CS6306 – SOM 2 Marks

UNIT - 1
STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS

1. Define tensile stress and tensile strain.

The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and opposite pulls, as a result of
which there is an increase in length, is known as tensile stress. The ratio of increase in length
to the original length is known as tensile strain.

2. Define compressive stress and compressive strain.

The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and opposite pushes, as a result of
which there is a decrease in length, is known as compressive stress. The ratio of increase in
length to the original length is known as compressive strain.

3. Define shear stress and shear strain.

The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and opposite forces, which are
acting tangentially across the resisting section as a result of which the body tends to shear off
across the section is known as shear stress and corresponding strain is known as shear strain.

4. Give example for ductile, brittle and malleable materials.

Ductile materials steel, copper
Brittle materials wrought iron
Malleable materials cast iron

5. Define Poisson’s ratio

The ratio of lateral strain to the linear strain is a constant for a given material, when the
material is stressed within the elastic limit. This ratio is Poisson’s ratio and it is
generally Poisson’s ratio

6. Write the relationship between modulus of elasticity, modulus of rigidity and

Poisson’s ratio?
The relationship between modulus of elasticity, modulus of rigidity and Poisson’s ratio is
given by E= 2C (1+μ)

E=Modulus of elasticity
C=Modulus of rigidity
μ= Poisson’s Ratio

7. State Hooke’s law.

Hooke’s law is stated as when a material is loaded within elastic limit, the stress is
proportional to the strain produced by stress, or Stress/strain=constant. This constant is
termed as modulus of elasticity.

8. Define stress and strain.

Stress: The force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation is known
as stress.
Strain: The ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension when subjected to an
external load is termed as strain and is denoted by e. It has no unit.
9. Define modulus of rigidity
The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shear strain when the stress is within the elastic
limit is known as modulus of rigidity or shear modulus and is denoted by C or G or N

10. Define modulus of elasticity.

The ratio of tensile stress or compressive stress to the corresponding strain is known as
modulus of elasticity or young’s modulus and is denoted by E.

11. Define Bulk modulus.

When a body is subjected to an uniform direct stress in all the three mutually Perpendicular
directions, the ratio of the direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain is found to be a
constant is called as the bulk modulus of the material and is denoted by K.

12. Define factor of safety

It is defined as the ultimate stress to the working stress or permissible stress.

13. Give the relationship between modulus of elasticity, bulk modulus and poison’s
ratio?

E=3K (1-2 μ)
Where
E = Young’s modulus
K = Bulk modulus

14. What is stability?

The stability may be defined as an ability of a material to withstand high load without
deformation.

15. Give example for gradually applied load and suddenly applied load.

Example for gradually applied load

When we lower a body with the help of a crane, the body first touches the platform on which
it is to be placed. On further releasing the chain, the platform goes on loading till it is fully
loaded by the body. This is the case of gradually applied load.

Example for suddenly applied load

When we lower a body with the help of a crane, the body is first of all, just above the
platform on which it is to be placed. If the chain breaks at once at this moment the whole
load of the body begins to act on the platform. This is the case of suddenly applied load.

16. What is resilience?

The strain energy stored by the body within elastic limit, when loaded externally is called
resilience.

17. Define strain energy.

Strain energy is the energy absorbed or stored by a member when work is done on it to
deform it.
18. Distinguish between suddenly applied and impact load.
When the load is applied all of a sudden and not step wise is called is suddenly applied load.
The load which falls from a height or strike and body with certain momentum is called
falling or impact load..

19. Define proof resilience?

The maximum strain energy stored in a body up to elastic limit is known as proof resilience.

20. Define strain energy density.

Strain energy density as the maximum strain energy stored in a material within the elastic
limit per unit volume. It is also known as modulus of resilience.

UNIT-2
TRANSVERSE LOADING ON BEAMS AND STRESSES IN BEAM

1. What are the different types of beams?

1. Cantilever beam: A beam which is fixed at one end and at the other end is known as
cantilever beam.
2. Simply supported beam: A beam supported or resting freely on the supports at its both
ends is known as simply supported beam
3. Fixed beam: A beam whose both end are fixed or built-in walls is known as fixed beam.
4. Overhanging beam: if the end portion of a beam is extended beyond the support is
known as overhanging beam.
5. Continuous beam: A beam which is having more than two supports is known as
continuous beam

2. Name the various types of load.

1. concentrated load or point load
2. Uniformly load
3. Uniformly distributed load

3. Define shear force at a section of a beam.

The algebraic sum of the vertical force at any section of a beam to the right or left of the
section is known as shear force.

4. Define bending moment at a section of a beam.

The algebraic sum of the moments of all the force acting to the right or left of the section is
known as bending of the beam.

