE - "One Spy
their cities.” in the right place is worth 20,000 men in the field". He
organized two Bureau of Interest.
o SUN TZU- “Those who know themselves as well they o AKBAR - The "GREAT MOGUL" and WISE
know their enemies will never suffer defeat". In his MASTER OF HINDUSTAN employed more than
book "ART OF WAR". 4,000 agents for the sole purpose of bringing him the
o DELILAH- A biblical personality who was able to truth that his throne might rest upon it.
gain information by using her beauty and charm. She o BATTLE OF MIDWAY - In June 1442, the turning
was responsible for the fall of Samson a known point of the Naval in the Pacific, the victory gained by
Israelite leader who terrorized the Philistines. the Americans was due to the disrupted messages from
o SIR ARTHUR WELLESLY- Duke of Wellington, the Imperial Japanese Navy.
who DEFEATED NAPOLEON'S AT WATERLOO o V2 - RACKETS - OSS agents working in conjunction
IN 1815. Regarded as the "GREATEST MILITARY with the British Intelligence, though penetration and
SPYMASTER AT ALL TIME". He live by the motto; technical intelligence discovered Pneumundo, which
was the V2 guide missile research project of Nazi
"All the business of war is to find out what you don’t Germany. It results to its destruction and heavy
know by what you do." bombing.
o JULIUS CEASAR- During his time, the staff of each
He always studied the enemy in depth, finding out not legion includes ten "SPECULATORS" who served as
only where the opposing army was and how strong it an information-collecting agency. The "speculators"
was, but the character of it's commander, the spirit and were the first intelligence personnel to appear
training of its troops, their battle experience, and how definitely in a military organization. Military success
they were supplied with arms and rations. He also of the Romans was aided by communication system.
studied and mapped the roads, rivers and topography of Made use of carrier pigeons, which made possible the
the war theatre. amazing speed with which intelligence of the Imperial
Rome was transmitted. They also employed ciphers to
ensure secrecy of communications.

