NSCP DEFINITION OF TERMS

1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
occupancy.
SECTION 102 - DEFINITIONS
BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected
For the purpose of this code, certain terms, prior to the adoption of this code, or one for
phrases, words, and their derivatives shall which a legal building permit has been
be construed as specified in this chapter issued.
and elsewhere in this code where specific
definitions are provided. Terms, phrases BUILDING OFFlCIAL is the officer or other
and words used in the singular include the designated authority charged with the
plural and the plural, the singular. Terms, administration and enforcement of this
phrases and words used in the masculine code, 0r the building official's duly
gender include the feminine and the authorized representative.
feminine, the masculine.
LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR
DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method of
The following terms are defined for use in
proportioning structural element using load
this chapter:
and resistance factors such that no
ADDITION is an extension or increase in
applicable limit state is reached when the
floor area or height of a building or
structure is subjected to all appropriate load
structure.
combinations. The term "LRFD" is used in
the design of steel and wood structures.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a
method of proportioning structural elements
STRENGTH DESIGN is a method of
such that computed stresses produced in
proportioning structural elements such that
the elements by the allowable stress load
the computed forces produced in the
combinations do not exceed specified
elements by the factored load combinations
allowable stress (also called working
do not exceed the factored element
stress design).
strength. The term "strength design" is
used in the design of concrete and masonry
ALTER or ALTERATION is any change,
structures.
addition or modification in construction or
occupancy.
STRUCTURE is that which is built or
constructed, an edifice or building of any
APPROVED as to materials and types of
kind, or any piece of work artificially built up
construction, refers to approval by the
or composed of parts joined together in
building official as the result of investigation
some definite manner.
and tests conducted by the building official,
or by reason of accepted principles or tests
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered
by recognized authorities, technical or
Civil Engineer with special qualification in
scientific organizations.
the practice of Structural Engineering as
recognized by the Board of Civil
BUILDING is any structure used or intended
Engineering of the Professional Regulation
for supporting or sheltering any use or
Commission.

SECTION 103 - CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Buildings and other structures shall be classified, based on the nature of

occupancy, according to Table 103-1 for multiple independent structural systems,
purposes of applying wind and earthquake each independent structural system shall be
provisions in Chapter 2, and other assigned to the highest applicable category
provisions. Each building or other structure based on the occupancy or functions
shall be assigned to the highest applicable dependent on the particular independent
category. structural system.
For buildings or other structures having

Table 103-1 – Occupancy Category (See Notes)

OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTIONS
CATEGORY OF STRUCTURES

Occupancies having surgery and emergency

treatment areas,
Fire and police stations,
Garages and shelters for emergency
vehicles and emergency aircraft,
Structures and shelters in
emergency preparedness centers,
I. Essential Aviation control towers,
Facilities Structures and equipment in
communication centers and other facilities required for
emergency response,
Standby power-generating equipment for
Category I facilities,
Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting
water or other fire-suppression material or equipment
required for the protection of Category I, II or III structures.

Occupancies and structures therein housing or supporting toxic

or explosive chemicals or substances,
II. Hazardous Non building structures housing, supporting or containing
Facilities quantities of toxic or explosive substances.

Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of

1,000 or more,
Educational buildings with a capacity of
300 or more students,
Buildings used for college or adult
III. Special Occupancy education with a capacity of 500 or
Structures more students,
Institutional buildings with 50 or more
incapacitated patients, but not included in Category I,

Mental hospitals, sanitariums. jails, prison and other buildings

where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained
All structures with an occupancy 5,000 or more persons,
Structures and equipment in power- generating stations, and
other public utility facilities not included in Category I or
 Category II above and required for continued operation.
IV. Standard Occupancy All structures housing occupancies or having functioned not
Structures listed in Category I, II or III above and Category V below.

V. Miscellaneous Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings, and

Structures fences over 1.8 meters high.

Notes:

1. Equivalent building classification on the National Building Code of the Philippines and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations.

I. Essential Facilities ------------------------------------- None

II. Hazardous Facilities --------------------------------- Group 6

III. Special Occupancy Structures ------------------ Group C, Group D, Group H, Group I

IV Standard Occupancy Structures ---------------- Group A, Group B Group E, Group F

V. Miscellaneous Structures ------------------------- Group J

3. ANSI/NAAMM FP1001, Guide

2 - MINIMUM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Specifications for the Design Loads of
Metal Flagpoles
SECTION 201 -GENERAL

201.1 SCOPE SECTION 202 - DEFINITIONS

This chapter provides minimum design load ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly
requirements for the design of buildings and consisting of panels mounted on pedestals
other vertical structures. Loads and to provide an under-floor space for the
appropriate load combinations, which have installations of mechanical, electrical,
been developed, to be used together for communications or similar systems or to
strength design and allowable stress design serve as an air-supply or return-air plenum.
are set forth.
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure
201.2 RECOGNIZED STANDARDS designed to house farm implements, hay,
grain, poultry, livestock or other horticultural
The standards listed below are recognized products. The structure shall not be a place
standards for wind loads. of human habitation or a place of
employment where agricultural products are
1. ASCE 7, Chapter 6, Minimum Design processed, treated, or packaged nor shall it
Loads for Buildings and Other be a place used by the public.
Structures
2. ANSI EIA/TIA 222-E, Structural ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD
Standards for Steel Antenna Towers is a method of proportioning structural
and Antenna Supporting Structures elements such that computed stresses
produced in the elements by the allowable
stress load combinations do not exceed BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor
specified allowable stress. system projecting from a structure and
supported by that structure, with no
ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or additional independent supports.
portion of a building for the gathering
together of 50 or more persons for such DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all
purposes as deliberation, education, materials and fixed equipment incorporated
instruction, worship, entertainment, into the building or other structure.
amusement, drinking or dining or awaiting
transportation. DECK is an exterior floor system supported
on at least two opposing sides by an
AWNING is a shelter supported entirely adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or
from the exterior wall of a building. other independent supports.
load, construction load, or environmental
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and loads such as wind load, snow load, rain
other structures that are intended to remain load, earthquake load or floor load.
operational in the event of extreme
environmental loading from wind or LOADS are forces or other actions that
earthquakes. result from the weight of all building
materials, occupants and their possessions,
FACTORED LOAD is the product of a load environmental effects, differential
specified in Sections 204 through 208 and a movements, and restrained dimensional
load factor. See Section 203.3 for changes. Permanent loads are those loads
combinations of factored loads. in which variations over time are rare or
small magnitude. All other loads are
Section 203.3 LRFD = structures and all variable loads.
portions thereof shall resist the most critical
effects from the following combinations of
factor load. MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure
attached to and supported by the building
GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in and projecting over public property.
which motor vehicle containing flammable
or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a
stored, repaired or kept. building, or part thereof, is used or intended
to be used.
GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or a
portion of a building, not more than 90 sq.m. STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a
in area, in which only motor vehicles used method of proportioning structural elements
by the tenants of the building or buildings on such that the computed forces produced in
the premises are kept or stored. the elements by the factored load
combinations do not exceed the factored
LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a element strength. The term "strength
structure or component Is judged either to design" is used in the design of concrete
be no longer useful for its Intended function and masonry structures.
(serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe
(strength limit state).