5. What is meant by point of contraflexure?

It is the point where the bending moment is zero where it change sign from positive to
negative or vice –versa.
1. concentrated load or point load
2. Uniformly load
3. Uniformly distributed load

6. Mention the different types of supports?

1. Fixed support
2. Hinged support
3. Roller support
7. State the relationship between the load and shear force.
The rate of the change of shear force is equal to the loading = -W

8. State the relationship between shear force and bending moment.

The rate of change of bending is equal to the shear force at the section. = F

9. What will be the shape of bending moment and shear force diagrams
for different types of load.

Types of load S.F.D BM.D

Point load Rectangle Triangle

Uniformly Varying load Second degree curve Third degree curve

Uniformly distributed Triangle Second degree

load curve

10. Define clear span and effective span.

The horizontal distance between the supporting walls is called the clear span of the beam.
The horizontal distance between the lines of action of end –reaction is called effective span.

11. What is section modulus?

The ratio of Moment of Inertia of a section about the neutral axis to the distance of the outer
most layer from the neutral axis is known as Section Modulus. It is denoted by Z.

12. What is moment of resistance?

The couple produced in a flexural member due to internal forces is called as moment of
resistance.

13. State the theory of simple bending?

If a length of a beam is subjected to a constant bending moment and no share force (i.e. zero
shear force) then the stresses will be set up in that length of the beam due to B.M. only and
that length of the beam is said to be in pure bending or simple bending. The stresses set up in
that length of beam are known as bending stress.

14. Write the bending equation?

Where
M = bending moment
σ = bending stress
I = moment of inertia about N.A.
Y = distance of the fibre from N.A.
R = radius of curvature
E = young’s modulus of beam
15. What are the assumptions made in the theory of simple bending?
1. The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous and isotropic.
2. The beam material is stressed, within its elastic limit and thus obeys Hooke’s law.
3. The transverse sections, which were plane before bending, remain plane after bending also.
4. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independently, of the layer, above or
below it.

16. A cantilever beam of span 3 m carries a point load of 10 kN at the free end. What is
the value of support moment?
The value of support moment = 3 X10 = 30 kNm

17. Define neutral axis of a cross section

The line of intersection of the neutral surface on a cross-section is called the neutral axis of a
cross-section. There is no stress at the axis.

UNIT-3 TORSION
1. Define torsion
A shaft is said to be in torsion, when equal and opposite torques are applied at the two ends of
the shaft. The torque is equal to the product of the force applied (tangentially to the ends of a
shaft) and radius of the shaft.

2. What are the assumptions made in the theory of torsion?

(I) The material of the shaft is uniform throughout.
(ii) The twist along the shaft is uniform.
(iii) Normal cross sections of the shaft, which were plane and circular before twist, remain
plane and circular after twist.
(iv) All diameters of the normal cross section which were straight before twist, remain
straight with their magnitude unchanged, after twist.

3. Write torsional equation.

T τ Gθ
= =
J r L
Where, T = Torque,
J= Polar Moment of Inertia
τ= Shear Stress
r= Radius of section
G= Shear modulus
θ= Angle of twist
L=length of shaft

4. Write the expression for power transmitted by a shaft.

P=2πNT/60 Watts
Where N--- speed of the shaft in rpm
T—Mean torque transmitted in Nm
P---- Power

5. Define polar modulus.

Polar modulus is defined as the ratio of the polar moment of inertia to the radius of the shaft.
6. Define torsional rigidity
Torsional rigidity is the product of torque transmitted by shaft and the polar moment of
inertia.

7. Why hollow circular shafts are preferred when compared to solid circular shafts?

Comparison by strength;
The torque transmitted by the hollow shaft is greater than the solid shaft, thereby hollow shaft
is stronger than the solid shaft.

Comparison by weight:
For the same material, length and given torque, weight of a hollow shaft will be less. So,
hollow shafts are economical when compared to solid shafts, when torque is acting.

8. Distinguish between close and open helical coil springs.

If the angle of the helix of the coil is so small that the bending effects can be neglected, then
the spring is called a closed–coiled spring. Close –coiled spring is a torsion spring. The pitch
between two adjacent turns is small. If the slope of the helix of the coil is quite appreciable
then both the bending as well as torsional shear stresses are introduced in the spring, then the
spring is called open coiled spring.

9. Define stiffness of a spring? In what unit it is measured?

Stiffness of a spring is defined as load per unit deflection. It is denoted by K and unit is
N/mm.

