MODULE 1: FUNDAMENTAL INTEGRATION FORMULAS

OVERVIEW

This module has been created to provide you to study the fundamental concepts of Integral
Calculus and the important process of calculus that is closely related to differentiation – integration.
It includes the general integration concepts and basic integration rules such as general power rules
for integration. Which will be the preparation for succeeding lessons of the course.

LEARNING PLAN

The following topic to be discuss in this module, to wit:

Overview of Integral Calculus; Classification of Integrals; Constant of Integration;
Standard Integrating Formulas; Integrating Polynomial Functions; General Power
Formula.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the module, you will learn the following:

✓ Fundamental concepts of Integration/Antiderivative.
✓ Identify the two classification of integrals.
✓ How to apply the basic integration formula using basic knowledge in Algebra,
Trigonometry and Differential Calculus.

1.1 History of Integral Calculus

According to study the major advanced in integration came in the 17 th Century with
the independent discovery of the fundamental theorem of calculus by Newtons and Leibniz.
The notation for the indefinite integral was introduced by Gottfried Leibniz in 1675. He
derived the integral symbol, “∫ ", from an elongated letter S, standing for summa with latin
equivalent for “sum” or “total”. Likewise, modern notation for the definite integral, with limits
above and below the integral sign, was first used by Joseph Fourier in Memoires of the French
Academy around 1819 to 1820. After Newton and Leibniz, the development of the calculus
was continued by Jacob Bernoulli and Johan Bernoulli. Lesser credit for the development of
calculus is given to Barrow, Descartes, de Fermat, Huygen and Wallis.

1.2 Activating Student Schemata

Our study of Calculus II will focus on Integration/Antidifferentiation, but before we

proceed to our topic you should review your subjects in algebra, trigonometry and calculus I
or differential calculus. In Algebra, you should review the Laws/Properties of Algebra,
Common factors, Radicals and Polynomials. In Trigonometry, it is advantageous if you recall
the Trigonometric Identities. In Calculus I or Differential Calculus, a review of differentiation
will be very useful.

Integral Calculus is the branch of calculus concerned with the determination of integrals and
their application including determination of areas, volumes, centroids, center of mass,
probability, average temperature, etc.

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 Integral calculus is often used to find the area under the graph of a function (see figure 1).

Figure 1.

The area under a graph showing the rate of change of some quantity will give the (see
figure 2).

Figure 2.

The process of finding rate of changes is Differentiation, hence Integration must be the
reverse process. Let us show you in figure 3, you will visualize the process of Differentiation
and Integration.

Integration

Supply

Rate of Change
Quantity
of Quantity

Differentiation
Quantity
Rate of Change
of Quantity

Figure 3. Consider a faucet supplying water to the bucket.

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 Assumption:

Integration: How do the results of a variable flow rate sum up? Quantity
Differentiation: How rapidly does something change? Rater of change of Quantity

Basic idea: The bucket integrates the flow from the faucet over time. The flow is the derivative
of the water in the bucket.

1.3 The Two classes of Integrals:

▪ Definite Integrals
▪ Indefinite Integrals

Definite Integrals which have upper and lower limits a and b.

𝑏
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎

A definite integral of a function can be represented as the signed area of the region bounded
by its graph.

Note:
Where: a is the lower limit of integration
b is the upper limit of integration

Indefinite Integrals – which have No upper and lower limits.

∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

1.4 Standard Integration Formulas:

𝑢𝑛+1
1. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1 Power Formula
𝑛+1
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 𝑑𝑢
2. ∫ = ln 𝑢 + 𝐶, 𝑢 > 0, Logarithmic Formula
𝑢
𝑑𝑢
3. ∫ = ln(−𝑢) + 𝐶1 , 𝑢 < 0,
𝑢
𝑑𝑢
4. ∫ 𝑢 = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶2 , 𝑢 < 0,
5. ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶, Exponential Function
𝑎𝑢
6. ∫ 𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑎 + 𝐶, 𝑎 > 0,
7. ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶, Trigonometric Function
8. ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶,
9. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶,
10. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶,
11. ∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶,
12. ∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶,
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
13. ∫ 𝑢 − 𝑒𝑢 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 + 𝐶, Inverse Trigonometric Function
√𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
14. ∫ 𝑎2 + 𝑢2 = 𝑎 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 + 𝐶,
15. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶, Hyperbolic Functions
16. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝐶,
17. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tanh 𝑢 + 𝐶,
18. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cosh 𝑢 + 𝐶,
19. ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 Integration by parts