LIVE LOADS are those loads produced by WALLS:

the use and occupancy of the building or
other structure and do not include dead BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either
of the following classifications: Allowable stresses and design formulas
provided in this chapter shall be used with
1. Any metal or wood stud wall that the allowable stress design load
supports more than 0.5 kN per linear combinations specified in Section 203.4.
meter of superimposed load.
2. Any masonry or concrete wall that
supports more than 1.0 kN per linear SECTION 302-FILLS AND EXCAVATION
meter superimposed loads, or any such
wall supporting its own weight for more 302.1 GENERAL
than one story.
Excavation or fills for buildings or structures
EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of shall be constructed or protected that they
a wall, or any member or group of do not endanger life or property. Reference
members, that defines the exterior is made to Section 109 of this code for
boundaries or courts of a building and that requirements governing excavation, grading
has a slope of 60 degrees or greater with and earthwork construction, including fills
the horizontal plane. and embankments.

NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not CUTS

a bearing wall.
302.2.2 Slope. The slope of cut surfaces
PARAPET WALL is that part of any wall shall be no steeper than is safe for the
entirely above the roof line. intended use and shall be no steeper than 1
unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50%
RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to slope), unless a geo-technical engineering
resist the lateral displacement of soil or or an engineering geology report, or both,
other materials. stating that the site has been investigated
and giving an opinion that a cut at a steeper
slope will be stable and not create a hazard
3 – FOUNDATION & EXCAVATION to public or private property, is submitted
and approved.
SECTION 301 - GENERAL
302.2.3 Existing footings or foundations,
301.1 SCOPE which may be affected by any excavation,
shall be underpinned adequately or
This chapter sets forth requirements for otherwise protected against settlement and
excavations, fills, footings and foundations shall be protected against lateral movement.
for any building or structure.
302.2.4 Protection of adjoining property.
301.2 QUALITY AND DESIGN The requirement for protection of adjacent
property and the depth to which protection
is required shall be defined by prevailing
The quality and design of materials used
law. Where not defined by law, the following
structurally in excavations, fills, footings and
shall apply:
foundations shall conform to the
requirements specified in Chapters 4, S, 6
1. Any person making or causing an
and 7.
excavation shall protect the excavation
so that the soil of adjoining property will
301.3 ALLOWABLE BEARING
not cave in or settle,
PRESSURES
2. Before commencing the excavation, the wide.
person making or causing the
excavation to be made shall notify in
writing the owners of adjoining building Study sections 302.3.3 –Fill Material
not less than 10 days before such Also the following:
excavation is to be made and that the
adjoining building should be protected.
SETBACKS
FILLS DRAINAGE AND TERRACING
EROSION CONTROL
Fills to be used to support the foundation of
any building or structure shall be placed in 4 – CONCRETE
accordance in accepted engineering
practice. SECTlON 401 - GENERAL

No fill or other surcharge loads shall be 401.1.1 This chapter provides minimum
placed adjacent to any building or structure requirements for the design and
unless such building or structure is capable construction of structural concrete elements
of withstanding the additional vertical and of any building or other structure.
horizontal loads caused by filling or
401.1.2 This chapter shall govern in all
surcharge.
matters pertaining to the design,
Fill slopes shall not be constructed on construction, and material properties of
natural slopes steeper than 1 unit vertical in structural concrete elements wherever this
2 units horizontal (50% slope). chapter is in with requirements contained in
other standards referenced in this chapter.