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 o WILHELM JOHANN KARL EDUARD STEIBER o Operating under the direction of THE FRENCH
- Known as the Prussia's "KING OF MINISTRY OF DEFENSE, the agency works
SLEUTHHOUNDS" as minister of police he studied alongside the DCRI (the Central Directorate of
the use of propaganda and censorship as well as Interior Intelligence) in providing intelligence and
utilizing statistical intelligence accounting. Steiber's national security, notably by performing paramilitary
thorough organization and ruthless, his sinister and counterintelligence operations abroad.
innovations and cold, calculating manipulation of o Its primary focus is to gather intelligence from
human weakness made him the spymaster who most foreign sources to assist in military and strategic
shape the course of the 20th century espionage. decisions for the country.
o ALFRED REDL - A HOMOSEXUAL DOUBLE o The agency employs MORE THAN FIVE
SPY who while working as intelligence direct proof THOUSAND PEOPLE.
Austria and Hungary, spied the Russians. His treasons
activities were discovered and compelled to commit 7th – FEDERAL SECURITY SERVICE OF RUSSIAN
suicide. His spying led to the death of over 500,000 FEDERATION (FSD) –RUSSIA –(FORMELY –
agents and soldiers combined in his 13 years episode as KOMITET GUZUDARST BENOI BEZOPASNOSTI –
a spy. KGB)
o SIR SAMUEL LUKE - Chief Scout of Oliver o The Federal Security Service of Russian Federation
Cromwell who was able to dethrone King Charles I in (FSD) is the MAIN DOMESTIC SECURITY
British Civil War of 1640's. Sir Samuel Luke was said AGENCY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION and
to be industrious in snooping on the enemy. the main successor agency of the Soviet-era Cheka,
o JOHN CHURCHILL - FIRST DUKE OF NKVD and KGB.
MALBOROUGH, told critics of his enormous o The FSD is involved in counter-intelligence, internal
expenditure on espionage, that and border security, counter-terrorism, and
surveillance.
“No war can be conducted successfully without early o The FSD is responsible for INTERNAL SECURITY
and good intelligence, and such advices cannot be had OF THE RUSSIAN STATE , counterespionage, and
but a very great expense". the fight against organized crime, terrorism, and
drug smuggling.
o EDWARD I - An English monarch who started o The number of FSD personnel and its budget remain
UTILIZING ENGLISH INFORMANTS especially state secrets, although the budget was reported to
to determine seditious writings against the crown and jump nearly 40% in 2006.
identify
o GEORGE WASHINGTON - under oath abounds in 6th – BUNDESNACHRICHTENDIENST (BND) -
the history of every nation. George Washington as GERMANY
Grand Master mobilized the free masons of the o The Bundesnachrichtendienst is the foreign
colonies at the outbreak of the American war of intelligence agency of the German government,
Independence. o The BND acts as an early warning system to alert the
German government to threats to German interests
MOST OUTSTANDING INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES - from abroad.
Intelligence Agency is an effective instrument of a national o It depends heavily on WIRETAPPING AND
power. Aggressive intelligence is its primary weapon to ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE OF
destabilize the target. Indeed, no one knows what the INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS.
intelligence agencies actually do so figuring out who the best o It collects and evaluates information on a variety of
intelligence service is can be difficult. areas such as international terrorism, WMD
proliferation and illegal transfer of technology,
10th- AUSTRALIAN SECRET INTELLIGENCE organized crime, weapons and drug trafficking,
SERVICE (ASIS) - AUSTRALIA money laundering, illegal migration and information
o Government intelligence of Australia which warfare.
is responsible FOR COLLECTING FOREIGN o As Germany’s only overseas intelligence service, the
INTELLIGENCE undertaking counter-intelligence BND gathers both military and civil intelligence.
activities and cooperation with other intelligence
agencies overseas. 5th - MINISTRY OF STATE SECURITY (MSS) - CHINA
o Its primary responsibility is gathering intelligence o Ministry of State Security is the security agency of
from mainly Asian and Pacific interests using agents the People’s Republic of China.
stationed in a wide variety of areas. o Article 4 of the Criminal Procedure Law gives the
o Its main purpose, as with most agencies, is to protect MSS THE SAME AUTHORITY TO ARREST OR
the country’s political and economic interests while DETAIN PEOPLE AS REGULAR POLICE FOR
ensuring safety for the people of Australia against CRIMES INVOLVING STATE SECURITY
national threats. WITH IDENTICAL SUPERVISION
o One of the primary missions of the MSS is
9th - RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS undoubtedly to gather foreign intelligence from
WING (R&AW or RAW) - INDIA targets in various countries overseas.
o Research and Analysis Wing is India’s EXTERNAL o Many MSS agents are said to have operated in the
INTELLIGENCE AGENCY. Greater China region.
o It was formed in September 1968, as it was evident
that a credible intelligence gathering setup was 4th – CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA) -
lacking. AMERICA
o Its primary function is collection of external o CIA is the largest of the intelligence agencies and is
intelligence, counter-terrorism and covert operations. responsible for gathering data from other countries
o In addition, it is responsible for obtaining and that could impact U.S. policy.
analysing information about foreign governments, o It is a civilian intelligence agency of the United
corporations, and persons, in order to advise Indian States government responsible for providing national
foreign policymakers. security intelligence to senior United States
o Until the creation of R&AW, the Intelligence Bureau policymakers.
handled BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL o The CIA also engages in covert activities at the
INTELLIGENCE. request of the President of the United States of
America.
8th - GENERAL DIRECTORATE FOR EXTERNAL o The CIA’s primary function is to collect information
SECURITY - FRANCE about foreign governments, corporations, and
o Directorate General for External Security is individuals, and to advise public policymakers. The
FRANCE’S EXTERNAL INTELLIGENCE agency conducts covert operations and paramilitary
AGENCY.

