Student name VN-01

46th International Chemistry Olympiad

July 25, 2014
Hanoi, Vietnam

THEORETICAL EXAMINATION

Country:

Name as in passport:

Student Code:

Language:

1
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
 You have additional 15 minutes to read the whole set.
 This booklet is composed of 9 problems. You have 5 hours to fulfill the
problems. Failure to stop after the STOP command may result in zero points for
the current task.
 Write down answers and calculations within the designated boxes. Give your
work where required.
 Use only the pen and calculator provided.
 The draft papers are provided. If you need more draft paper, use the back side of
the paper. Answers on the back side and the draft papers will NOT be marked.
 There are XX pages in the booklet including the answer boxes, Cover Sheet and
Periodic Table.
 The official English version is available on demand for clarification only.
 Need to go to the restroom – raise your hand. You will be guided there.
 After the STOP signal put your booklet in the envelope (do not seal), leave at
your table. Do not leave the room without permission.
 Student name VN-01

Physical Constants, Units, Formulas and Equations

Avogadro's constant NA = 6.0221  1023 mol–1

Universal gas constant R = 8.3145 J∙K–1∙mol–1
Speed of light c = 2.9979  108 m∙s–1
Planck's constant h= 6.6261  10–34 J∙s
Standard pressure p = 1 bar = 105 Pa
Atmospheric pressure 1 atm = 1.01325  105 Pa = 760 mmHg
Zero of the Celsius scale 273.15 K
Mass of electron me = 9.1094  10–31 kg

1 nanometer (nm) = 10–9 m ; 1 angstrom (Å) = 10–10 m

1 electron volt (eV) = 1.6022  10–19 J = 96485 J∙mol
–1
Energy of a light quantum with E = hc / 
wavelength 
Energy of one mole of photons Em = hcNA / 
Gibbs energy G = H – TS
Relation between equilibrium constant  G  
K = exp   
and standard Gibbs energy  RT 
 
K 2 H 0  1 1
van’t Hoff equation in integral form ln    
K1 R  T1 T2 
Relationship between internal energy,
∆U = q + w
heat and work
 dU 
Molar heat capacity at constant volume C v ,m   
 dT  v
Change in internal energy from T1 to T2 2 1 v,m 2 1
U(T )=U(T )+nC (T –T ),
assuming constant Cv,m
Spin only formula relating number of
unpaired electrons to effective magnetic  eff  n( n  2) B.M.

moment

2
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

Theoretical Code: Question 1 2 3 4 5 Total

Problem 1 Examiner Mark 3 7 6 4 7 27
5.0 % of the
total Grade

Problem 1. Particles in a box: polyenes

In quantum mechanics, the movement of π electrons along a neutral chain of
conjugated carbon atoms may be modeled using the ‘particle in a box’ method. The
energy of the π electrons is given by the following equation:
n2h2
En 
8mL2
where n is the quantum number (n = 1, 2, 3, …), h is Planck’s constant, m is the mass
of electron, and L is the length of the box which may be approximated by L = (k +
2)×1.40 Å (k being the number of conjugated double bonds along the carbon chain in
the molecule). A photon with the appropriate wavelength  may promote a π electron
from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied
molecular orbital (LUMO). An approximate semi-empirical formula based on this
model which relates the wavelength , to the number of double bonds k and constant B
is as follows:
(k  2) 2
λ (nm) = B  Equation 1
(2k  1)
1. Using this semi-empirical formula with B = 65.01 nm calculate the value of the
wavelength  (nm) for octatetraene (CH2 = CH – CH = CH – CH = CH – CH = CH2).

3
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

2. Derive Equation 1 (an expression for the wavelength  (nm) corresponding to the
transfer of an electron from the HOMO to the LUMO) in terms of k and the
fundamental constants, and hence calculate theoretical value of the constant Bcalc..

3. We wish to synthesize a linear polyene for which the excitation of a π electron from
the HOMO to the LUMO requires an absorption wavelength of close to 600 nm. Using
your expression from part 2, determine the number of conjugated double bonds (k) in
this polyene and give its structure. [If you did not solve Part 2, use the semi-empirical
Equation 1 with B = 65.01 nm to complete Part 3.]

4
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

4. For the polyene molecule found in Part 3, calculate the difference in energy
between the HOMO and the LUMO, ΔE, (kJ·mol–1).
In case Part 3 was not solved, take k = 5 to solve this problem.