302.3.2 Preparation of the Ground. The 401.1.3 For special structures, such as
ground surface shall be prepared to receive arches, tanks, reservoirs, bins and silos,
blast-resistant structures, and provisions of
fill by removing vegetation, non complying
this chapter shall govern where applicable.
fill, top soil and other unsuitable materials,
and by scarifying to provide a bond with the 401.1.4 This chapter does not govern
new fill. design and installation of portions of
concrete piles' and drilled piers embedded
Where the natural slopes are steeper than 1 in ground except for structures in regions of
unit vertical in 5 units horizontal (20% high risk or assigned to high seismic
slopes) and the height is greater than 1.5 performance or categories. See Section
421.9.4 for requirements from concrete piles
meters, the ground surface shall be
drilled piers and caissons in structures in
prepared by benching into sound bedrock or region high seismic risk or assigned to high
other competent materials as determined by seismic performance or design categories.
the geo-technical engineer. The bench
401.1.5 This chapter does not govern
under the toe of a fill on a slope steeper design and construction of soil-supported
than 1units vertical of 5 units horizontal slabs, unless the slab vertical loads from
(20% slopes) shall be at least 3 meters other portions of the structure to the soil.
401.1.6 Concrete On Steel Form Deck stressing force is transferred to the concrete
Design and construction of structural and distributed more uniformly across the
concrete slab cast on stay-in-place, non- section. Its extent is equal to the largest
composite steel other governed by this dimension of the cross section. For
chapter. intermediate anchorage devices, the
anchorage zone includes the disturbed
401.1.7 This chapter does not govern the regions ahead of and behind the anchorage
design of concrete slabs cast on stay-in- devices.
place, composite deck. Concrete used in
the construction of such governed by BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE
Sections 401 to 407 of this applicable. DEVICE is an anchorage device used with
any single strand or a single 16 mm or
SECTION 402 - DEFINITIONS smaller diameter bar that satisfies section
418.22.1 and the anchorage device
requirements of the Post-Tensioning
The following terms are defined for general Institute's "Specification for Unbonded
use in this chapter. Specialized definitions Single Strand Tendons".
appear in individual sections.
BASIC MULTISTRAND ANCHORAGE
ADMIXTURE is material other than water, DEVICE is an anchorage device used with
aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an multiple strands, bars or wires, or single
ingredient of concrete and added to bars larger than 16 mm diameter, that
concrete before or during its mixing to satisfies Section 418.22.1 and the bearing
modify its properties. stress and minimum plate stiffness
requirements of AASHTO Bridge
AGGREGATE is granular material, such as Specifications, Division I, Sections
sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron blast- 9.21.7.2.2 through 9.21.7.2.4.
furnace slag, and when used with a
cementing medium forms a hydraulic BONDED TENDON is a pre-stressing
cement concrete or mortar. tendon that is bonded to concrete either
directly or through grouting.
AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT is
aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1120 CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are
kg/m3 or less. materials as specified in Section 403 which
have cementing value when used in
AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a concrete either by themselves, such as
lightweight concrete specimen cured for portland cement, blended hydraulic cements
seven days with neither loss nor gain of and expansive cement, or such materials in
moisture at 15°C to 27’C and dried for 21 combination with fly ash, raw or other
days in 50 +,- 7 percent relative humidity at calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume, or
23°C +,- 1. 1°C. ground granulated blast-furnace slag.
ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post-tensioning COLUMN is a member with a ratio of
is a device used to anchor tendons to height-to-least-lateral dimensions of 3 or
concrete member; in pre-tensioning, a greater used primarily to support axial
device used to anchor tendons during compressive load.
hardening of concrete.
COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL
ANCHORAGE ZONE in post-tensioned MEMBERS are concrete flexural members
members is the portion of the member of pre-cast and cast-in-place concrete
through which the concentrated pre- elements, or both, constructed in separate
place but so interconnected that all deformed reinforcing bars, bar and rod
elements respond to load as a unit. mats, deformed wire, welded smooth wire
fabric and welded deformed wire fabric.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION
is a cross section in which the net tensile DEVELOPMENT LENGTH is the length of
strain in the extreme tension at nominal embedded reinforcement required to
strength is less than or equal to the develop the design strength of
compression-controlled strain limit. reinforcement at a critical section. See
Section 409.4.3.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN
LIMIT is the net tensile strain at balanced
strain conditions. See 410.4.2.
CONCRETE is a mixture of portland cement EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is
or any other hydraulic cement, fine the distance measured from extreme
aggregate, coarse aggregate and water with compression fiber to centroid of tension
or without admixtures. reinforcement.

CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress

STRENGTH OF (f'c), is the compressive remaining in pre-stressing tendons after all
strength of concrete in design and losses have occurred, excluding effects of
evaluated in accordance with provision of dead load and superimposed load.
Section 405, expressed in megapascals
(MPa). Wherever the quantity f’c is under a EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of
radical sign, square root of numerical value embedded reinforcement provided beyond a
only is intended, and result has units of critical section.
megapascals.
EXTREME TENSION STEEL is the
CONCRETE STRCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT, reinforcement (prestressed or
is to containing lightweight aggregate that nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the
conforms to 403.4 and has an air-dry unit extreme compression fiber.
weight as determined “Test Method for Unit
Weight of Structural Lightweight Concrete” ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between
(ASTM C 567) not exceeding 1840 kg/m3. adjoining parts of a concrete structure,
In this code, a lightweight concrete without usually a vertical plane, at the designed
natural sand is termed 'all-lightweight- location such as to interfere least with
concrete" and lightweight concrete in which performance of the structure, yet such as to
all fine aggregate consists of normal-weight allow relative movement in three directions
sand “sand-lightweight concrete." and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in
the concrete and through which all or part of
CONTRACTION JOINT is a formed, sawed, the bonded reinforcement is interrupted.
or tooled in a concrete structure to create a
weakened plane regulate the location of JACKING FORCE is the temporary force
cracking resulting from the dimensional exerted by device that introduces tension
change of different parts of the structure. into prestressing tendons in prestressed
concrete.
CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting LOAD, DEAD is the dead weight supported
from bents & curves in the specified by a member, as defined by Section 204
prestressing tendon profile. (without load factors).

DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT is LOAD, FACTORED is the load, multiplied

by appropriate load factors, used to PRETENSIONING is a method of pre-
proportion members by the strength design stressing in which tendons are tensioned
method of this chapter. See Sections before concrete is placed.
408.2.1 and 409.3.
REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural
LOAD, LIVE is the live load specified by concrete reinforced with no less than the
Section 205 (without load factors). minimum amounts of prestressing tendons
or nonprestressed reinforcement specified
LOAD, SERVICE is the load specified by in this chapter.
Sections 204 to 207 (without load factors).

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of REINFORCEMENT is material that