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 actions, and exerts foreign political influence o INTELLIGENCE IS CONTINUOUS - The basic
through its Special Activities Division. principle of intelligence operations is that
o It has failed to control terrorism activities including intelligence activities follow a simple cycle, which is
9/11, Not even a single top level Al-Qaeda leader continuous at the same time that new information
captured own its own in the past 13 years –. is being collected in response to direction,
o Highly funded and technologically most advanced other information is being processed and intelligence
Intelligence set-up in the world. is being used.
o INTELLIGENCE MUST BE USEFUL - It must
3rd – SECRET INTELLIGENCE SERVICE (SIS) MI-6 – serve the commander’s need and requirements so
GREAT BRITAIN that effort will not be wasted. It should have an
o The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) supplies application and significance to the operation.
the British Government with foreign intelligence. o INTELLIGENCE MUST BE AVAILABLE ON
o It operates under the formal direction of the Joint TIME - Intelligence must be communicated to the
Intelligence Committee (JIC) alongside the decision maker at the appropriate time to
internal Security Service (MI5), the Government permit its most effective use. It must reach the user
Communications Headquarters(GCHQ) and in time to serve as basis for appropriate
the Defense Intelligence (DI). action. Intel data must be disseminated on time
o It is frequently referred to by the name MI6, a name because late arrival is as good as useless.
used as a flag of convenience during the Second o INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS REQUIRES
World War when it was known by many names. IMAGINATION AND FORESIGHT - The
o The existence of MI6 was not officially success of objective is paramount importance.
acknowledged until 1994. Intelligence personnel are reminded to refrain from
utilizing criminal elements in Intel operation. They
2nd – MOSSAD - ISRAEL must use their resourcefulness to obtain more than
o The Mossad is responsible for intelligence collection what is normally.
and covert operations including paramilitary o INTELLIGENCE MUST BE FLEXIBLE -
activities. Intelligence Operations must be changeable
o It is one of the main entities in the Israeli according to the present situation, condition and
Intelligence Community, along with Aman (military other factors, Intelligence Operations are based on
intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security) , but its reason and sound judgment. Procedures which do
director reports directly to the Prime Minister. not readily adapt to a given situation are generally
discarded.
1st - INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE (ISI) - o INTELLIGENCE REQUIRES CONTINUOUS
PAKISTAN SECURITY MEASURES - Deny unauthorized
o With the lengthiest track record of success, the best personal information about operation and
know Intelligence so far on the scale of records is intelligence product, its source and organization
ISI. itself. In the handling of classified materials there
o The Inter-Services Intelligence was created as an should be a working balance between secrecy and
independent unit in 1948 in order to strengthen the operational convenience.
performance of Pakistan’s Military Intelligence
during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. CATEGORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
o The best of its time, failed to counter ISI and protect
Soviet interests in Central Asia. NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE- integrated product of
o It has protected its Nuclear Weapons since formed intelligence developed by ALL GOVERNMENT
DEPARTMENTS concerning the broad aspect of national
and it has foiled Indian attempts to attain ultimate
policy and national security.
supremacy in the South-Asian theatres through
o NATIONAL POLICY – specific courses of
internal destabilization of India. It is above All laws
in its host country Pakistan ‘A State, with in a State’. action to achieve the national objectives.
o Its personnel have never been caught on camera. o NATIONAL SECURITY – this relate to the
o It is believed to have the highest number of agents protection and preservation of military, economic
and a productive strength of a country including the
worldwide, close to 10,000. The most striking thing
security of the government and domestics and
is that it’s one of the least funded Intelligence
foreign affairs against espionage, sabotage and
agencies out of the top 10 and still the strongest.
subversion.
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
DEPARTMENT OF INTELLIGENCE (mission) – the
intelligence required by department or agencies of the
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COORDINATING
government to execute its mission and discharge its
AGENCY (NICA) - It is the primary intelligence gathering
responsibilities.
and analysis arm of the Philippine government, in charge of
carrying out overt (open – 99%) , covert (close, clandestine –
MILITARY INTELLIGENCE – refers to the knowledge by
1%), and clandestine intelligence programs. Its motto
the military institution essential in the preparation and
is: "KNOWLEDGE IS SAFETY”. Presently, NICA is in
execution of military plans, policies and programs.
close coordination with the CIA, Mossad, Secret Intelligence
Service and intelligence services of ASEAN countries to
INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
counter the threat of terrorism.

The agency is led by a Director-General and is assisted by a

PLANNING
Deputy Director-General. The former reports directly to the
President. The NICA has a National Intelligence Board that
serves as an advisory board to the Director-General before he
would submit his findings to the President relating to national
security matters affecting the Philippines. DISSEMINATIO COLLECTION
N
PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENCE
o INTELLIGENCE AND OPERATION ARE MISSION
INTERDEPENDENT - Intelligence provides
valuable inputs for effectiveness of police operation
on the other hand operation likewise is
needed for continuity of intelligence activities.
Operation and intelligence planners work hand and PROCESSING
hand to attain greater degree of success in their
common effort