5. The model for a particle in a one-dimensional box can be extended to a three

dimensional rectangular box of dimensions Lx, Ly, and Lz, yielding the following
expression for the allowed energy levels:

h 2  nx2 n y nz2 
2

En x , n y , n z   
8m  L2x L2y L2z 

The three quantum numbers nx, ny, and nz must be integer values and are independent
of each other.
5.1 Give the expressions for the three different lowest energies, assuming that the box
is cubic with a length of L.

5
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

5.2 Levels with the same energy are said to be degenerate. Draw a sketch showing all
the energy levels, including any degenerate levels, that correspond to quantum
numbers having values of 1 or 2 for a cubic box.

Energy

6
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

Theoretical Code: Question 1a 1b 2 3 Total

Problem 2 Examiner Mark 12 8 3 10 33

5.0 % of the Grade

total

Problem 2. Dissociating Gas Cycle

Dininitrogen tetroxide forms an equilibrium mixture with nitrogen dioxide:
N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g)
1.00 mole of N2O4 was put into an empty vessel with a fixed volume of 24.44 dm 3.
The equilibrium gas pressure at 298 K was found to be 1.190 bar. When heated to
348 K, the gas pressure increased to its equilibrium value of 1.886 bar.
1a. Calculate ∆G0 of the reaction at 298K, assuming the gases are ideal.
1b. Calculate ∆H0 and ∆S0 of the reaction, assuming that they do not change
significantly with temperature.

7
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

∆G0 (298 K) = _________________________________

∆H0 = _________________________________

∆S0 = _________________________________

8
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

If you cannot calculate ∆H0, use ∆H0 = 30.0 kJ·mol–1 for further calculations.
The tendency of N2O4 to dissociate reversibly into NO2 enables its potential use in
advanced power generation systems. A simplified scheme for one such system is
shown below in Figure (a). Initially, "cool" N 2O4 is compressed (1→2) in a
compressor (X), and heated (2→3). Some N2O4 dissociates into NO2. The hot mixture
is expanded (3→4) through a turbine (Y), resulting in a decrease in both temperature
and pressure. The mixture is then cooled further (4→1) in a heat sink (Z), to promote
the reformation of N2O4. This recombination reduces the pressure, thus facilitates the
compression of N2O4 to start a new cycle. All these processes are assumed to take
place reversibly.

q in
(a)

1 X 2 3 Y 4

work out

1 Z 4

q out
To understand the benefits of using reversible dissociating gases such as N 2O4, we will
focus on step 3 → 4 and consider an ideal gas turbine working with 1 mol of air
(which we assume to be an inert, non-dissociating gas). During the reversible adiabatic
expansion in the turbine, no heat is exchanged.

2. Give the equation to calculate the work done by the system w(air) during the
reversible adiabatic expansion for 1 mol of air during stage 3 → 4. Assume that
Cv,m(air) (the isochoric molar heat capacity of air) is constant, and the temperature
changes from T3 to T4.

9
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

3. Estimate the ratio w(N2O4)/w(air), in which w(N2O4) is the work done by the gas during
the reversible adiabatic expansion process 3 → 4 with the cycle working with 1 mol of
N2O4. T3 and T4 are the same as in Part 2. Take the conditions at stage 3 to be T 3 = 440
K and P3 = 12.156 bar and assume that: (i) the gas is at its equilibrium composition
at stage 3;
(ii) Cv,m for the gas is the same as for air;
(iii) the adiabatic expansion in the turbine takes place in a way that the
composition of the gas mixture (N2O4 + NO2) is unchanged until the expansion is
completed.

10
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

11
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

Theoretical Code: Question 1 2 3 4 Total

Problem 3 Examiner Marks 8 14 2 12 36

9.0 % of the total Grade

Problem 3. High-valent Silver Compounds

Silver chemistry is dominated by Ag (I) compounds. Compounds of silver in higher

oxidation state (from +2 to +5) are not very abundant due to their instability with
respect to reduction. High-valent silver compounds are very reactive and can be
synthesized from Ag(I) compounds in electro-chemical oxidations or in chemical
oxidations using powerful oxidizing agents.

