NOTE MAKING 8 MARKS

Note making is a useful skill which comes in handy not only in attempting
questions but also in preparing you for life. Notes help you in the following
ways:
ž Notes help you to remember the information you have gathered.
ž Notes come in handy for making quick revision before exams.
ž Lengthy lessons can be condensed in to short relevant pieces by making
notes.
ž Notes help in understanding the texts better.
How to make notes

Step You are required to read the passage to get a gist of the passage, to know
1- what it is all about, or what the theme is.
Step The main idea or the central theme of the passage should be found out.
2-
Step The important points related to the main theme are noted.
3-
Step Add the sub-points which supplement the main points. There is no need
4- to include examples in the notes.
Step Pay attention to the way you would like to present the notes. There is a
5- proper format for note making. You have to follow it & make your notes
in the proper format.
Step Use abbreviations wherever necessary.
6-
Step Use proper indentation to present the notes as shown here (use either or
7- the two given below.)
Heading/Title
1 _____________________________________
1.1 ……………………………………….
1.2 ……………………………………….
1.3 ……………………………………….
2
2.1 ……………………………………….
2.2 ……………………………………….
2.3 ……………………………………….
3. _____________________________________
3.1 ……………………………………….
3.2 ……………………………………….
3.3 ……………………………………….
4.
4.1 ……………………………………….
4.2 ……………………………………….
4.3 ……………………………………….
Note :-
The points are numbered in different ways, but numbering should be
consistent. Complete sentences should not be written.

Abbreviation and symbols used :-

(a) Abbreviation helps in writing the information briefly. The following are
some of the ways in which you can use abbreviations.

1) Capitalized initial information:-

E.g. U.N. for United Nation M.L.A. B.Sc M.P. U.S.A.

2) Taking the first two letters of the words :-

Sc. Science
Pract Practical
Edu Education

3) Takings the first and the last two letters of the word:-
rdng Reading
admn Administration
pds Periods
rg Regarding
4) Symbol that are universally recognized:-
E.g : Therefore
E.g : For example
5) Arithmetic symbol--
% percentage
+ ive Positive
<> greater than or less than
 Summary writing:-

ž These notes should be linked with each other in a proper sequence to form
a summary
ž Use third person indirect speech and the past tense wherever possible.
ž It should be short/brief and to the point. Write the summary with the help
of the notes you have already made.

Marking Scheme of Note making

Notes 04 [Marks]
Title 01[Marks]
Summary 03[Marks]

Note:- If notes are not given, then no separate marks for summary will be given.

Read the following passage carefully:-

1 The work of the heart can never be interrupted The heart’s job is to keep
oxygen rich blood flowing through the body. All the body’s cells need a constant
supply of Oxygen, especially those in the brain. The brain cells live only four to
five minutes after their oxygen is cut off, and death comes to the entire body.
2 The heart is a specialized muscle that serves as a pump. This pump is
divided into four chambers connected by tiny doors called valves. The chambers
work to keep the blood flowing round the body in a circle.
3 At the end of each circuit, veins carry the blood to the right atrium, the
first of the four chambers 2/5 oxygen by then is used up and it is on its way back
to the lung to pick up a fresh supply and to give up the carbon dioxide it has
accumulated. From the right atrium the blood flows through the tricuspid valve
into the second chamber, the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts when it
is filled, pushing the blood through the pulmonary artery, which leads to the
lungs – in the lungs the blood gives up its carbon dioxide and picks up fresh
oxygen. Then it travels to the third chamber the left atrium. When this chamber
is filled it forces the blood through a valve to the left ventricle. From here it is
pushed into a big blood vessel called aorta and sent round the body by way of
arteries.
 4 Heart disease can result from any damage to the heart muscle, the valves
or the pacemaker. If the muscle is damaged, the heart is unable to pump
properly. If the valves are damaged blood cannot flow normally and easily from
one chamber to another, and if the pacemaker is defective, the contractions of the
chambers will become un-coordinated.
5 Until the twentieth century, few doctors dared to touch the heart. In 1953
all this changed after twenty years of work, Dr. John Gibbon in the USA had
developed a machine that could take over temporarily from the heart and lungs.
Blood could be routed through the machine bypassing the heart so that surgeons
could work inside it and see what they were doing. The era of open heart surgery
had begun.
6 In the operating theatre, it gives surgeons the chance to repair or replace a
defective heart. Many people have had plastic valves inserted in their hearts
when their own was faulty. Many people are being kept alive with tiny battery
operated pacemakers; none of these repairs could have been made without the
heart – lung machine. But valuable as it is to the surgeons, the heart lung
machine has certain limitations. It can be used only for a few hours at a time
because its pumping gradually damages the bloods cells.
Q On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it,
using headings & Sub headings. Use recognizable abbreviations wherever
necessary (minimum 4). Use a format you consider suitable. Supply an
appropriate title to it.