43 | P a g e
 knowledge of the available sources of information
PLANNING AND SUPERVISION OF THE and collecting agencies and the type of information
COLLECTION EFFORT they can provide and consider the following:
o The intelligence officer must have a thorough 1. Determine collecting agency
knowledge of the available sources of information, 2. Send orders or request
the collecting agencies and type of information the 3. Supervise collection efforts
latter can provide. 4. Use tools or technique in collection
o He must understand the operations of the command 5. Ensure timely collection
in order to provide the particular intelligence
required for success. FACTORS IN CHOOSING COLLECTION AGENTS
o He must have a thorough knowledge of the tactics, o CAPABILITY – agents placement or access to
organizations and characteristics of the enemy. other target
o He must be especially competent in the fields of o MULTIPLICITY – more agents
surveillance, reconnaissance, counter o BALANCE – number of agents needed in operation
-reconnaissance, and acquisition of operations.
PROCESSING THE COLLECTED INFORMATION
RELIABILIT ACCURACY SOURCE OF THE
Y OF OF INFORMATION Five steps in processing collected information which is then
INFORMATI INFORMATI converted into Intelligence
ON ON o RECORDING – is the REDUCTION OF
INFORMATION INTO WRITING OR SOME
CODE: CODE: OTHER FORM OF GRAPHICAL
CUFNUR CPPDIT REPRESENTATION and the arranging of this
A. Completely 1. Confirmed S. intercepted information into groups related items.
Reliable By Other T. Direct Observation o EVALUATION – is the DETERMINATION OF
Sources by a commander or THE PERTINENCE of the information to the
Unit operation, reliability of the source of or agency and
the accuracy of the information.
B. Usually 2. Probably U. Report by a
Reliable True penetration or EVALUATION TO DETERMINE:
resident agent o PERTINENCE – does it holds some value to
C. Fairly 3. Possibly V. Report by an AFP current operation, is it needed immediately
Reliable True trooper or PNP o RELIABILITY – judging the source of information
personnel in or agency
operation o CREDIBILITY – truth of information
D. Not Usually 4. Doubtfully W. Interrogation of a
Reliable True captured enemy or JUDGING CREDIBILITY
agent o It is possible for the reported fact or event to have
E. Unreliable 5. Improbable X. Observation by a taken place.
o Is the report consistent within itself?
true government or
civilian employee o Is the report confirmed or corroborated by
or official information from different sources or agencies.
o If the report does not agree with information from
F. Reliability 6. Truth Y. Observation by a
other sources which one is more likely to be true
Cannot Be Cannot Be member of
Judged Judged populace EVALUATION GUIDE FOR COLECTED
Z. Documentary INFORMATION
ANALYSIS - This is the stage in which the collected
information is subjected to review in order to satisfy
significant facts and derive conclusion there from.

INTEGRATION- The combination of the elements isolated

analysis with other known information related to the operation.
PLANNING AND DIRECTING THE COLLECTION INTERPRETATION - Process of determining the
EFFORTS significance of new information in the possible alternatives.
The interpreter determines the significance of the information
DETERMINATION OF REQUIREMENTS as to the meaning of the interpreted information.
o Enemy capabilities, including time, place,
strength, or other details Dissemination - Processed information or intelligence data are
o Enemy vulnerabilities, including nature, extent, disseminated to end users, common methods of
performance and other details disseminating Intel data are conferences, briefing and person
o Enemy order of battle and factors to person exchanges. In this process, consider the factors of
o Terrain, including natural and artificial obstacles timeliness, correctness and security.
o Weather
o Information desired by higher, lower or adjacent COUNTERINTELLIGENCE – phase of intelligence
headquarters covering the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness of
hostile foreign activities and the protection of information
DETERMINATION OF THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS against espionage, subversion and sabotage. It also includes
OF INFORMATION (EEI) - Is an item of intelligence or protection the organization itself.
information of characteristics of the area of operations and the
enemy, which the commander feels he needs before he can Types of Counter-intelligence
reasonably arrive at a decision. o PASSIVE CI MEASURES – protection of
classified and sensitive information to the
o ESTABLISHMENT OF PRIORITIES - Priorities unauthorized through secrecy, communication
reflect the criticality of the need for the particular security, and other various safeguards.
information. No formula exists which can o ACTIVE CI MEASURES – are those measures,
automatically determine priorities. Such which seek actively to block the enemies’ effort to
determination is a matter of judgment. gain information or engage in espionage, subversion,
o COLLECTION OF INFORMATION - To and sabotage.
successfully plan and perform the collection effort,
the intelligence officer must have thorough Objectives and Importance of Counter-Intelligence