1. In some peroxydisulfate (S2O82-) oxidations catalyzed by Ag+, black solid (A) with the
composition AgO can be isolated.
1a. Choose the appropriate magnetic behaviour of A if it exists as AgIIO.

x
Diamagnetic Paramagnetic

Single crystal X - ray studies reveal that the lattice of A contains two nonequivalent Ag
atom sites (in equal proportions) of which one denoted as Ag1 and the other denoted as
Ag2. Ag1 shows a linear O atom coordination (O-Ag-O) and Ag2 shows a square-planar
O atom coordination. All O atoms are in equivalent environments in the structure. Thus,
A should be assigned as AgIAgIIIO2 rather than AgIIO.
1b. Assign the oxidation number of Ag1 and Ag2.

Oxidation number of Ag1 : ……….

Oxidation number of Ag2 : ………

1c. What is the coordination number of O atoms in the lattice of A?

The coordination number of O atoms =………

1d. How many AgI and AgIII bond to one O atom in the lattice of A?

12
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

Number of AgI = ………

Number of AgIII = …….

1e. Predict the magnetic behaviour of A. Check the appropriate box below.

Diamagnetic Paramagnetic

1f. The compound A can also be formed on warming a solution of Ag + with

peroxydisulfate. Write down the equation for the formation of A.

2. Among the silver oxides which have been crystallographically characterized, the
most surprising is probably that compound A is not a AgIIO. Thermochemical cycles
are useful to understand this fact. Some standard enthalpy changes (at 298 K) are listed:
Standard enthalpy st 1st electron 2nd electron
1 ionization 2nd ionization 3rd ionization
Atom of formation affinity affinity
(kJ·mol–1) (kJ·mol–1) (kJ·mol–1)
(kJ·mol )
–1
(kJ·mol ) (kJ·mol–1)
–1

Cu(g) 337.4 751.7 1964.1 3560.2

Ag(g) 284.9 737.2 2080.2 3367.2
O(g) 249.0 -141.0 844.0

Compounds ΔHof (kJ·mol–1)

AgIAgIIIO2 (s) –24.3
CuIIO (s) –157.3

The relationship between the lattice dissociation energy (Ulat) and the lattice
dissociation enthalpy (ΔHlat) for monoatomic ion lattices is: H lat  U lat  nRT , where
n is the number of ions in the formula unit.
2a. Calculate Ulat at 298 K of AgIAgIIIO2 and CuIIO. Assume that they are ionic
compounds.
Ulat of AgIAgIIIO2

13
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

U lat (AgIAgIIIO2)

U lat (CuIIO)

If you can not calculate the Ulat of AgIAgIIIO2 and CuIIO, use following values for
further calculations: Ulat of AgIAgIIIO2 = 8310.0 kJ·mol–1; Ulat of CuIIO = 3600.0
kJ·mol–1.

14
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

The lattice dissociation energies for a range of compounds may be estimated using this
simple formula:
1
 1 3
U lat  C
V 

 m 
Where: Vm (nm3) is the volume of the formula unit and C (kJ·nm·mol–1) is an empirical
constant which has a particular value for each type of lattice with ions of specified
charges.
The formula unit volumes of some oxides are calculated from crystallographic data as the ratio
between the unit cell volume and the number of formula units in the unit cell and listed as below:
Oxides Vm (nm3)
CuIIO 0.02030
AgIII2O3 0.06182
AgIIAgIII2O4 0.08985

2b. Calculate Ulat for the hypothetical compound AgIIO. Assume that AgIIO and CuIIO
have the same type of lattice, and that Vm (AgIIO) = Vm (AgIIAgIII2O4) – Vm (AgIII2O3).
Ulat (AgIIO)

2c. By constructing an appropriate thermodynamic cycle or otherwise, estimate the

enthalpy change for the solid-state transformation from AgIIO to 1 mole of AgIAgIIIO2.
(Use Ulat AgIIO = 3180.0 kJ·mol-1 and Ulat AgIAgIIIO2 = 8310.0 kJ·mol-1 if you cannot
calculate Ulat AgIIO in Part 2b).

15
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

ΔHrxn =

2d. Indicate which compound is thermodynamically more stable by checking the

appropriate box below.

AgIIO AgIAgIIIO2

3. When AgIAgIIIO2 is dissolved in aqueous HClO4 solution, a paramagnetic compound

(B) is first formed then slowly decomposes to form a diamagnetic compound (C).
Given that B and C are the only compounds containing silver formed in these
reactions, write down the equations for the formation of B and C.

