Sulaimani Polytechnic University/ Technical College of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department

CHAPTER ONE

Mathematics
Functions & Models

Lecturer: Zhina Mohammed

Functions & Models

 Content:
1. Functions

2. Mathematical models

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 Functions & Models
 Function:

Functions can be represented by equation, table, graph, or in

words. Functions arise when ever a quantity depend on
another.
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

A function 𝑓 is a rule that assigns to each element 𝑥 in a set

𝐷 exactly one element, called 𝑓(𝑥),in a set 𝐸.

Often a graph is the best way

to represent a function
because it conveys so much
information at a glance.
Shown is a graph of the
vertical ground acceleration
created by the 2011
earthquake near Tohoku,
Japan. The earthquake had
a magnitude of 9.0 on the
Richter scale and was
so powerful that it moved
northern Japan 8 feet closer 3
to North America.
Functions & Models
 Function:
Domain & Range:

Domain:
The set of real numbers of 𝑥 that gives real number of 𝑦.

Range:
The set of real numbers of 𝑦 that gives real number of 𝑓(𝑥).

Common Functions
A variety of important types of functions are frequently encountered in calculus. We
identify and briefly describe them here.

Linear Functions
A function of the form ƒ(x) = mx + b, for constants m and b, is called a linear
function.

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Functions & Models

 Function:
Power Functions:
A function ƒ(x) = xa, where a is a constant, is called a power function

(a) a = n, a positive integer:

(b) a = -1 or a = -2:

Polynomial function:
A function f is called polynomial if

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0

where is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0, a1, a2, a3, ….. an are
constants called the coefficients of the polynomial. The domain of any
polynomial is R=(-∞, ∞) If the leading coefficient an≠ 0 , then the degree of the
polynomial is n. For example, the function
𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 5 + 7𝑥 2 − 3

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Functions & Models
 Function:
Absolute value:
Properties
• −𝑎 = 𝑎
• 𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
• 𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑏−𝑎
• 𝑎×𝑏 = 𝑎 × 𝑏

Even Function:
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥)

Odd Function:
If −𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥)

Notes:
𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 ∓ 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑜𝑑𝑑 ∓ 𝑜𝑑𝑑 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 ∓ 𝑜𝑑𝑑 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛, 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑜𝑑𝑑 × 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑜𝑑𝑑 × 𝑜𝑑𝑑 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝑜𝑑𝑑/𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑

Transformations of Functions
By applying certain transformations to the graph of a given function we can
obtain the graphs of related functions. This will give us the ability to sketch the
graphs of many functions quickly by hand. It will also enable us to write
equations for given graphs.

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Functions & Models
 Function:
Transformations of Functions

Exponential Functions
Functions of the form ƒ(x) = ax, where the base a > 0 is a positive constant and a
≠1, are called exponential functions. All exponential functions have domain (-∞,
∞) and range (0, ∞)

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Functions & Models
 Function:
Example: Will be provided in Class

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Functions & Models
 Function:
Example: Will be provided in Class

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Functions & Models
 Function:
Example: Will be provided in Class

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Functions & Models
 Function:

Example:

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Functions & Models
 Function:
Exponential Functions
For any constants 𝑎>0,𝑏>0, and for all x and y,

𝑏𝑥 ⋅ 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥+𝑦

𝑏𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑏 𝑥−𝑦
𝑏

𝑏𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥𝑦

𝑎𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥
𝑎 𝑥 𝑎𝑥
= 𝑥
𝑏 𝑏

Logarithmic Functions:
The logarithmic functions 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑥, where the base b is a positive
constant, are the inverse functions of the exponential functions

The figure shows the graphs of four logarithmic functions with various bases.
In each case the domain is (0, ∞) , the range is (-∞, ∞) , and the function
increases slowly when x >1.

log 𝑏 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑏𝑥
log10 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑢 = 10𝑥
log 𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑢 = 𝑒𝑥
Properties of Logarithms:
log 𝑏 (𝑎𝑐) = log 𝑏 (𝑎) + log 𝑏 (𝑐)
𝑎
log 𝑏 = log 𝑏 (𝑎) − log 𝑏 (𝑐)
𝑐
log 𝑏 (𝑎𝑟 ) = 𝑟log 𝑏 (𝑎)
log 𝑥 𝑥 = 1
ln 𝑥
log 𝑏 𝑥 =
ln 𝑏
ln 𝑓(𝑥)
log 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = = ln 𝑓(𝑥)
ln 𝑒
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Functions & Models
 Function:
Trigonometric Functions:
The six basic trigonometric functions

Notice that for both the sine and cosine functions the domain is (-∞, ∞) and the
range is the closed interval [-1,1].