44 | P a g e
 o It Denies information to the enemy physical environment of man considered from the
o It Reduces the risk of a command point in view of military operations.
o Aids in achieving surprises o Location – military and economic
o Increases the security of the command importance
o Decreases the enemy ability to create information o Size – measurement of which a nation can
about the forces. exchange space or time during war.
o Shape
Activities and Function of Counter-Intelligence o Weather and Climate
o Protection of information against espionage o SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE – deals with the
o Protection of personnel against subversion progress of the research and development as it affects
o Protection of installations and materials against the economic and military potential of a nation.
sabotage
COUNTER - INTELLIGENCE- preparation and execution
Categories of Counter-Intelligence Operation of plans and programs to neutralize or prevent any activities
o MILITARY SECURITY – it encompasses the undesirable to the police organization.
measures taken by a command to protect itself
against espionage, enemy operation, sabotage, LINE OR TACTICAL INTELLIGENCE – it is the
subversion or surprise. intelligence information which directly contributes to the
o PORT BOUNDARY AND TRAVEL SECURITY accomplishment of specific objectives and immediate in
– has to do with the application of both military and nature, necessary for more effective police planning and
civil security measures for counterintelligence operation.
control at point of entry and departure, international
borders and boundaries. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLICE
o CIVIL SECURITY – it encompasses active and INTELLIGENCE
o CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE (CRIMINT) –
passive counterintelligence measures affecting the
non-military nationals permanently or temporarily refers to the knowledge essential to the prevention of
residing in an area under military jurisdiction. crimes and the investigation, arrest, and prosecution
o SPECIAL OPERATIONS – counter subversion, of criminal offenders.
o INTERNAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE
sabotage and espionage.
(INSINT) – refers to the knowledge essential to the
POLICE INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS maintenance of peace and order.
o PUBLIC SAFETY INTELLIGENCE (PUSINT) –
CATEGORIES OF POLICE INTELLIGENCE refers to the knowledge essential to ensure the
protection of lives and properties.
STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE – knowledge pertaining to METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF COLLECTING
the capabilities and vulnerabilities of a foreign nation, which is INFORMATION
required by the National Planners for the formulation of an
adequate National Defense in peace and forms the basis for, INFORMATION – All evaluated materials of every
projected. This is intelligence information which is not description including those derived from observation, reports,
immediate operational but rather long range. rumors, imagery, and other sources from which intelligence is
produced.
COMPONENTS OF STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE
o POLITICAL INTELLIGENCE – deals with TYPES OF AGENT USED IN COLLECTING OF
Domestic and Foreign affairs and relation of INFORMATION
government operations; o AGENT OF INFLUENCE- Agent who uses
 Basic Principles of the Government authority to gain information
 Government Structures o AGENT IN PLACE - Agent who has been recruited
 Public Order and Safety within a highly sensitive target
 Subversion o PENETRATION AGENT - Agent who have
 Intelligence and Security Organization reached to the enemy, gather information and able to
get back without being caught.
o ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE – deals with the o EXPENDABLE AGENT - Agent who leaks false
extent and utilization of Natural and Human resources information to the enemy.
to the industrial potential of the Nations o DOUBLE AGENT - An enemy agent, who has been
o TRANSPORTATION AND taken into custody, turned around and sent back where
TELECOMMUNICATION INTELLIGENCE - he came from as an agent of his captors.
concerned with the operations and facilities not only
the Military but also the Civilians. CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION
o SOCIOLOGICAL INTELLIGENCE – deals with
the demographic and psychological aspects of groups OPEN SOURCES – 99% of the information collected are
of people. coming from open sources or obtained from Overt Operation.
o Population and Manpower o Enemy Activities
o Characteristics of the People o Captured Documents
o Public Opinion – attitudes of the majority of o Map
the people towards matters of public policy. o Weather Forecast, Studies, Reports
o Education – based on literacy rate o Agencies
o BIOGRAPHICAL INTELLIGENCE – deals with
individual personalities who have actual possession of CLOSE SOURCES – Only 1% of information are obtained
power from Covert Operation Close/Covert Method/clandestine
o ARMED FORCES INTELLIGENCE – deals with operation.
the armed forces of the Nation.
o Position of the Armed Forces – constitutional ELEMENTS OF CLANDESTINE OPERATION
and legal basis of its creation and actual role. o SPONSOR - directs the organization conducting the
o Organization and structure and territorial clandestine activity.
disposition o TARGET - Person, place or things against which the
o Military Manpower Recruitment clandestine activity is to be conducted.
o Order of Battle- arrangement of military o AGENT - It refers to a person who conducts the
troops for battle. clandestine Operations to include Principal Agents,
o GEOGRAPHICAL INTELLIGENCE – deals with Action Agents, and Support Agents.
the natural as well as manmade features of the

