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    The Identification of Lattice Planes

    Uploaded by

    Mahr Udi
    The document discusses the identification and spacing of lattice planes in crystal structures. It introduces Miller indices, which provide a convenient notation for labeling planes. Miller indices (hkl) are the reciprocals of the intersection distances of planes with the lattice axes. The spacing or separation between parallel planes can be calculated using formulas that involve the Miller indices and lattice parameters. For example, the separation between {hk0} planes in a cubic lattice is given by 1/(h^2+k^2)^1/2. The document provides an example calculation of plane separations in an orthorhombic unit cell.

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    The Identification of Lattice Planes

    Uploaded by

    Mahr Udi
    154 views4 pages
    The document discusses the identification and spacing of lattice planes in crystal structures. It introduces Miller indices, which provide a convenient notation for labeling planes. Miller indices (hkl) are the reciprocals of the intersection distances of planes with the lattice axes. The spacing or separation between parallel planes can be calculated using formulas that involve the Miller indices and lattice parameters. For example, the separation between {hk0} planes in a cubic lattice is given by 1/(h^2+k^2)^1/2. The document provides an example calculation of plane separations in an orthorhombic unit cell.

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    The document discusses the identification and spacing of lattice planes in crystal structures. It introduces Miller indices, which provide a convenient notation for labeling planes. Miller indices (hkl) are the reciprocals of the intersection distances of planes with the lattice axes. The spacing or separation between parallel planes can be calculated using formulas that involve the Miller indices and lattice parameters. For example, the separation between {hk0} planes in a cubic lattice is given by 1/(h^2+k^2)^1/2. The document provides an example calculation of plane separations in an orthorhombic unit cell.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    154 views4 pages

    The Identification of Lattice Planes

    Uploaded by

    Mahr Udi
    The document discusses the identification and spacing of lattice planes in crystal structures. It introduces Miller indices, which provide a convenient notation for labeling planes. Miller indices (hkl) are the reciprocals of the intersection distances of planes with the lattice axes. The spacing or separation between parallel planes can be calculated using formulas that involve the Miller indices and lattice parameters. For example, the separation between {hk0} planes in a cubic lattice is given by 1/(h^2+k^2)^1/2. The document provides an example calculation of plane separations in an orthorhombic unit cell.

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    The identification of lattice planes

    The spacing of the planes of lattice points in a crystal is an important quantitative

    aspect ofits structure. Two-dimensional lattices and three-dimensional lattices

    (a) The Miller indices

    Consider a two-dimensional rectangular lattice formed from a unit cell of sides a, b (as in Fig. 20.9)
    For example, we could denote the four sets in the illustration as (1a,lb), (1a,tb), (-la,lb), and (ooa,lb).
    The presence of fractions and infinity in the labels is inconvenient. They can be eliminated by taking
    the reciprocals of the labels. As we shall see, taking reciprocals turns out to have further advantages.
    The Miller indices, (hkl), are the reciprocals of intersection distances (with fractions cleared by
    multiplying through by an appro-priate factor, if taking the reciprocal results in a fraction). For
    example, the (1,1,00) planes in Fig. 20.9a are the (1l0) planes in the Miller notation. Similarly, the
    (1,t,00) planes are denoted (230). Negative indices are written with a bar over the number, and Fig.
    20.9c shows the (110) planes. The Miller indices for the four sets of planes in Fig. 20.9 are therefore
    (1l0), (230), (110), and (010). Figure 20.10 shows a three- dimensional representation of a selection
    of planes, including one in a lattice with

    non-orthogonal axes.

    The notation (hkl) denotes an individual plane. To specify a set of parallel planes we

    use the notation {hkl}. Thus, we speak of the (110) plane in a lattice, and the set of all

    {110} planes that lie parallel to the (110) plane. A helpful feature to remember is that,

    the smaller the absolute value of h in {hkl}, the more nearly parallel the set of planes is

    to the a axis (the {hOO} planes are an exception). The same is true of k and the b axis

    and I and the c axis. When h = 0, the planes intersect the a axis at infinity, so the {Okl}
    (111 )

    (111 )

    Fig.20.10 Some representative planes in

    three dimensions and their Miller indices.

    Note that a 0 indicates that a plane is

    parallel to the corresponding axis, and that

    the indexing may also be used for unit cells

    with non-orthogonal axes.

    20.2 THE IDENTIFICATION OF LATTICE PLANES 70]

    planes are parallel to the a axis. Similarly, the {h01} planes are parallel to b and the

    {hkO} planes are parallel to c.

    (b) The separation of planes

    The Miller indices are very useful for expressing the separation of planes. The separa-

    tion of the {hkO} planes in the square lattice shown in Fig. 20.11 is given by

    hZ+k2

    or d -

    "kG - (h2 + k Z )1/Z

    (20.1)

    d;.kO a 2

    By extension to three dimensions, the separation of the {hk1} planes of a cubic lattice

    is given by

    h2+k2+12

    (20.2)
    a

    or d =

    /tkl (hz + kZ + {2) 1/Z

    dT.kl

    a-

    The corresponding expression for a general orthorhombic lattice is the generalization

    of this expression:

    1h2k212

    -=-+-+-

    dT.kl a 2 b 2 2

    (20.3 )

    Example 20.1 Using the Miller indices

    Calculate the separation of (a) the {123} planes and (b) the {246} planes of an

    orthorhombic unit cell with a = 0.82 nm, b = 0.94 nm, and c = 0.75 nm.

    Method For the first part, simply substitute the information into eqn 20.3. For the

    second part, instead of repeating the calculation, note that if all three Miller indices

    are multiplied by n, then their separation is reduced by that factor (Fig. 20.12):

    _ (nh? + (nk)2 + (n1? =n2 ( h2 + k Z + ) =

    d 2 Z b 2 Z 2 b 22 d 2

    n/t,nk,nl a cae "kl

    which implies that

    d"kl

    d l1 ",l1k,l1l=-

    Answer Substituting the indices into eqn 20.3 gives

    1
    lZ2z32

    ? + + - 0.22 nm- 2

    (0.82 nm)- (0.94 nm)2 (0.75 nm?

    di23

    Hence, d l23 = 0.21 nm. It then follows immediately that d 246 is one-half this value,

    or 0.11 nm.

    A note on good practice It is always sensible to look for analytical relations

    between quantities rather than to evaluate expressions numerically each time for

    that emphasizes the relations between quantities (and avoids unnecessary work).

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