Solution / Hints
Title:- Working of Heart
Notes:-
1 Function of Heart
1.1Vital for living (i) never stops wrkg.
1.2Supplies oxygen rich blood to diff. Parts of the body.
2. Structure of the heart
2.1div. 4 chambers connected by valves
2.2Blood purified in the lungs.
2.3Arteries carry pure blood to diff. parts of body.
Iii Heart disease – cause
a) Weak muscles
b) Defective valves
c) Defective pace maker
iv History of open heart Surgery.
)
a) 1953 – Dr. Gibbon inv. Heart lung machine
 b) Blood could pass through the machine
c) Enabled open heart surgery
Limitation
(i) can be used only for a few hrs. at a time.
(ii damages blood cells.

KEY - Abbreviation used

Diff. Different
inv. Invented
div. Division
chamb. Chambers
hist. History
hrs. Hours

Summary:-
The heart is a vital organ of the body, which never stop working. It
supplies oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body. It is divided into four
chambers inter connected by valves. Blood is purified in the lungs and arteries
carry it to different parts of the body. Heart disease has various cause such as
weak muscles defective valves or a defective pace maker. The era of open-heart
surgery began in 1953 when Dr. Gibbon developed the heart lung machine.
Replacement of valves and other areas of a damaged heart is now possible.

Passage II
Read the following passage carefully.
The great wall of china is said to be the one structure built on the earth
by man, which could be visible to observe on the moon. It covers a distance
of 1500 miles. From the Liaotung Peninsula Westward to the last fortress in
Central Asia, it crosses the northern province of china.
In the eastern section its height varies from 15 to 30 feet, and its width
from about 25 feet at the bottom to 15 feet at the top, where there is a
pathway wide enough for six horse– men to ride side by side protected by
parapets. When the wall was first built it had about 25000 towers each 40
feet square and 40 feet high projecting from it every few hundred yards,
with holes from which the defenders could shoot at attackers. There were
also many watch-towers on the enemy side, outside the wall on hilltops or
passes. These and the towers of the wall were used for signalling with smoke
or flags by day & with fire by night.
 The great Emperor Shih Huang Li joined these earlier frontier walls
to form a great wall to act as boundary between China & the north and
keep out the feared nomads of The Mangolian steppes. The wall was
designed to strengthen the nation’s defences. Later it became in Ming times,
a substitute for a strong army and state.
Construction was started in about 221 B.C. and the structure was
practically completed when Shih Huang Li died in 210 B.C. The man who
did most in carrying out the emperors plans was general Meng Ledn who in
221 B.C. led an expedition against the Tartars and drove them back from
the Yellow River into the Steppes, and set his men to work on building the
wall. They were later joined by thousands of Convicts. Year in and year out
in icy winds and snow storms in winter, and in dust stroms in summer, the
work went on and so many men died. The wall therefore was sometimes
called the Longest Cemetery in the world. The core of the wall is earth and
stone, faced with bricks and set in a stone foundation. In hilly place the
design was altered; two parallel ditches were dug out of the rake, 25 feet
apart and great blocks of stone were laid in the benches to a height of
several feet. Along each said of these stones, baked bricks about 2 feet long
were laid at right angles to the face of the wall, joined together with a white
mortal so hard that no nail could be driven in to it.
Emperor Wu Ti (140-86 B.C.) resumed work on the wall and extended
it to its greatest length The Emperors of the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1386-1644)
carried out work on the wall repairing its whole length and establishing new
wall west of the yellow river. The wing dynasty, which now exists dates from
the Ming.
But many of the foundation are nearly 2000 years old
 Hints:-

Title China wall visible

Notes :-

1. Description of the unique wall

(a) huge wall
(i) ----------on earth --------
(b) covers-------------
(c) width 25 fit. -------------
(d) 2500 towers --------------

2. Reason for building

(a) bldng.------------
(b) Ming’s terms------------

3. Stuct. of the wall

(a) foundation in stone
(b) core-------------
(c) hilly places
(i) Two parallel--------------
(ii) Strengthened--------------

4 Hist. of construction & development of the wall.

a) Began in ----------------------------
b) Gen. Meng tien helped --------------------
(i) used workers & convicts
c) Emperor -----------------------
d) Emperor of Meng -------------

5 Abbreviation used/key to abbreviation: -

Struct. Structure
Dist. Distance
Ft. Feet
Wh. Which

Notes :-
1) Abbreviations (at least 04) must be part of your notes. Other wise 01 mark
may be deducted.
2) Title must also be written in the beginning. It carries 01 marks

Summary: -
The great wall of -------------- from the moon , covers ------------ miles .It
had 25000 towards --------------- attackers. It is ----------------- stone faced
-------------- The construction ------------------------- completed in 210 B.C.
general --------------- workers & convicts --------------- extended by emperor wuti
& Ming dynasty

Note :- Summary should be developed with the help of the notes .