For B:

For C:

4. Oxidation of Ag+ with powerful oxidizing agents in the presence of appropriate

ligands can result in the formation of high-valent silver complexes. A complex Z is
synthesized and analyzed by the following procedures:
An aqueous solution containing 0.500 g of AgNO3 and 2 mL of pyridine (d =
16
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

0.982 g/mL) is added to a stirred, ice-cold aqueous solution of 5.000 g of K 2S2O8. The
reaction mixture becomes yellow, then an orange solid (Z) is formed which has a mass
of 1.719 g when dried.
Elemental analysis of Z shows the mass percentages of C, H, N elements are
38.96%, 3.28%, 9.09%, respectively.
A 0.6164 g Z is added to aqueous NH3. The suspension is boiled to form a clear
solution during which stage the complex is destroyed completely. The solution is
acidified with excess aqueous HCl and the resulting suspension is filtered, washed and
dried (in darkness) to obtain 0.1433 g of white solid (D). The filtrate is collected and
treated with excess BaCl2 solution to obtain 0.4668 g (when dry) of white precipitate
(E).

4a. Determine the empirical formula of Z and calculate the percentage yield in the
preparation.

4b. Ag (IV) and Ag (V) compounds are extremely unstable and found only in few
fluorides. Thus, the formation of their complexes with organic ligands in water can be
discounted. To confirm the oxidation number of silver in Z, the effective magnetic
moment (µeff ) of Z was determined and found to be 1.78 BM. Use the spin only
17
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

formula to determine the number of unpaired electrons in Z and the molecular

formula of Z. (Z contains a mononuclear complex with only one species of Ag and
only one type of ligand in the ligand sphere.)

4c. Write down all chemical equations for the preparation of Z, and its analysis.

Formation of Z:

Destruction of Z with NH3:

Formation of D:

Formation of E:

18
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

Theoretical Code: Question 1a 1b 2a 3a 3b 3c Total

Problem 4 Examiner Mark 4 1 10 2 6 4 27
4.0 % of the total Grade

Problem 4. Zeise’s Salt

1. Zeise's salt, K[PtCl3C2H4], was one of the first organometallic compounds to be

reported. W. C. Zeise, a professor at the University of Copenhagen, prepared this
compound in 1827 by reacting PtCl4 with boiling ethanol and then adding potassium
chloride (Method 1). This compound may also be prepared by refluxing a mixture of
K2[PtCl6] and ethanol (Method 2). The commercially available Zeise's salt is
commonly prepared from K2[PtCl4] and ethylene (Method 3).

1a. Write balanced equations for each of the above mentioned preparations of Zeise's
salt, given that in methods 1 and 2 the formation of 1 mole of Zeise’s salt consumes 2
moles of ethanol.

19
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

1b. Mass spectrometry of the anion [PtCl3C2H4]– shows one set of peaks with mass
numbers 325-337 and various intensities.
Calculate the mass number of the anion which consists of the largest natural
abundance isotopes (using given below data).

12
192 194 195 196 198 35 37 C 13 1
Isotope 78
Pt 78
Pt 78
Pt 78
Pt 78
Pt 17
Cl 17
Cl 6
6
C 1
H

Natural abundance,
0.8 32.9 33.8 25.3 7.2 75.8 24.2 98.9 1.1 99.99
%

2. Some early structures proposed for Zeise’s salt anion were:

H2 H CH2 Cl Cl Cl
C Cl H3C C Cl Cl H2C
H2C H2C Pt H2C Cl
Pt Pt Pt Cl Pt
Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl H2C Cl
H2C
(Z1) (Z2) (Z3) (Z4) (Z5)

In structure Z1, Z2, and Z5 both carbons are in the same plane as dashed square. [You
should assume that these structures do not undergo any fluxional process by
interchanging two or more sites.]

20
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

2a. NMR spectroscopy allowed the structure for Zeise’s salt to be determined as
structure Z4. For each structure Z1-Z5, indicate in the table below how many
different environments of hydrogen atoms there are, and how many different
environments of carbon atoms there are?

Number of different Number of different

Structure
environments of hydrogen environments of carbon

Z1

Z2

Z3

Z4

Z5

3. For substitution reactions of square platinum(II) complexes, ligands may be

arranged in order of their tendency to facilitate substitution in the position trans to
themselves (the trans effect). The ordering of ligands is:

CO , CN- , C2H4 > PR3 , H- > CH3- , C6H5- , I- , SCN- > Br- > Cl- > Py > NH3 > OH- , H2O

In above series a left ligand has stronger trans effect than a right ligand.
Some reactions of Zeise’s salt and the complex [Pt2Cl4(C2H4)2] are given below.