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 o PRINCIPAL AGENT - Leader or o CONTACT - Any person whom the subjects picks or
management Agent in clandestine operation deals with while he is under observation and identifies
usually undertaken by the case officer. the observer
o ACTION AGENT - The who one who o MADE – when subject under surveillance becomes
conducts the clandestine Operation that aware that he is under observation and identifies the
includes: observer also known as “ BURNT OUT”
 ESPIONAGE AGENT - Agent who o LOST – when the surveillant does not know the
clandestinely procure or collect whereabouts of his subject or the subject had eluded
information. the surveillance.
 PROPAGANDIST - Agents who meld
the attitudes, opinions, and actions of an METHODS OF SURVEILLANCE
individual group or nation. o STATIONARY SURVEILLANCE – also referred to
 SABOTEUR- Agents who undertakes as FIXED AND STAKEOUT SURVEILLANCE – is
positive actions against an unfriendly used when you know or suspect that a person is at or
power, resulting in the loss of use will come to a known location when you suspect that
temporarily or permanently of an article stolen goods are to be dropped or when informants
or others. have told you that a crime is going to be committed.
 GUERILLA - Agent who is a member of o MOVING SURVEILLANCE OR SHADOWING
paramilitary group organized to harass OR TAILING – simply the act of following a person.
the enemy in a hot war situation. o TECHNICAL SURVEILLANCE – by the use of
 STRONG ARM - Agent who is made to communications and electronics gadgets, system and
provide special protection during equipment.
dangerous phase of clandestine
operations. FORMS:
 PROVOCATEUR- Agent who induces o LOOSE TAIL – employed where a general impression
an opponent to act to his own detriment of the subject’s habits and associates is required.
by discrediting himself or by revealing o ROUGH SHADOWING – employed without special
his true purpose or identity. precautions, the subject maybe aware of the
o SUPPORT AGENT - Agent who is engaged in surveillance; employed also when the subject is a
activities which supports the clandestine operations material witness and must be protected from harm or
and or the action agent in his operations that includes other undesirable influences.
the following: o CLOSE TAIL – extreme precautions are taken against
 SURVEILLANT- Agent who observes losing the subject is employed where constant
persons and places of operations of surveillance is necessary.
interest.
 INVESTIGATOR- Agent who undertake CASING - It is the careful inspection of a place to determine
to procure information or things of its suitability for a particular operational purpose. It is also
clandestine operation. known as the RECONNAISSANCE OR RECCE in Military
 PROCURER OF FUNDS - Agent who term.
obtain money when needed for operational
use. ELICITATION- The process of extracting information from
 SAFE HOUSE KEEPER - Agents who a person believes to be in possession of vital information
manages and maintains a safe house for without his knowledge or suspicion.
clandestine operations like meetings, safe
heavens, training, briefing, and debriefing. EMPLOYMENT OF TECHNICAL MEANS
 COMMUNICATION AGENT - Agent o BUGGING - The use of an equipment or tool to
who is detailed as securing of clandestine
listen and record discreetly conversations of other
communications.
people.
o WIRE TAPPING - A method of collecting
KINDS OF COVERT OPERATION
information thru interception of telephone
SURVEILLANCE – is the covert, discreet observation of conversation.
people and places for the purpose of obtaining information
concerning the identities or activities of subjects. TACTICAL INTERROGATION - It is a process or method
of obtaining information from a captured enemy who is
Objectives of Surveillance reluctant to divulge information.
o To identify persons involved in certain activities
OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION (ODEX) - The
o To secure basis for securing search warrant
complete awareness by an individual of his surroundings,
o To obtain detailed information about the nature, scope achieved through maximum employment of the senses and
of subjects activities techniques of factuality reporting one’s own observation of the
o To check on source of information sensory experiences recounted by others.
o To develop leads to vital information
o To confirm or deny allegations COVER AND UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS

TERMS TO REMEMBER IN SURVEILLANCE UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS- also referred to as

o SURVEILLANT – is the plainclothes investigator “ROPING” Undercover is disguising one's own identity or
assigned to make the observation? using an assumed identity for the purposes of gaining the trust
o SUBJECT – is who or what is observed. It can be a of an individual or organization to learn secret information or
person, place, property, and vehicle, group of people, to gain the trust of targeted individuals in order to gain
organization or object. information or evidence.
o AREA TARGET STUDY – refers to area of
operation of surveillance activities COVER - It refers to the changing, forging or falsifying
o LOG – chronological records of activities that took agent’s real personality including but not limited to things,
place in the establishment under surveillance. location, job, and others that will be used in undercover
o SAFE HOUSE - Refers to a place where agents meet assignment.
each other for purposes of de-briefing and reporting.
o LIVE DROP- Refers to a place where agents or COVER STORY – A biographical data through fictional that
informants leave their messages to the other Agents. will portray the personality of the agent he assumed, a scenario
o DECOY- A person or object used by the subject in to cover the operation.
attempt to elude Surveillant
o CONVOY - An associate of the subject who follows COVER SUPPORT – An agent assigned in target areas with
the primary mission of supporting the cover story.
him to detect surveillance.

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 o LEGITIMATE - operators of business desire to
TYPES OF COVER give information for legitimate reasons.
o Artificial- altering the background that will
correspond to the operation MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS
o Multiple- Includes different cover o VANITY – conceited act/character of the criminal
o Natural- Actual or True Background. resulting to self - betrayal or tantamount to guilt,
gaining favorable attention and importance by the
HAZARDS OF UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS police.
o REINTEGRATION BACK INTO NORMAL o CIVIC-MINDEDNESS – sense of duty and
DUTY - Agents work their own hours, they are obligation to assist the police.
removed from direct supervisory monitoring and o Fear – A person under an illusion of oppression by
they can ignore the dress and etiquette rules. So the enemies or of other impending danger.
resettling back into the normal police role requires o REPENTANCE – One who has a change of heart
the coming off of old habits, language and dress. and wishes to report a crime that is preying on his
After working such free lifestyles, agents may have conscience?
discipline problems or exhibit neurotic responses. o GRATITUDE OR GAIN – An expression of
o MAINTENANCE OF IDENTITY - Living a appreciation to obtain a privilege or an interest in the
double life in a new environment presents many welfare of his family during his detention.
problems. Undercover work is one of the most o REVENGE – To settle a grudge due to settle a
stressful jobs an agent can undertake. The largest previous injury
cause of stress identified is the separation of an agent o JEALOUSY – envious of the accomplishments or
from friends, family and their normal environment. possessions of another and wishes to humiliate him.
This simple isolation can lead to depression and o REMUNERATION – a person who informs solely
anxiety. for the pecuniary or other material gain he is to
receive.
USES AND TYPES OF UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT
o RESIDENTIAL ASSIGNMENT - It is related to INFORMERS - refers to any person who provides
the neighbourhood of the subject, where the agent information to the agents in a regular basis regarding to the
will live as a new resident without making any subject they are either paid regularly or in base-to-case basis.
suspicion. His mission is to make friends within its
neighbourhood and gather information regarding the CRYPTOGRAPHY
subject and possibly getting closer to the subject o CRYPTOGRAPHY - It is defined as an art and
o SOCIAL ASSIGNMENT - The agent will gain science of codes and ciphers. This is done through
access to the subject by going to the different hang the use of “Speech Inverter” whereby essential
out places of the subject and gather information like speech frequencies are divide into several ranges by
knowing how to drink socially without getting filters then inverted to produce it scrambled speech
drunk. when intercepted.
o WORK ASSIGNMENT - The agent will be o CRYPTO ANALYST - Refers to those persons
employed where the subject work to acquire who break intercepted codes.
information. The agent must know his work and o CRYPTOGRAPHER - It refers to a person who is
focus his mind set and habit to his work assignment highly skilled in converting message from clear to
or getting employed where the investigator can unintelligible forms by use of codes and cipher.
observe the activities of the subject at his place of o CODING - It is the changing of message from plain
work. clear text to unintelligible form also known as
o SUBVERSIVE ORGANIZATION - This is the “Encrypting”.
most dangerous of all the undercover assignment; o DECODING - Transforming of coded message into
the agent will join the organization of the subject plain text also known as “Decrypting”.
itself he must know the ideologies of the group and
the actions while inside should conform to the SECURITY MEASURES & OPERATIONS IN
organization to avoid any suspicion. RELATION TO INTELLIGENCE
o PERSONAL CONTACT ASSIGNMENT – the o PHYSICAL SECURITY - The broadest type of
investigator required to develop the friendship and security that is concerned with the physical measures
trust of the subject. designed to safeguard personnel and prevent
o MULTIPLE ASSIGNMENT – The investigator is unauthorized access to equipment, facilities,
tasked to cover two (2) or more of the above specific materials, documents, and to protect them from
assignments simultaneously, it can produce espionage, sabotage, damage or theft
extensive information with minimum expenses but o COMMUNICATION SECURITY - The
more prone to compromise. protection resulting from the application of various
measures which prevent or delay the enemy or
INFORMERS AND INFORMANTS unauthorized person in gaining information through
communication. This includes transmission,
INFORMANTS - Any person who hand over information to cryptographic and physical security.
the agents which is relevant to the subject. The informant may o DOCUMENT SECURITY - Protection of
openly give the information clandestinely and choose to documents, classified matters and vital records from
remain anonymous. loss, access to unauthorized persons, damage, theft
and compromise through proper storage and
TYPES OF INFORMANTS procedures.
o ANONYMOUS - Unidentified or unknown o CLASSIFY – Assigning of Information or
informants material to one of the four security
o FALSE INFORMANT - reveals information of no classification after determining that such
consequences, value or stuff connected within thin information requires security as prescribed
air. by PNP regulation 200-012.
o FRIGHTENED INFORMANTS - weakest link in o RECLASSIFY – The act of changing the
criminal chain, motivated by anxiety. assigned classification of a document or
o SELF-AGGRANDIZING - moves around the material.
center of criminals delight in surprising the police o DECLASSIFY – The removal of the
about bits of information. security classification from classified
o Mercenary - Information for sale needed something document or material.
for exchange of information. o UPGRADING - The process of assigning
o DOUBLE-CROSSER - He wants to get more higher category of document or
information from the police more than he gives.
o WOMEN - Most dangerous

