CHAPTER7 ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES

INTRODUCTION
In the previous class you have learnt multiplication of algebraic expressions-monomials,
binomials and trinomials. Now, consider the following statement involving an algebraic
expression:
4x+3y = 10

Put different values for x and y in the above expression.

Say X= 2, y 2

Then L.H.S.= 4x 3y 8+6 14

R.H.S.= 10

L.H.S. R.H.S.

Now, put X= 5, y =3

Then L.H.S.= 20+9 29

R.H.S.=10

L.H.S. # R.H.S.

Now, substitute X= 1,y=2

Then L.H.S.= 4+6 10

R.H.S.= 10

L.H.S.= R.H.S.

Here weobserve that the statement is true only for certain values of x and y.(A statement of
equality which holds for all values of the variables is called an identityThus, 4x+ 3y= 10 is
not an identity.

Now, in this Chapter you will be learning the identities which arise as product of binomials
a+bwith itself, a b with itself and a + b with a - b.

107
 IDENTITIES
ldentity-
(a +b= a+ 2ab +b2
of a bino-
number with itself, square
Ust ke square of a number means
multiplying the
itself. So,
means multiplying the binomial with
(a +b = (a+ b) (a+b)

= ala + b) + b{a + b)
ab
= a+ ab + ba + b?

= a + 2ab + b?

Thus
the first term added t
which consists of square of
Square of a is a
trinomial
binomial
to square of the second
term.
of the two terms and further added
twice the product

value of a and b. Say, a =

3,b= 2 then,
You can verify the above result by taking any
LH.S.= (a + b}? =
(3 + 2)2 = 52 = 25

RHS.= a + 2ab + b

= 32 + 2x 3x2+22

= 9+ 12 +4 25

LH.S. = R.H.S.

verified that (a + b}' = d + 2ab + b for a = 3 and b 2.

Thus, it is

We can verify the above result geometrically by the following activity.

Activity 1

Step 1: Take four pieces of cardboard-two squares with sides 3 cm and 2

respectively and two rectangles each of dimensions 3 cm x2 cm.
Find the area of each square and rectangle.
108
Step 2: Write the total area of the four pieces:

(32+22+3x2+3x2) cm2
Step 3: Now, arrange the four pieces to form a square with side (3 + 2) cm.
3 cm 2 cm
5 cm

3 x 2 3 cm
cm
3 3 x2

5 cm
2 cm- 3 cm

3 x 2 24
2 cm 22 3x2 2 cm

TL
Step 4: Write the area ofthe square formed: (3+2)cm2
So (3 +2)P= 3+22+3 x2+3x2
32 +2x 3x2+22
Thus, the ldentity-I is verified for a = 3 and b= 2.

Now, consider a square with side a + b.

b
Step 1: Write area of the square with side a + b.
Step 2: Cut the square into four parts-two squares of sides
'd and 'b' respectively and two rectangles each of
size a x b. a
Step 3: Write the total area of the four parts:

a+b+ ab + ab b
So (a+b} = a+b2+ ab +ab

=
a+2ab +b which establishes ldentity-.
Example 1:Find (3x+ 4y}? using ldentity-l.
Solution: (3x+4y)= (3x)2 + 2 x 3xx 4y + (4y)2
=
9x +24xy +16y2
109
 ldentity-
Evaluate (42)2 by using
Example 2:
(42) =(40+2)
Solution 2 +22
= 402+2x40 x

+ 4 = 1764
= 1600 + 160

Worksheet 1

1. Find the following by using ldentity-I.

( (8x+ 3y)2
2x+5)
(0.2x+1.5y) (vi) (2m2+3n)2
(iv) 7pq + 4ab)

2. Evaluate the following by using ldentity-H.

(101(101) 52(52)2 Ci (8.1)
(203)2 ( (410) (10.2)2

ldentity-l
(a - b)2 = a - 2ab + b

You can easily get this identity by multiplying binomial a- b with itself,

(a -b)2 = (a - b)(a - b)

=
ala -

b)- bla -

b)
=
a -

ab -

ba + b2
=
a-2ab + b2 ba :
Similarly, (b - a) can also be found.