normal stress to corresponding strain for conforms to Section 403.5.1, excluding
tensile or compressive stresses below prestressing tendons unless specifically
proportional limit of material. See Section included.
408.6.
RESHORES are shores placed snugly
NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain under a concrete slab or other structural
at nominal strength exclusive of strains due member after the original forms and shores
to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage and have been removed from a larger area, thus
temperature. requiring the new slab or structural member
to deflect and support its weight and
PEDESTAL is an upright compression existing construction loads applied prior to
member with a ratio of unsupported height installation of the reshores.
to average least lateral dimension not
exceeding of 3. SHEETING is a material encasing a
prestressing tendon prevent bonding the
PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete' tendon with the surrounding concrete, to
with no reinforcement or with less provide corrosion protection, and to contain
reinforcement than the minimum amount the corrosion inhibiting coating.
specified for reinforced concrete.
SHORES are vertical or inclined support
members’ design to carry the weight of the
PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is reinforcement formwork, concrete and construction loads
that does not conform to definition of above.
deformed reinforcement.
SPAN LENGTH. See Section 408.8 = Span
POST-TENSIONING is a method of pre- length of members not built integrally with
stressing in which tendons are tensioned support shall be considered the clear span
after concrete has hardened. plus depth of member, but need not exceed
distance between centers of supports.
PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural
concrete element cast in other than its final SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an
position in the structure. anchorage device that satisfies Section
418.20.1 and the standardized acceptance
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural tests of AASHTO "Standard Specifications
concrete in which internal stresses have for Highway Bridges", Division II, and
been introduced to reduce potential tensile Section 10.3.2.3.
stresses in concrete resulting from loads.
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT is continuously
wound reinforcement in the form of a forces to concrete.
cylindrical helix.
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a
SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH ( ) is cross section in which the net tensile strain
the tensile strength of concrete determined in the extreme tension steel at nominal
in accordance with ASTM C 496 as strength is greater than or equal to 0.005.
described in "Specifications for Lightweight
Aggregate for Structural Concrete" (ASTM TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire
C 330). See Section 405.2.4. enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A
continuously wound bar or wire in the form
STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist of a circle, rectangle or other polygon shape
shear and torsion stresses in a structural without re-entrant comers is acceptable.
member; typically bars, wires, or welded
wire fabric (plain or deformed) bent into L, U
or rectangular shapes and located TRANSFER is the act of transferring stress
perpendicular to or at an angle to in pre-stressing from jacks or pre-tensioning
longitudinal reinforcement. (The term bed to concrete member.
"stirrups" is usually applied to lateral
reinforcement in flexural members and the UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon that is
term "ties" to those in compression permanently prevented from bonding to the
members.) See also "tie." concrete after stressing.

STRENGTH, DESIGN, is the nominal WALL is a member, usually vertical, used to

strength multiplied by a strength-reduction enclose or lie spaces.
factor, ( ). See Section 409.4.
WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed
STRENGTH, NOMINAL, is the strength of a concrete, is friction caused by unintended
member or cross section calculated in deviation of prestressing sheath or from its
accordance with provisions and specified profile.
assumptions of the strength design method
of this chapter before application of any YIELD STRENGTH is the specified
strength-reduction factors. See Section minimum yield strength or yield point of
409.4.1. reinforcement in megapascals (MPa). Yield
strength or yield point shall be determined in
STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of tension according to applicable ASTM
a member or cross section required to resist standards as modified by Section 403.6 of
factored loads or related internal moments this code.
and forces in such combinations as are
stipulated in this chapter. See Section 409 .
2.1.

STRESS is the intensity of force per unit

area.

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete

used for structural purposes, including plain
and reinforced concrete.

TENDON is a steel element such as wire,

cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of
such elements, used to impart prestress
 CHEVRON BRACING A form of bracing
where a pair of braces located either above
5 – STRUCTURAL STEEL or below a beam terminates at a single point
within the clear beam span.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CLADDING the exterior covering of the
ALLOWABLE STRESSES that stress that structural components of a building.
are prescribed in Section 501 through 514
of this Chapter. COLD-FORMED MEMBER Structural
members formed from without the
APPLICATION FACTOR A multiplier of the application of heat.
value of moment or deflection in the
unbraced length of an axially loaded COLUMN A structural member whose
member to reflect the secondary values primary function is to loads parallel to its
generated by the eccentricity of the applied longitudinal axis.
axial load within the member.
COLUMN CURVE A curve expressing the
ASPECT RATIO In any rectangular relationship between the column strength
configuration, the ratio of lengths of the and slenderness ratio.
sides.
COMBINED MECHANISM A mechanism
BEAM A structural member whose primary determined by plastic analysis procedures
function is to carry loads transverse to its which combines elementary beam, panel
longitudinal axis. and joint mechanisms.

BEAM-COLUMN A structural member COMPACT SECTION Compact sections

whose primary function is to carry loads are capable of developing fully plastic stress
both transverse and parallel to its distribution and possess rotation capacity of
longitudinal axis. approximately 3 before the onset of local
buckling.
BENT A plane framework of beam or truss
member, which support loads, and the COMPOSITE BEAM A steel beam
column, which support these members. structurally connected to a concrete slab so
BIAXIAL BENDING Simultaneous bending that the beam and slab respond to loads as
of a member about two perpendicular axes. a unit. See also Concrete-encased beam.

BRACED FRAME A frame in which the COLUMN BEAM A steel column fabricated
resistance to lateral load or frame instability from rolled or build-up steel shapes and
is primarily provided by a diagonal, a K- encased in structural concrete or fabricated
brace or other auxiliary system of bracing. from steel pipe or tubing and filled with
structural concrete.
BRITTLE FRACTURE Abrupt cleavage with
little or no prior ductile deformation. CONCRETE-ENCASE BEAM A beam
totally encased in concrete cast integrally
BUCKLING LOAD The load at which a with the slab.
perfectly straight member under
compression assumes a deflected position.
BUILD-UP MEMBER A member made of
structural metal elements that are welded CONNECTION Combination of joints used
bolted or riveted together. to transmit forces between two or more
members. A group of elements that connect
the members to the joint. Categorized by end of each bracing member connects to a
the type and amount of force transferred beam a short distance from a beam-to-
(moment, shear, end reaction). See also column connection or from another beam-
splices. to-brace connection.

CRITICAL LOAD The load at which EFFECTIVE LENGTH The equivalent

bifurcation occurs as determined by a length KL used in compression formulas
theoretical stability analysis. and determined by a bifurcation analysis.

CURVATURE The rotation per unit length EFFECTIVE LENGTH K The ratio between
due to bending. the effective length and the unbraced length
of the member measured between the
DESIGN STRENGTH Resistance (force, centers of gravity of the bracing members.
moment, and stress, as appropriate)
provided by element or connection; the EFFECTIVE MOMENT OF INERTIA The
product of the nominal strength and the moment of inertia of the cross section of a
resistance factor. member that remains elastic when partial
plastification of the cross section takes
DIAGONAL BRACING Inclined structural place, usually under the combination of
members carrying primarily axial load residual stress and applied stress. Also, the
employed to enable a structural frame to act moment of inertia based on effective widths
as a truss to resist horizontal loads. A form of elements that buckle locally. Also, the
of bracing that diagonally connects joints at moment of inertia used in the design of
different levels. partially composite members.