10. What is a spring? State various types of spring.

Springs are elastic members which distort under load and regain their original shape when
load is removed.
Types of springs:
1. Helical springs
a. Closed-coiled spring b. open-coiled helical spring
2. Leaf spring
a. full-elliptic b.semi elliptic ,c. cantilever
3. Torsion spring
4. Circular spring

11. State the types of stresses when a closed-coiled spring is subjected to 1. Axial load
2. Axial twisting moment?
1. Axial load: torsion (neglecting the effects of bending and direct shear)
2. Axial twisting moment: pure bending

12. What kind of stress introduced when an axial load acts on a close and open coiled
spring.
Close coiled helical spring —shear stress
Open coiled helical spring —bending stress shear stress
 UNIT 4
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

1. Write the maximum value of deflection for a cantilever beam of length of length L,
constant EI and carrying concentrated load W at the end.
Maximum deflection at the end of a cantilever due to the load =WL3/3El

2. Write the maximum value of deflection for a simply supported beam of a length L,
constant EI and carrying a central concentrated load W.
Maximum deflection at a mid span of simply supported beam due to a central load
y=WL3/48EI

3.Write the value of fixed end moment for a fixed beam of span L and constant EI
carrying central concentrated load W.
Fixed end moment due to central concentrated load y=WL3/192EI

4. What are the different methods used for finding deflection and slope of beams?
(i) Double integration method
(ii) Mecaulay’s method
(iii) Strain energy method
(iv) Moment area method
(v) Unit load method

5. State the two theorems in moment area method.

Mohr’s Theorem-I: the angle between tangents at any two points A and B on the bend beam
is equal to total area of the corresponding position of the bending moment diagram divided
by EI.
Mohr’s Theorem-II: The deviation of B from the tangent at A is equal to the statically
moment of the B.M.D. area between A and B with respect to B divided by EI.

6. Write the differential equation of deflection of a bent beam.

d2 y
EI =Mx
dx 2
Where Mx = B.M. at the section x - x
EI = Flexural rigidity

7. What is meant by elastic curve?

The deflected shape of a beam under load is called elastic curve of the beam, within elastic
limit.

8. When Macaulay’s method is preferred?

This method is preferred for determining the deflections of a beam subjected to several
concentrated loads or a discontinuous load.

9. What are the boundary conditions for a simply supported end?

The boundary conditions for a simply supported end beam are:
(i) Deflection at the support is zero.
(ii) Slop exists at all points except at the point where deflection is maximum.
(iii) Bending moment is zero at the support.
10. What are the boundary conditions for a fixed end?
Both deflection and slope at the fixed support are zero.

11. What is meant by Double-Integration method?

Double-integration method is a method of finding deflection and slope of a bent beam. In this
method the differential equation of curvature of bent beam, EI = M is integrated once to get
slope and twice to get deflection. Here the constants of integration C1 and C2 are evaluated
from known boundary conditions.

12. Define the term slope.

Slope at any point on the bent beam is the angle through which the tangent at that point
makes with the horizontal.

13. What is meant by deflection of beams?

When a flexural member is subjected to transverse loads, the longitudinal axis of the beam
deviates from its original position because of the bending of the beam. This deviation at any
cross section is called as deflection.

14. When do you prefer Moment Area Method?

Even though the moment area method can be used for problems on slopes and deflections, it
is convenient to use this method for the following types of problems (with varying cross-
section)
(i) Cantilever beams
(ii) Simply supported beams carrying symmetrical loading
(iii) Beams fixed at both ends.

15. What is meant by determinate beams?

The beams whose external reacts can be determined with the help of equations of static
equilibrium alone are called determinate beams.

16. What is meant by indeterminate beams?

The beams whose support reactions cannot be obtained with the help of static equations of
equilibrium alone are called indeterminate beams.

17. Give examples for determinate and indeterminate beams

Determinate beams: cantilever and simply supported beams
Indeterminate beams: fixed end beams, continuous beams and propped cantilever beams.

UNIT 5
THIN CYLINDERS, SPHERES AND THICK CYLINDERS

1. When do you call a cylinder as a thin cylinder?

A cylinder is called a thin cylinder when the ratio of wall thickness to diameter of cylinder is
less than 1/20.

2. In thin cylinder will radial stress vary over thickness of wall?

No, radial stress will be constant since the wall thickness is very small as compared to
diameter of cylinder.

3. What is the ratio of circumferential stress to hoop stress of a thin cylinder?

The ratio of circumferential stress to hoop stress is 2.

4. What is the maximum principal stress in thin cylinder?

It is the circumferential stress which is maximum.

5. What is the maximum shear stress in a thin cylinder?

6. What is the hoop stress due to internal pressure p in thin cylinder?

Hoop Stress,

7. What is the expression for longitudinal stress due to internal pressure in thin
cylinder?
Longitudinal Stress,

8. For thin cylinder write the expression for volumetric strain.

Volumetric Strain,

9. Distinguish between thin cylinder and thick cylinder.

Thin cylinder Thick cylinder

Ratio of wall thickness to diameter Ratio of wall thickness to diameter
of cylinder is less than 1/20. of cylinder is more than 1/20
Circumferential stress is assumed Circumferential stress varies from
to be constant throughout wall inner to outer wall thickness
thickness

10. Distinguish cylindrical shell and spherical shell

Cylindrical shell Spherical shell

Circumferential stress is twice that Only hoop stress is present
of longitudinal stress
It withstands low pressure than It withstands more pressure than
spherical shell for the same cylindrical shell for the same
diameter diameter.