K[PtCl3(C6H5C2H3)] [PtCl2(C2H4)(CH3NH2)] [PtCl2(C2H4)2]

(D) (B) (G)
C6H5CH=CH2 CH3NH2 CH3NH2 C2H4

HCl
(Py) K[PtCl3(C2H4)] [Pt2Cl4(C2H4)2]
N (A)
H2NCH2CH2NH2
C6H5NH2 C6H5NH2

[PtCl2(C6H5C2H3)(Py)] [PtCl2(C2H4)(C6H5NH2)] [PtClC2H4(H2NC2H4NH2)]Cl

(E) (C) (F)

21
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

3a. Draw the structure of A, given that the molecule of this complex has a centre of symmetry,
no Pt-Pt bond, and no bridging alkene.
A

3b. Draw the structures of B, C, D, E, F and G.

B C D

E F G

3c. Suggest the driving force(s) for the formation of D and F by choosing one or more
of the following statements (for example, i and ii):
i) Formation of gas
ii) Formation of liquid
iii) Trans effect
iv) Chelate effect

Structure D F

Driving force(s)

22
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

Theoretical Code: Question 1 2 3 4 Total

Problem 5 Examiner Mark 6 4 4 6 20
6.5 % of the
Grade
total

Problem 5. Acid-base Equilibria in Water

A solution (X) contains two weak monoprotic acids (those having one acidic
proton); HA with the acid dissociation constant of KHA = 1.74 × 10–7, and HB with the
acid dissociation constant of KHB = 1.34 × 10–7. The solution X has a pH of 3.75.
1. Titration of 100 mL solution X requires 100 mL of 0.220 M NaOH solution for
completion.
Calculate the initial (total) concentration (mol·L–1) of each acid in the solution X.
Use reasonable approximations where appropriate. [KW = 1.00 × 10–14 at 298 K.]

23
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

24
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

2. Calculate the pH of the solution Y which initially contains 6.00×10-2 M of NaA and
4.00×10-2 M of NaB.

25
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

3. Adding large amounts of distilled water to solution X gives a very (infinitely) dilute
solution where the total concentrations of the acids are close to zero. Calculate the
percentage of dissociation of each acid in this dilute solution.

4. A buffer solution is added to solution Y to maintain a pH of 10.0. Assume no

change in volume of the resulting solution Z.
Calculate the solubility (in mol·L–1) of a substance M(OH)2 in Z, given that the anions
A– and B– can form complexes with M2+:
M(OH)2 M2+ + 2OH– Ksp = 3.10 ×10-12
M2+ + A– [MA]+ K1 = 2.1 × 103
[MA]+ + A– [MA2] K2 = 5.0 × 102

26
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

M2+ + B– [MB]+ K’1 = 6.2 × 103

[MB]+ + B– [MB2] K’2 = 3.3 × 102

27
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

28
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

Theoretical Code: Question 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e Total

Problem 6
Examiner Marks 6 8 4 12 2 32
7.0 % of the
total Grade

Problem 6. Chemical Kinetics

The transition-metal-catalyzed amination of aryl halides has become one of the most
powerful methods to synthesize arylamines. The overall reaction for the nickel-
catalyzed amination of aryl chloride in basic conditions is:
NiLL'
ArCl + RNH2 Ar-NHR + HCl
NaOtBu, Solvent

in which NiLL’ is the nickel complex catalyst. The reaction goes through several steps
in which the catalyst, reactants, and solvent may be involved in elementary steps.

6a. To determine the reaction order with respect to each reactant, the dependence of
the initial rate of the reaction on the concentrations of each reagent was carried out
with all other reagents present in large excess. Some kinetic data at 298 K are shown
in the tables below. (Use the grids if you like)
[ArCl] Initial rate

(M) (M s–1)

0.1 1.88 × 10-5

0.2 4.13×10-5

0.4 9.42 × 10-5

0.6 1.50 × 10-4

[NiLL’] Initial rate

(M) (M s–1)
29
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

6 × 10–3 4.12 × 10–5

9 × 10–3 6.01 × 10–5

1.2 × 10–2 7.80 × 10–5

1.5 × 10–2 1.10 × 10–4

[L’] Initial rate

(M) (M s–1)

0.06 5.8 × 10–5

0.09 4.3 × 10–5

0.12 3.4 × 10–5

0.15 2.8 × 10–5

Determine the order with respect to the reagents assuming they are integers.