DIAPHRAGM Floor slab, metal wall or roof EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS The stiffness of a
panel possessing a large in-plane shear member computed using the effective
stiffness and strength adequate to transmit moment of inertia of its cross section.
horizontal forces to resisting systems.
EFFECTIVE WIDTH The reduced width of a
DIAPHRAGM ACTION The in-plane action plate or slab which, with an assumed
of a floor system (also roofs and walls) such uniform stress distribution produces the
that all columns framing into the floor from same effect on the behavior of a structural
above and below are maintained in their member as the actual plate width with its
same position relative to each other. non-uniform stress distribution.

DOUBLE CURVATURE A bending ELASTIC ANALYSIS Determination of load

condition in which end moments on a effects (force, stress as appropriate) on
member causes the member to assume an members and based on the assumption that
S-shape. material disappears on removal of the force
that produced it.
DRIFT Lateral deflection of a building.
DRIFT INDEX The ratio of lateral deflection
to the height of the building. ELASTIC-PERFECTLY PLASTIC A
material which has an idealized stress strain
DUCTILITY FACTORS the ratio of the total curve that varies linearly from the point of
deformation at maximum load to the elastic- and zero-strain and stress up to the yield
limit deformation. point of the material, and then increases in
strain at the value of the a yield stress
ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAME (EBF) A without any further increases in stress.
diagonal braced frame in which at least one
EMBEDMENT A sled component cast in a comer radius, the flat width may be taken
concrete structure to transmit externally total section width minus three times the
applied loads to the friction or any thickness.
combination thereof. The embedment may
be fabricated of structural steel plates, FLEXIBLE CONECTION A connection
shapes, bars, bolts, pipe, studs, and permitting a portion but not all, of the simple
concrete reinforcing bars, shear or any beam rotation of a member end.
combination thereof.
FLOOR SYSTEM The system of structural
ENCASED STEEL STRUCTURE, A steel- components separating the stories of a
framed structure in which I individual frame building.
members are completely encased in-place-
concrete. FORCE Resultant of distribution of stress
over a prescribed reaction that develops in
EULER FORMULA The mathematical a member as a result of load (formerly
relationship expressing of the Euler load in called total stress or stress). Generic term
terms of the modulus of elasticity moment of signifying axial loads, bending moment,
inertia of the cross section and length of torque and shears.
column.
FRACTURED TOUGHNESS Measurement
EULER LOAD The critical load of a of the ability to absorb energy without
perfectly straight centrally loaded pin-ended fracture. Generally determined by impact
column. loading of specimens containing a notch
having a prescribed geometry.
EYEBAR A particular type of pin-connected
tension member of uniform thickness with FRAME BUCKLING A condition under
forged or flame cut head of greater than the which bifurcation may occur in a frame.
body proportioned to provide approximately
equal strength in the head and body. FRAME INSTABILITY A condition under
which a frame deforms with increasing
FACTORED LOAD The product of the lateral deflection under a system of
nominal load and a load. increasing applied monotonic loads until a
maximum value of the load called the
FASTENER Generic term for welds, bolts, stability limit is reached, after which the
rivets or other device. frame will continue to deflect without further
increase in load.
FATIGUE A fracture phenomenon resulting
from a fluctuating stress cycle. FULLY COMPOSITE LOAD A composite
beam with sufficient shear connectors to
FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS Analysis based develop the full flexural strength of the
on first-order deformation in which composite section.
equilibrium conditions are formulated on the GIRDER A horizontal member in a seismic
undeformed structure. frame. The word beam and girder maybe
used interchangeably.
FLAME-CUT PLATE A plate in which the
longitudinal edges prepared by oxygen HIGH-CYCLE FATIQUE Failure resulting
cutting from a large plate. from more than 20,000 applications of cycle
stress.
FLAT WIDTH for a rectangular tube, the
nominal width minus twice outside comer HYBRID BEAM A fabricated steel beam
radius. In absence of knowledge of the composed of flanges with a greater yield
strength that that of the web. Whenever the structure or component becomes unfit for
maximum flange stress is less than or equal service and is judged either to be no longer
to the web yield stress the girder is useful for its intended function (serviceability
considered homogeneous. limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit
state).
INCLUSION Nonmetallic material entrapped
in otherwise sound metal. LIMIT STATES Limits of structural
usefulness, such as brittle fracture, plastic
INCOMPLETE FUSION Lack of union by collapse, excessive deformation, durability,
melting of filler and base metal over entire fatigue, instability and serviceability.
prescribed area.
LINK BEAM The part of a beam in an
INELASTIC ACTION Material deformation eccentrically braced frame, which is
that does not disappear on removal of the designed to yield shear and/or bending so
force that produced it. that buckling of the bracing members, is
prevented.
INSTABILITY A condition reached in the
loading of an element or structure in which LOAD FACTOR, A factor that accounts for
continued deformation results in decrease unavoidable deviations of the actual load
of load-resisting capacity. from the nominal value and uncertainties in
the analysis that transform the load into a
JOINT Area where two or more ends, load effect.
surfaces, or edges are attached. The entire
assemblage at the intersections of the LOADS Forces or other actions that arise
members. Categorized by type of fastener on structural system from the weight of all
or weld used and method of force transfer. permanent construction, occupants and
their possession, environmental effects,
K-BRACING system of struts used in a differential settlement and restrained
braced frame in which the pattern of the dimensional changes. Permanent loads are
struts resembles the letter K, either normal those loads in which variations in time are
or on its side. That form of bracing where a rare or of small magnitude. All other loads
pair of braces located on one side of a are variable loads. See Nominal loads.
column terminates at a single point within
the clear column height. LFRD (Loads and Resistance Factor
Design) A method of proportioning
LAMELLAR TEARING Separation in highly structural components (a members,
restrained base metal caused by through- connectors, connecting elements and
thickness strains induced by shrinkage of assemblages) such that no applicable limit
adjacent weld metal. state is exceeded when the structure is
subjected to all appropriate load
LATERAL BRACING MEMBER A member combinations.
utilized individually or as a component of a
lateral bracing system to prevent buckling of LOCAL BUCKLING the buckling of a
members or elements and/or to resist lateral compression element may precipitate the
loads. failure of the whole member.

LATERAL (or lateral-torsional) BUCKING LOW-CYCLE FATIQUE Fracture resulting

Buckling of a member involving lateral from a relatively high range resulting in a
deflection and twist. relatively small number has to failure.