1.5 General Information

Before we proceed to our lesson, we will eliminate one-by-one of our topic of standard
integration formulas from Power Formula to Integration by Parts (1 – 19). You must learn this
topic comprehensively, so that on our next lesson will become easy for you to analyze and to
solve complex problems.

1.6 Formula (1): Power

One of the most common u-substitutions involves quantities in the integrand that are raised
to a power. Because of the importance of this type of substitution, it is given a special name
– the General Power Rule for Integration.

Theorem 1.1 General Power Rule for Integration

If g is a differentiable function of x, then

[𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑛+1
∫[𝑔(𝑥)]𝑛 𝑔′(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1.
𝑛+1

Equivalently, if 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥 ), then

𝑢𝑛+1
∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

Example 1. Applying the Basic Integrating Rules.

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 Evaluate ∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥

Solution: ∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 Constant Multiple Rule

= 3 ∫ 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 Rewrite x as x1

𝑥 1+1
= 3 ( 1+1 ) + 𝐶 Power Rule Formula (n = 1)

𝑥2
= 3(2)+𝐶 Simplify

𝟑
= 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪 Answer.

Note:
C is the “Constant of Integration”, it is because of all the functions whose derivative is 3x.
remember the derivative of x3+1 is 3x, and the derivative of x3+50 is also 3x, and so on!
Because the derivative of a Constant is Zero. When we reverse the operation (to find the
integral), we only know 3x, but there could have been a constant of any value. So, we wrap
up the idea by just writing + C at the end.

Other definition of “C” is an Arbitrary constant, the constant which appears in Indefinite
Integration. Definite Integration has no arbitrary constant.

Example 2. Applying the Basic Integrating Rules.

1
Evaluate ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

1 1
Solution: ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 Rewrite 𝑥 2 to 𝑥 −2

𝑥 −2+1
= ( −2+1 ) + 𝐶 Power Rule Formula (n = -2)

𝑥 −1
= ( −1 ) + 𝐶 Simplify

= −𝑥 −1 + 𝐶 Simplify

𝟏
= −𝒙+𝑪 Answer.

In Example 2, note that the general pattern of integration is similar that of differentiation.

Original Integral Rewrite Integrate Simplify

Example 3. Rewriting before Integrating.

Original Integral Rewrite Integrate Simplify

1 𝑥 −3+1 𝑥 −2 1
a. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶, +𝐶 − +𝐶
𝑥3 −3+1 −2 2𝑥 2

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 1
𝑥2
+1
𝑥 3/2 2 3/2
b. ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑥 1/2
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝐶, +𝐶 𝑥 +𝐶
2
+1 3/2 3

c. ∫ 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2(− cos 𝑥 ) + 𝐶 −2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

Remember that you can check your answer to an antidifferentiation problem by

𝟐
differentiating. For instance, in Example 3(b), you can check that 𝟑 𝒙𝟑/𝟐 + 𝑪 is the correct
antiderivative by differentiating the answer to obtain
3
2 2 3
Dx[3 x 3/2 + C] = (3) (2) x 2−1 = x1/2 = √x use differentiation to check
antiderivative.

Example 4. Integrating Polynomial Functions

a. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 Integrand is understood to be 1.

=𝑥+𝐶 Integrate.

b. ∫(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
= + 𝐶1 + 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 Integrate.
2

𝑥2
= + 2𝑥 + 𝐶 C = C1 + C2
2

𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
c. ∫(3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ( 4 ) + 2 ( 3 ) − ( 2 ) + 𝐶 Integrate

3 2 1
= 4 𝑥4 + 𝑥3 − 2 𝑥2 + 𝐶 Simplify.
3

Example 5. Rewriting before Integrating.