30
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

- Order with respect to [ArCl] =

- Order with respect to [NiLL’] =

- Order with respect to [L’] =

6b. To study the mechanism for this reaction, 1H, 31P, 19F, and 13C NMR spectroscopy
have been used to identify the major transition metal complexes in solution, and the
initial rates were measured using reaction calorimetry. An intermediate, NiL(Ar)Cl,
may be isolated at room temperature. The first two steps of the overall reaction involve
the dissociation of a ligand from NiLL’ (step 1) at 50 oC, followed by the oxidation
addition (step 2) of aryl chloride to the NiL at room temperature (rt):
k1
NiLL' NiL + L' (1)
k-1
k2
NiL + ArCl NiL (Ar)Cl (2)
Using the steady state approximation, derive an expression for the rate equation for
the formation of [NiL(Ar)Cl].

31
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

The next steps in the overall reaction involve the amine (RNH 2) and tBuONa.
To determine the order with respect to RNH 2 and tBuONa, the dependence of the
initial rates of the reaction on the concentrations of these two reagents was carried with
the other reagents present in large excess. Some results are shown in the tables below.
[NaOtBu], Initial rate

(M) (M·s–1)

0.2 4.16 × 10–5

0.6 4.12 × 10–5

0.9 4.24 × 10–5

1.2 4.20 × 10–5

[RNH2] Initial rate

(M) (M s–1)

0.3 4.12 × 10–5

0.6 4.26 × 10–5

0.9 4.21 × 10–5

1.2 4.23 × 10–5

32
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

6c. Determine the order with respect to each of these reagents, assuming each is an
integer. (Use the grids if you like)

- Order with respect to [NaOtBu] =

- Order with respect to [RNH2] =

During a catalytic cycle, a number of different structures may be involved

which include the catalyst. One step in the cycle will be rate-determining.
A proposed cycle for the nickel-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides with amines is as
follows:
k1
NiLL' NiL + L' (1)
k-1
k2 Ar
NiL + ArCl NiL (2)
Cl

Ar k3
NiL + NH2R + NaOtBu NiL(Ar)NHR + tBuOH + NaCl (3)
Cl

k4
NiL(Ar)NHR ArNHR + NiL (4)

6d. Use the steady-state approximation and material balance equation to derive the
rate law for d[ArNHR]/dt for the above mechanism in terms of the initial
concentration of the catalyst [NiLL’] 0 and concentrations of [ArCl], [NH 2R],
[NaOtBu], and [L’].

33
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

34
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

6e. Give the simplified form of the rate equation in 6d assuming that k1 is very small.

d[ArNHR]/dt = - d[ArCl]/dt =

35
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

Theoretical Code: Question 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f Total

Problem 7 Examiner Mark 12 8 8 12 12 12 64
8.0 % of the
total Grade

Problem 7. Synthesis of Artemisinin

(+)-Artemisinin, isolated from Artemisia annua L.

(Qinghao, Compositae) is a potent antimalarial
effective against resistant strains of Plasmodium. A
simple route for the synthesis of Artemisinin is
outlined below.

First, pyrolysis of (+)-2-Carene broke the cyclopropane ring forming, among other
products, (1R)-(+)-trans-isolimonene A (C10H16), which then was subjected to
regioselective hydroboration using dicyclohexylborane to give the required alcohol B
in 82% yield as a mixture of diastereoisomers. In the next step, B was converted to the
corresponding γ,δ-unsaturated acid C in 80% yield by Jones’ oxidation.

7a. Draw the structures (with stereochemistry) of the compounds A-C.

A B C

36
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

The acid C was subjected to iodolactonization using KI, I 2 in aqueous. NaHCO3

solution to afford diastereomeric iodolactones D and E (which differ in
stereochemistry only at C3 ) in 70% yield.

7b. Draw the structures (with stereochemistry) of the compounds D and E.

D E

The iodolactone D was subjected to an intermolecular radical reaction with ketone

X using tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS) and AIBN (azobisisobutyronitrile) in a
catalytic amount, fluxing in toluene to yield the corresponding alkylated lactone F in
72% yield as a mixture of diastereoisomers which differ only in stereochemistry at C 7
along with compound G (~10%) and the reduced product H, C10H16O2 (<5%).
O Me

Me 6
Reagent X, TTMSS 7 5 O
D H 4 + + H
AIBN, toluene O1 3 Me Si(SiMe3)3
2 H
Me G (C10H16O2)
O H
F

37
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

7c. Draw the structures (with stereochemistry) of compound H and the reagent X.