LIMIT STATE A condition in which a LOWER BOUND LOAD A load computed

on the basis of an assumed equilibrium PLANE FRAME A structural system
moment diagram in which the moments are assumed for the purpose of analysis and
not greater than Mp, that is, less than or at design to be two-dimensional.
best equal to the true ultimate load.
PLASTIC ANALYSIS Determination of load
MECHANISM an articulated system able to effects (force, moment, and stress, as
deform without increase in load used in the appropriate) on members and connections
special sense that the linkage may include based on the assumption of rigid-plastic
real hinges or plastic hinges, or both. behavior, i.e., that equilibrium is satisfied
throughout the structure yield is not
MECHANISM METHOD A method of plastic exceeding anywhere. Second order effects
analysis in which equilibrium between may need to be considered.
external forces and internal plastic is
calculated on the basis of an assumed PLASTIC DESIGN SECTION The cross
mechanism. The failure load so determined section of a member which can maintain a
is an upper bound. full plastic moment through large rotations
so that a mechanism can develop; the
NOMINAL LOADS The magnitudes of the section suitable for plastic design.
loads specified by the applicable code.
PLASTIC HINGE, a yielded zone, which
NOMINAL STRENGTH The capacity of a forms in a structural member when the
structure or component to resist the effects plastic moment is attained. The beam is
of loads, as determined by computations assumed to rotate as if hinged, except that it
using specified material strengths and is strained by the plastic moment Mp.
dimensions and formulas derived from
accepted principle of structural mechanics, PLASTIC-LIMIT LOAD, The maximum load
or by field tests or laboratory tests of scaled that is attained when a sufficient number of
models, allowing for modeling effects and yield zones has formed to permit the
differences between laboratory and field structure to deform plasticity without further
conditions. increase in load. It is the largest load a
structure will support, when perfect plasticity
NONCOMPACT SECTION Non-compact is assumed and when such factors as
sections can develop yield stress in instability, second-order effects, strain
compression elements before local buckling hardening and fracture are neglected.
occurs, but will not resist inelastic local
buckling at strain levels required for a fully PLASTIC MODULUS, The section modulus
plastic stress distribution. of resistance, to bending of a completely
yielded cross-section. It is the combined
P-DELTA EFFECT Secondary effect of static moment about the neutral axis of the
column axial loads and deflection on the cross-sectional areas above and below that
moments in members. axis.

PANELS ZONE the zone in a beam-to- PLASTIC MOMENT The resisting moment
column connection that transmits moments of a fully yielded cross-section.
by a shear panel.
PLASTIC STRAIN the difference between
PARTIALLY COMPOSITE BEAM a total strain and elastic strain.
composite beam for which the shear
strength of shear connectors governs the PLASTIC ZONE the yielded region of a
flexural strength. member.
PLASTIFICATION the process of members under load.
successive yielding of fibers in the cross
section of a member as bending moment is ROOT OF THE FLANGE Location on the
increased. web of the corner radius termination point or
the toe of the flange-to-web weld. Measured
PLATE GIRDER A built-up structural beam. as the k-distance from the far side of the
flange.
POST BUCKLING STENGTH the load that
can be carried by an element, member or ROTATION CAPACITY The incremental
frame after buckling. angular rotation that a given shape can
accept prior to local failure defined as
REDISTRIBUTION OF MOMENT A process R=(9u/9p)-1. Where 9u is the overall
which results in the successive formation of rotation attained at the factored load state
plastic hinges so that less highly stressed and 9p is the idealized rotation
portions of a structure may carry increased corresponding to elastic theory applied to
moments. the case of M = Mp.
SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS based on
REQUIRED STRENGTH Load effect (force, second-order deformations, in which
moment, stress, as appropriate) acting on equilibrium conditions are formulated on the
an element or connection determined by deformed structure.
structural analysis from the factored loads
(using most appropriate critical load SERVICE LOAD expected to be supported
combinations). by the structure under normal usage; often
taken as the nominal load.
RESIDUAL STRESS the stress that SERVICIABILITY LIMIT STATE
remains in an unloaded member after it has Limiting condition affecting the ability of a
been formed into a finished product. structure to preserve its appearance,
(Examples of such stresses include, but are maintainability, durability or the comfort of
not limited to, those induced by cold its occupants or function of machinery under
bending, cooling after rolling, or welding.) normal usage.

RESISTANCE the capacity of a structure or SHAPE FACTOR the ratio of the plastic
component to resist the effects of loads. It is moment to the yield moment, or the ratio of
determined by computations using specified the plastic modulus to the section modulus
material strengths, dimensions and formulas for a cross-section.
derived from accepted principles of
structural mechanics, or by field tests or SHEAR-FRICTION Friction between the
laboratory tests of scaled models, allowing embedment and the concrete that transmits
for modeling effects and differences shear loads. The relative misplacement in
between laboratory and field conditions. the plane of the shear load is considered to
Resistance is a generic term that includes be resisted by shear-friction anchors located
both strength and serviceability limit states. perpendicular to the plane of the shear load.

RESISTANT FACTOR a factor that SHEAR LUGS Plates, welded studs, bolts
accounts for unavoidable deviations of the and other steel shapes that are embedded
actual strength from the nominal value and in the concrete and located transverse to
the manner and consequences of failure. the direction of the shear force and that
transmit shear loads introduced into the
RIGID FRAME a structure in which concrete by local bearing at the shear lug-
connections maintain the angular concrete interface.
relationship between beam and column
SHEAR WALL A wall that in its own plane
resists shear forces from applied wind, STIFFENER A member, usually an angle or
earthquake or other loads or provides frame plate, attached to a plate or web of a beam
stability. Also called structural wall. or girder to distribute load, to transfer shear
or to prevent buckling of the member to
SIDEWAYS The lateral movement of a which it is attached.
structure under the action of lateral loads,
unsymmetrical vertical loads or STIFFNESS The resistance to deformation
unsymmetrical properties of the structure. of a member or structure measured by the
ratio of the applied force to the
SIDEWAYS BUCKLING the buckling mode corresponding displacement.
of a multistory precipitated by the relative
lateral displacements of joints, leading to STORY DRIFT the difference in horizontal
failure by sideways of the frame. deflection at the top and bottom of a story.