𝑥+1
Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

𝑥+1 𝑥 1
Solution: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 Rewrite the two fractions.
√𝑥 √ √𝑥

𝑥
= ∫ ( 1/2 + 𝑥 −1/2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

= ∫(𝑥 1/2 + 𝑥 −1/2 ) 𝑑𝑥 Rewrite with fractional

exponents.
𝑥 3/2 𝑥 1/2
= + +𝐶 Integrate.
3/2 1/2

2
= 3 𝑥 3/2 + 2𝑥 1/2 + 𝐶

1
2
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 ) + 2𝑥 1/2 + 𝐶 Factor of x3/2 = (x1/2)(x1)
3

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 2
= 𝑥 √𝑥 + 2√𝑥 + 𝐶 Simplify.
3

2
= 3
√𝑥 (𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶 Answer.

Note:
When integrating quotients, do not integrate the numerator and denominator separately.
This is no more valid in integration than it is in differentiation. For instance, in Example 5, be
sure you understand that
1 2
𝑥+1 2 ∫(𝑥+1)𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +𝑥+𝐶1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 3 √𝑥 (𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶 is not the same as = 2
2
√𝑥 ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥+ 𝐶2
3

Example 6. Rewriting before Integrating.

sin 𝑥
Evaluate ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

sin 𝑥 1 sin 𝑥
Solution: ∫ (𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (cos 𝑥) (cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Rewrite as a product.

= ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Rewrite using trigonometric

identities.
(1/cos x) = sec x; (sin x/cos x) = tan x

= sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 Integrate

ACTIVITY: SOLVING PROBLEMS

Instruction:
• Solve the exercises and write them in a bond paper (A4 size) with 1” x 1” borderline
for uniformity. Stapled it at the upper left-hand corner of the bond paper. Please do
not use folder, however you can place it inside an envelop to avoid getting lost during
its transportation. Erasures are not allowed.
• You will not be given your Mid-Term Exam if you do not submit your requirements.

In Exercises 1 – 3, complete the table.

No. Original Integral Rewrite Integrate Simplify

1. ∫ 3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
2. ∫
4𝑥 2

𝑑𝑥
3. ∫
𝑥 √𝑥

In Exercise 4 – 12, find the indefinite integral and check the result by differentiation.

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 4. ∫(𝑥 + 7)𝑑𝑥 5. ∫(13 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 6. ∫(2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

7.∫(8𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 4)𝑑𝑥 8. ∫(𝑥 5 + 1)𝑑𝑥 9. ∫(𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 − 3 )𝑑𝑥

1 3
10. ∫(𝑥 3/2 + 2𝑥 1)𝑑𝑥 11.∫ (√𝑥 + 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 12. ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
√

In Exercise 13 – 15, find the indefinite integral and check the result by differentiation.

13. ∫(5 cos 𝑥 + 4 sin 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 14. ∫(𝑡 2 − cos 𝑡 )𝑑𝑡 15. ∫(1 − csc 𝑡 cot 𝑡)𝑑𝑡

FEEDBACK

Great job!!! Your determination to learn our topics is really appreciated. You’ve learned new
knowledge, skills and techniques on how to solve problems. Prepare yourself to our next topic. So, I
suggest you to advance study for our next lesson.

SUMMARY

Integral calculus consist of two classification, first is the definite integral which has lower and
upper limit of integration, and second is the indefinite integral also called as antidifferentiation.
Indefinite integral which has no limit of integration but the function is closely similar to definite
integral.
Integral calculus simply describes as the reversed process of differentiation.

SUGGESTED READINGS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xdiyeLHisc&t=35s

https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/index.html

http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/IntegralsIntro.aspx

REFERENCES

• Differential and Integral Calculus, 6th Edition, by Clyde E. Love and Earl D. Rainville.
• Calculus, 9th Edition, by Ron Larsons and Bruce H. Edwards
• PRIME Pocket References Manuals, by R.S. Capote, C.G. Duaso and J.A. Mandawe

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