X H

The keto group of F reacted with ethanedithiol and BF3•Et2O in dichloromethane

(DCM) at 0 oC to afford two diastereomers: thioketal lactones I and J in nearly
quantitative yield (98%). The thioketalization facilitated the separation of the major
isomer J in which the thioketal group is on the opposite face of the ring to the adjacent
methyl group.

7d. Draw the structures (with stereochemistry) of the compounds I and J.

I J

The isomer J was further subjected to alkaline hydrolysis followed by

esterification with diazomethane providing hydroxy methyl ester K in 50% yield. The
hydroxy methyl ester K was transformed into the keto ester L using PCC (Pyridium
ChloroChromate) as the oxidizing agent in dichloromethane (DCM).

38
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

A two-dimensional NMR study of the compound L revealed that the two

protons adjacent to the newly-formed carbonyl group are cis to each other and
confirmed the structure of L.

7e. Draw the structures (with stereochemistry) of the compounds K and L.

K L

The ketone L was subjected to a Wittig reaction with methoxymethyl

triphenylphosphonium chloride and KHMDS (Potassium HexaMethylDiSilazid - a
strong, non-nucleophilic base) to furnish the required methyl vinyl ether M in 45%
yield. Deprotection of thioketal using HgCl2, CaCO3 resulted in the key intermediate N
(80%). Finally, the compound N was transformed into the target molecule Artemisinin
by photo-oxidation followed by acid hydrolysis with 70% HClO4.

Ph3P(Cl)CH2OCH3 HgCl2, CaCO3 1. O2, h

L M N Artemisinin
KHMDS 2. HClO4

7f. Draw the structures (with stereochemistry) of the compounds M and N.

M N

39
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

Theoretical Code: Question 8a 8b 8c 8d Total

Problem 8 Examiner Marks 15 2 12 10 39
8.0% of the
total Grade

Problem 8. Star Anise

Illicium verum, commonly called Star anise, is a small native evergreen tree grown
in northeast Vietnam. Star anise fruit is used in traditional Vietnamese medicine. It is
also a major ingredient in the making the flavour of ‘phở’, a Vietnamese favourite
soup.
Acid A is isolated from the star anise fruit. The constitutional formula of A has been
deduced from the following sequence of reactions:
i) O3 CH3OH, H+
A (C7H10O5) B (C7H10O7) C (C8H12O7)
ii) Me2S 25 °C
(I) HIO4 2H2O
(II)
(or H5IO6)
H2O, H+
Y3 + OHCCHO + OHCCH(OH)CH2COCOOH D
Y2 Y1

(I): this overall process results in alkene cleavage at the C=C bond, with each carbon of this
becoming doubly bonded to an oxygen atom.
(II): this oxidative cleavage process of 1,2-diols breaks C(OH)–C(OH) bond and produces
corresponding carbonyl compounds.

8a. Draw the structures for the compounds Y1 and Y2 and hence deduce the structure
of Y3 and A, B, C, D, given that in A there is only one ethylenic hydrogen atom.

Y1 Y2 Y3

40
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

A B

C D

Anethole, a main component of star anise oil, is

an inexpensive chemical precursor for the production of
many pharmaceutical drugs.

Treating anethole with sodium nitrite in acetic acid gives a crystalline solid E
(C10H10N2O3). The IR spectrum of E shows there is no non-aromatic C=C double bond.
The 1H NMR spectrum of E is given below.

3H 3H

2H 2H

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
PPM

41
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

8b. What differences in the structure between E and anethole can be obtained from
the 1H NMR data?
i) E contains a cis-C=C ethylenic bond while that of anethole is trans.
ii) E cannot contain a non-aromatic C=C bond.
iii) E is the adduct of anethole and N2O2.
iv) E is the adduct of anethole and N2O3.
v) E does not contain two trans ethylenic protons as anethole.

Pick one of the above statements

From 1H NMR data

On heating at 150 oC for several hours, E is partially isomerized into F. Under the
same conditions, F gives the identical equilibrium mixture to that obtained from E. On
heating with phosphorus trichloride, both E and F lose one oxygen atom giving
compound G. Compounds E and F have the same functional groups.

PCl3 150 oC PCl3

G E F G
- POCl3 - POCl3

The chemical shifts of methyl protons in E, F and G are given below.