STRAIN HARDENING Phenomenon

SINGLE CURVATURE A deformed shape wherein ductile steel, after undergoing
of a member having one smooth continuous considerable deformation at or just above
arc, as opposed to double curvature, which yield point, exhibits the capacity to resist
contains a reversal. substantially higher loading than that which
caused initial yielding.
SLENDER SECTION the cross sections of STRAIN-HARDENING STRAIN for
a member which will experience local structural steels that have a flat (plastic)
buckling in the elastic range. region in the stress-strain relationship, the
value of the strain at the onset of strain
SLENDERNESS RATIO the ratio of the hardening.
effective length of a column to the radius of
gyration of the column, both with respect to STRENGTH DESIGN method of
the same axis of bending. proportioning structural members using load
factors and resistance factors such that no
SLIP-CRITICAL LOAD A bolt joints in applicable limit state is exceeded (also
which the slip resistance of the connection called load and resistance factor design).
is required.
STRENGTH LIMIT STRAIGHT limiting
SPACE FRAME A three-dimensional conditions affecting the safety of the
structural framework (as contrasted to a structure, in which the ultimate load-carrying
plane frame). capacity is reached.

SPLICE the connection between two STRESS Force per unit area.
structural elements joined at their ends to STRESS CONCENTRATION Localized
form a single, longer element. stress considerably higher than average
(even in uniformly loaded cross sections of
STABILITY-LIMIT LOAD Maximum uniform thickness) due to abrupt changes in
(theoretical) loads a structure can support geometry or localized loading.
when second-order instability effects are
included. STRONG AXIS The major principal axis of
a cross-section.
STEPPED-COLUMN A column with
changes from one cross section to another STRCTURAL DESIGN DOCS. Documents
occurring at abrupt points within the length prepared by the designer (plans, design
of the column. details and job specifications).
 applied to the wrench torque required
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM An assemblage of producing specified pre-tension in high-
load-carrying components which are joined strength bolts.
together to provide regular interaction or
interdependence. TURN-OF-NUT METHOD Procedure
whereby the specified pre-tension in high-
STUB COLUMN short compression-test strength bolts is controlled by rotation of the
specimen, long enough for use in wrench a predetermined 'amount after the
measuring the stress-strain relationship for nut has been tightened to a snug fit.
the complete cr06s-section but short
enough to avoid buckling as a column in the UNBRACED FRAME a frame in which the
elastic and plastic ranges. resistance to lateral load is provided by the
bending resistance of frame members and
SUBASSEMBLAGE a truncated portion of their connections.
a structural frame.
SUPPORTED COLUMN a frame which UNBRACED LENGTH distance between
depends upon adjacent braced or unbraced braced points of a member, measured
frames for resistance to lateral load or frame between the centers of gravity of the
instability. (This transfer of load is frequently bracing members.
provided by the floor or roof system through UNDERCUT a notch resulting from the
diaphragm action or by horizontal cross melting and removal of base metal at the
bracing in the roof). edge of a weld.

TANGENT MODULUS at any given stress UNIVERSAL-MILL PLATE a plate in which

level, the slope of the stress-strain curve of the longitudinal edges has been formed by
a material in the inelastic range as a rolling process during manufacture.
determined by the compression test of a Often abbreviated as UM plate.
small specimen under controlled conditions.
UPPER BOUND LOAD a load computed on
TEMPORARY STRUCTURE a general term the basis of an assumed mechanism which
for anything that is built or constructed will always be at best equal to or greater
(usually to carry construction loads) that will than the true ultimate load.
eventually be removed before or after
completion of construction and does not V-BRACING that form of chevron bracing
become part of the permanent structural that intersects a beam from above and
system. inverted V-bracing is that form of chevron
bracing that intersects a beam from below.
TENSILE STRENGTH the maximum tensile
stress that a material is capable of VERTICAL BRACING SYSTEM a system
sustaining. of shear walls, braced frames or both,
extending throughout one or more floors of
TENSION FIELD ACTION the behavior of a building.
a plate girder panel under shear force in
which diagonal tensile stresses develop in WARPING TORSION that portions of the
the web and compressive forces develop in total resistance to torsion that is provided by
the transverse stiffeners in a manner resistance to warping of the cross section.
analogous to a Pratt truss.
WEAK AXIS the minor principal axis of a
TOE OF THE FILLET Termination point of cross-section.
fillet weld or of rolled section fillet.
TORQUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP Term WEATHERING STEEL A type of high-
strength, low-alloy steel which can be used 6 - WOOD
in normal environments (not marine) and
outdoor exposures without protective paint
covering. This steel develops tight adherent SECTION 602 - DEFINITION
rust at a decreasing rate with respect to
time. The following terms used in this chapter
shall have the meanings indicated in this
WEB BUCKLING the buckling of a web section:
plate.
BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM is a diaphragm in
WEB CRIPPLING the local failure of a web which all sheathing edges not occurring on
plate in the immediate vicinity of a framing members are supported on and
concentrated load or reaction. connected to blocking.
WORKING LOAD also called service load.
The actual load assumed to be acting on CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME
the structure. CONSTRUCTION is a type of construction
whose primary structural elements are
X-BRACING that form of bracing where a formed by a system of repetitive wood-
pair of diagonal braces cross near mid- framing members.
length of the bracing members.
DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly
YIELD MOMENT in a member subjected to horizontal system acting to transmit lateral
bending, the moment at which an outer fiber forces to the vertical resisting elements.
first attains the yield stress. When the term "diaphragm” is used, it
includes horizontal bracing systems.
YIELD PLATEAU the portion of the stress-
FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted,
strain curve for uniaxial tension or
homogeneous panel made from
compression in which the stress remains
lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or crane)
essentially constant during a period of
having a density of less than 497 kg/m3 but
substantially increased strain.
more than 160 kg/m3.
YIELD POINT the first stress in a material at
which an increase in strain occurs without
an increase in stress, the yield point less GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS are
than the maximum attainable stress. structural elements, the sections of which
are composed of built-up lumber, wood
YIELD STRENGTH the stress at which a structural panels or wood structural panels
material exhibits a specified limiting in combination with lumber, all parts bonded
deviation from the proportionality of stress together with adhesive.
to strain. Deviation expressed in terms of
strain. GRADE (Lumber), the classification of
lumber in regard to strength and utility in
YIELD STRESS Yield point, yield strength accordance with the grading rules of an
or yield-stress level as defined. approved lumber grading agency.