The tangent function is related to the sine and cosine functions by the equation

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Functions & Models
 Function:
Definitions Of Hyperbolic Functions:

The function 𝑒 𝑥 can be expressed in the following way as the sum of an even
function and an odd function:

𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 = +
2 2

Odd Even
These functions are sufficiently important that there are names and notation
associated with them: the odd function is called the hyperbolic sine of x and the
even function is called the hyperbolic cosine of x. They are denoted by

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = & cosh 𝑥 =
2 2

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Functions & Models
 Function:
Definitions Of Hyperbolic Functions:

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 2
sinh 𝑥 = csch 𝑥 =
2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 2
cosh 𝑥 = sech 𝑥 =
2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
tanh 𝑥 = 𝑥 coth 𝑥 =
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥

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Functions & Models
 Function:
Example: Will be provided in Class

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Functions & Models
 Function:
Example: Will be provided in Class

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Functions & Models
 Trigonometry:
The Six Basic Trigonometric Functions:

𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑟 𝑥

1 1 1
csc 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃

From the triangle

𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (𝑃𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑚)
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑟 2 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 2 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 2
1 = (cos 𝜃)2 +(sin 𝜃)2

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃

Relation between Radian and Degree:

𝜋
2𝜋 = 3600 , 𝜋 = 1800 1 = 180 radian

180 22
1 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = where 𝜋 = = 3.142857 …
𝜋 7

Example: The CAST rule

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Functions & Models
 Trigonometry:

Periodicity and Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions:

A function ƒ(x) is periodic if there is a positive number p such that ƒ(x + p)
= ƒ(x) for every value of x. The smallest such value of p is the period of ƒ.

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Functions & Models
 Trigonometry:

Addition &Subtraction Formula

Double-Angle Formula

Half-Angle Formula

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Functions & Models
 Trigonometry:
For any real numbers θ, x, y, A& B:

First Quadrature Second Quadrature

Third Quadrature Fourth Quadrature

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Functions & Models
 Function:
Example:

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Functions & Models
 Function:

Example:
A rectangular storage container with an open top has a volume of 10 m .
The length of its base is twice its width. Material for the base costs $10
per square meter; material for the sides costs $6 per square meter.
Express the cost of materials as a function of the width of the base.

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Functions & Models
 MATHEMATICAL MODELS:
A mathematical model is a mathematical description (often by means of a
function or an equation) of a real-world phenomenon such as the size of a
population, the demand for a product, the speed of a falling object, the
concentration of a product in a chemical reaction, the life expectancy of a person
at birth, or the cost of emission reductions. The purpose of the model is to
understand the phenomenon and perhaps to make predictions about future
behavior.

Linear Models:
When we say that y is a linear function of x, we mean that the graph of the
function is a line, so we can use the slope-intercept form of the equation of a
line to write a formula for the function as
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏

The slope (m) of straight line through the point (x1,y1) and point (x2,y2)is.

∆𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= =
∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

The equation of straight line

pass through (x1,y1) and has slope m is:

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

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Functions & Models
 MATHEMATICAL MODELS:

If there is no physical law or principle to help us formulate a model, we

construct an empirical model, which is based entirely on collected data. We
seek a curve that “fits” the data in the sense that it captures the basic trend of the
data points.

Notes:
If the line L is vertical parallel to y-axis:
𝑥1 = 𝑥2
𝑦1 ≠ 𝑦2
∆𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = = undefined
∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

If the line L is vertical parallel to x-axis:

𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2
𝑦1 = 𝑦2
∆𝑦 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = = zero
∆𝑥 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

If we have two parallel lines then:

Line1 line2
A=b
tan a=tan b

If we have two perpendicular lines then:

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Functions & Models
 MATHEMATICAL MODELS:
Example: Will be provided in the Class

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Functions & Models
 MATHEMATICAL MODELS:
Example:
(a) As dry air moves upward, it expands and cools. If the ground
temperature is 200C and the temperature at a height of 1 km is 100C ,
express the temperature T (in °C) as a function of the height h (in
kilometers), assuming that a linear model is appropriate.
(b) Draw the graph of the function in part (a). What does the slope
represent?
(c) What is the temperature at a height of 2.5 km?

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Functions & Models
 MATHEMATICAL MODELS:
Example:
The table below lists the average carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere,
measured in parts per million at Mauna Loa Observatory from 1980 to 2002.
Use the data in the table to find a model for the carbon dioxide level.
Year 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

CO2 338.7 341.1 344.4 347.2 351.5 354.2 356.4 358.9 362.6 366.6 369.4 372.9

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