E F G
CH3-O 3.8 ppm 3.8 ppm 3.8 ppm
CH3-C 2.3 ppm 2.6 ppm 2.6 ppm

8c. Suggest structures for E, F and G, assuming that they do NOT contain three-membered
rings.

E F G

42
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

A simplified structure for compound E is shown below; the R group does not
change throughout the rest of this question. Compound E is nitrated and subsequently
reduced with sodium dithionite to H. Treatment of H with sodium nitrite and
hydrochloric acid at 0–5 oC and subsequently reduced with stannous chloride to
provide I (R–C7H9N2O). One-pot reaction (three component reaction) of H,
benzaldehyde and thioglycolic acid (HSCH 2CO2H) leads to the formation of J.
Reaction of I and methyl phenyl ketone in the presence of ZnCl2 affords K.
OMe
i) HNO3, H2SO4 i) NaNO2, HCl, 5 °C
H I (RC7H9N2O)
R ii) Na2S2O4 ii) SnCl2, HCl, 0 °C
E
C6H5–CHO, MeCOPh
HSCH2COOH, ZnCl2,
heat heat

R3
R1 R2
N R5
S O N
H
R4
J K

8d. Give the structures for H, I, J and K.

H I

J K

43
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

Theoretical Code: Question 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f Total

Problem 9 Examiner Marks 8 4 6 4 2 9 33
7.5 % of the
total Grade

Problem 9. Heterocycle Preparation

Tetramethylthiurame disulfide (TMTD) is emerging as a useful reagent to prepare

many sulfur-nitrogen functional groups and heterocycles in organic chemistry. The
reactions of TMTD with primary amines, as well some corresponding post-
transformations of the resulting product(s) are presented in the following schemes:

(1)

(2)

H R–N=C=S + S
S S
CS2 
RHN N S
S NMe2 R S NMe2
S
S
Me2N SH (3)

(4)
S S

RNH2 + Me2N SH Me2N NHR + H2S
(5)

Similar transformations of benzohydrazides (containing nucleophilic NH 2 group)

and TMTD have been observed.

44
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

In the synthetic scheme below, the thiocarbamoylation reaction of an aroyl

hydrazine with TMTD produces compound C containing a heterocyclic moiety from
p-aminobenzoic acid.

CO2H
1) MeOH, H2SO4 N2H4 TMTD, 2 equiv.
A B C
2) K2CO3 EtOH DMF, –S, –H2S
(C11H12N4OS2)
NH2

During the formation of C from B, an intermediate B' was observed. This intermediate
tautomerizes to B''. C can be formed from B' or B''.
O
N=C=S
S N
H B''
Me2N N
H
B'

9a. Give the structures of A, B, and C.

A B C

9b. Suggest a structure for the tautomer B’’ and give a curly-arrow mechanism for
the formation of C.

45
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

Compound C was then converted to F by the following pathway:

N=C=S
HCl (gas) N2H4 excess TMTD
C E F
dioxane R dioxane, 50 °C, 2 h DMF
(C11H12N4OS2) (solvent) D (R-C8H6N3S2)

[The group R remains exactly the same throughout the rest of the question.]

9c. Draw the structures of E, and F. (You do not need to draw the structure for the R group from this
point)
E F

E was only obtained when D was slowly added to the solution of excess N 2H4
in dioxane. If N2H4 was added to the solution of D in dioxane instead, a major side
product D’ (R2C14H12N4S2) was formed.

9d. Give the structure of D’.

Slightly heating D with ethanolamine (HOCH2CH2NH2) in dioxane for 2 hours

yielded G (R–C9H11N2OS).
46
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01

9e. Draw the structural formula of G.

G

9f. Heating G in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid as the catalyst could form a
number of different five-membered heterocyclic products.

i) Draw 2 structures that have different molecular formulae.

ii) Draw 2 structures that are constitutional isomers.

iii) Draw 2 structures that are stereoisomers.

47
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version
 Student name VN-01
Periodic Table of the Elements
1 18
1 2
1 H He
1.008 2 13 14 15 16 17 4.003
3 (2)
4 (13)
5 (14)
6 (15)
7 (16)
8 (17)
9 10
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 Transition Elements 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26.98 28.09 30.98 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.41 69.72 72.61 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (97.9) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3

55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209.0) (210.0) (222.0)

87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo
(223.0) (226.0) (227.0) (261.1) (262.1) (263.1) (262.1) (265) (266) (271) (272) (285) (284) (289) (288) (292) (294) (294)

48
th
The 46 IChO – Theoretical Examination. An official English version