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 information according to the degree of
security needed
o COMPARTMENTATION – The
granting of access to classified document
or information only to properly cleared
persons when such classified information
is required in the performance of their
official duties, and restricting it to specific
physical confines when feasible.

CATEGORIES OF CLASSIFIED MATTER (PNPR 200-

0121) – (GRBuBa)
o TOP SECRET (GREEN) – Top Secret documents
calls for the utmost degree of protection.
Unauthorized revelation of this materials and
information would cause extremely severe damage
to the nation, politically, economically, or militarily.
o SECRET (RED) - Unauthorized disclosure of this
documents or things may put at risk the nation
security, cause serious injury to the reputation of the
nation, the reproduction of which will be
considerable cost and labor, or significant delay
o CONFIDENTIAL (BLUE) - Unauthorized
revelation of which may be injurious to the
reputation of the nation or governmental activity or
would cause administrative humiliation or
unnecessary injury.
o RESTRICTED (BLACK) - This are information
which should not be published or communicated to
anyone except for official purposes, These records
are daily files, routine in nature even if lost or
destroyed, will not affect operation or
administration.

PERSONNEL SECURITY - the sum total procedures

followed, inquiries conducted and criteria applied to determine
the work suitable to a particular applicant or the retention or
transfer of a particular employee.

PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION – is an

inquiry into the character, reputation, discretion, integrity,
morals and loyalty of an individual in order to determine a
person’s suitability for appointment access to classified matter.

TYPES OF PSI
o LOCAL AGENCY CHECK - Refers to the
investigation of the records and files of agency in the
area of principal residence of the individual being
investigated.
o NATIONAL AGENCY CHECK - It consists of
LAC supplemented by investigation of the records
and files of the following agencies: PNP, ISAFP,
NBI, CSC, Bureau of Immigration and Deportation
and other agency.
o BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION – a check
made on an individual usually seeking employment
through subjects records in the police files,
educational institutions, place of residence, and
former employers.
o COMPLETE BACKGROUND
INVESTIGATION - it is a type of BI which is
more comprehensive, that consist of detailed
information regarding the subject.

SECURITY CLEARANCE - It is a certification by a

responsible authority that the person described is cleared to
access and classify matters at appropriate levels.
o INTERIM CLEARANCE - Effectivity Two Years
o FINAL CLEARANCE - Effectivity Five Years

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