YIELD STRESS LEVEL he average stress HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted,

during yielding in the plastic range, the homogeneous panel made from
stress determined in a tension test when the lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under
strain reaches 0.005 mm per mm. heat and pressure in a hot press to a
density not less than 497 kg/m3.
NOMINAL SIZE (Lumber), the commercial
size designation of width' and depth, in Decay resistant: Narra, Kamagong, Dao,
standard sawn lumber grades; somewhat Tangile.
larger than the standard net size of dressed Termite resistant: Narra, Kamagong.
lumber. In accordance to Philippine National
Standards (PNS). WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL is a
structural panel product composed primarily
NORMAL LOADING, a design load that of wood and in meeting the requirements of
stressed a member or fastening to the full Philippine National Standards (PNS).
allowable stress tabulated in this chapter. Wood structural panels include all-veneer
This loading may be applied for plywood, composite panels containing a
approximately 10 years, either continuously combination of veneer and wood-base
or cumulatively, and 90 percent of this load material, and mat-formed panel such as
may be applied for the remainder of the life oriented stranded board and wafer board.
of the member or fastening.

PARTICLEBOARD is a manufactured panel 7-MASONRY

product lifting of particles of wood or
combinations of wood fibers and wood The materials, design, construction and
fibers bonded together with synthetic or quality assurance of masonry shall be in
other suitable bonding system by as accordance with this chapter.
bonding process, in accordance with
approved nationally recognized standard. DESIGN METHODS

PLYWOOD is a panel of laminated veneers Masonry shall comply with the provisions of
conforming to Philippine National standards one of the following design methods in this
(PNS) "Construction and Industrial chapter as well as the requirements of
Plywood" and UBC Standard 23-3, Sections 701 through 705.
"Performance for Wood-based Structural-
Use Panels".  Working Stress Design. Masonry
designed by the working stress design
ROTATION is the torsional movement of a method shall comply with the provisions
diaphragm about a vertical axis. of Sections 706 and 707.
SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger  Strength Design. Masonry designed by
wood diaphragm designed to anchor and the strength design method shall comply
transfer local forces to primary diaphragm with the provisions of Sections 706 and
struts and the main diaphragm. 708.
TREATED WOOD is wood treated with an  Empirical Design. Masonry designed
approved preservative under treating and by the empirical design method shall
quality control procedures. comply with the provisions Sections
706.1 and 709.
WOOD OF NATURAL RESISTANCE TO
DECAY OR TERMITES is the heartwood of  Glass Masonry. Glass masonry shall
the species set forth, corner sapwood is comply with the Provisions of Section
permitted on 5 percent of the pieces 710.
provided 90 percent or more of the width of
each on which it occurs is heartwood.
Recognized species are:
DEFINITIONS
COLUMN, REINFORCED, is a vertical
For the purpose of this chapter, certain structural member in which both the
terms are defined as lows: reinforcement and masonry resist
AREAS: compression.

BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface COLUMN, UNREINFORCED, is a vertical

of masonry, which is in contact with mortar structural member whose horizontal
in plane of the joint. dimension measured at right angles to the
thickness does not exceed three times the
EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT thickness.
is the cross-sectional area of reinforcement
multiplied by the cosine of the angle DIMENSIONS:
between the reinforcement and the direction
for which effective area is to be determined. ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured
dimensions of a designated item. The actual
GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional dimension shall not vary from the specified
area of a lined section. dimension by more than amount allowed in
NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional the appropriate standard of quality in
area minus the area-ungrouted cores, Section 702.
notches, cells and unbedded areas. Net
area is the actual surface area of cross NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units
section of masonry. are equal to its specified dimensions plus
the thickness of the joint with which the unit
TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent is laid.
area of one material to a second based on
the ratio of moduli of elasticity of the first SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the
material to the second. dimensions specified for the manufacture or
construction of masonry, masonry units,
BOND: joints or any other component of a structure.

ADHESION BOND is the adhesion between GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout

masonry units and mortar or grout. height within the total grout pour.

REINFORCING BOND is the adhesion GROUT POUR is the total height of

between steel reinforcement and mortar or masonry wall to be grouted prior to the
grout. erection of additional masonry. A grout pour
will consist of one or more grout lifts.
BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted
element within masonry in which GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is
reinforcement is embedded. that form of grouted masonry construction in
which certain designated cells of hollow
CELL is a void space having a gross cross- units are continuously filled with grout.
sectional area greater than 967 mm2.
GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is
CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of that form of grouted masonry construction in
a grout space of sufficient size and spacing which the space between the wythes is
to allow the removal of debris. solidly or periodically filled with grout.

COLLAR JOINT is the mortared or grouted

space between wythes of masonry.
JOINTS: ties.

BED JOINT is the mortar joint that is WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener
horizontal at the time masonry units is which connects wythes of masonry to each
placed. other or to other materials.
I
HEAD JOINT is the mortar joint having a WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollow-
vertical transverse plane. masonry unit as placed in masonry.

WYTHE is the portion of a wall, which is one

MASONRY UNIT is brick, tile, stone, glass masonry unit in thickness. A collar joint is
block or concrete block conforming to the not considered a wythe.
requirements specified in Section 702.

HOLLOW-MASONRY UNIT is a masonry

unit whose net cross-sectional areas (solid
area) in any plane parallel to the surface
containing cores, cells or deep frogs is less
than 75 percent of its gross cross-sectional
area measured in the same plane.

SOLID-MASONRY UNIT is a masonry unit

whose net cross-sectional area in any plane
parallel to the surface containing the cores
or cells at least 75 percent of the gross
cross-sectional area measured in the same
plane.

PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units

and mortar with or without grout used as a
test specimen for determining property
masonry.

REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of

masonry construction in which
reinforcement acting in conjunction with
masonry is used to resist forces.

SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow

masonry unit as placed in masonry.

WALLS:

BONDED WALL is a masonry wall in which

two or more wythes are bonded to act as a
structural unit.

CAVITY WALL is a wall containing

continuous air space with a minimum width
of 51 mm and a maximum width of 114 mm
between wythes which are tied with metal