(b a)= b2 - 2ba +a2

=
a-2ab + b2
Thus, (b -
a)? =
(a -

b)2
110
 ,I can also
dentity-l
canalso bbe considered as a
special case of ldentity- when 'b' is replaced by-b.
dentity-I is:

(a +b)2 =
a+ 2ab +b2
Replace by'-b'i in the above identity:

(a +(- b))? =
a2+ 2a (-b)
x + (-b2
(a-b)2 a-2ab +b which is ldentity-I.
Thus,
Sauare of binomial a-bis square of the first term, i.e. a?, plus square of the second
term, ie b, minus twicethe product of the two terms. ie. 2ab.

ou can verify the above result by taking any values of a and b. Say, a = 5, b =3 then,

L.H.S. =
(a -

b)2 =(5-3 22 =4
R.H.S.=a2- 2ab + b2
= 52-2 x5x3+32 25 30 +9 =4
LH.S. = R.H.S.

Thus, Identity-ll is verified.

You can verify the above result geometrically by the following activity:

Activity 2
side 5 cm.
Step 1: Take a square ABCD with
side 3 cm on it. Its area is 3 cm or (5 -2)2 cm.
Step 2: Draw a square AEFG with

A 3 26
A 3 2 B

F
5 G
H

G F

D
D Gi)
( 111
 Extend GF to
Hand EF to l.
Step 3:
From the figure (i),
Step 4: + Area FHCI
Area GHCD =Area ABCD
Area EBCI+
Area AEFG+

2 =
52 +22
L.e. (5-2)2+ 5 x2+5x
(5-2)=
52+22-2 x 5x2
or
= 52-2 x5x2+22

verifed.
Identity-l is thus,

side 'a' and taking the side of

for a square with
same steps
Now, repeat the
drawn on it as 'a -6.
square to be
A a-b- b

a-b

F
G

D C

(ii)

Area AEFG+ Area EBCI+ Area GHCD =Area ABCD + Area FHCI

(a-b}* + a xb+axb= d + b2

(a -b2+2ab = a2 + b2
( a - b =a +b - 2ab

=
a-2ab+ b which establishes ldentity-ll.
Example 3: Find (2x-3y¥ using ldentity-ll.

Solution: (2x-3y) =
(2x)- 2 x 2x x 3y + (3y)2
=
4x-12xy + 9y2
11
 Example 4: Evaluate (99)- using Identity-ll.
Solution: (99)= (100 -1)2 =1002 2 x 100 x 1+12
= 10000- 200+1=9801

Worksheet 2
1. Find the following by using ldentity-1.

x-7) (5a-46)2

y (8mn-3pq)? (0.1x(0.1x -0.5y) (a2-b

2 Evaluate the following by using ldentity-1l.

(48)2 (9.9 (9.9)2 (299)2

av) (98)2 (87) (87)2 (19.9(19.9)2

Identity-ll
(a+b) (a - b) = a2-b2

You can easily multiply the two binomials a + b and a - b to get this identity.

(a+ b) (a - b) = ala - b) + bla - b)

= a-ab + ba - b?

= a - b2 a b = ba

You can verify ldentity-Ill by taking any values of a and b. Say, a = 7, b = 3 then,

L.H.S.= (a +b) (a - b)
= (7 +3) (7 - 3)
= 10 x 4 = 40

R.H.S.=a2-b2 = 7?- 32
=49-9=40
R.H.S. which verifies ldentity-ll.
LH.S. =

ou also with the help offollowing activity.

cn
verify ldentity-Ill geometrically
113
Activity 3 below.
b'and'a'as shown
ABCD with sides
'a +
Take a rectangle
Step 1:
shown in figure (ii) ('b' ie
it with side 'b'
as
GECH on
Step 2: Draw a square
sides of the rectangle).
difference of the two

a+b- B
-a+b

d-b
G b
a

H
D

(i) (i)

Step 3: Extend EG to meet AD at F.

a+b 3

a-b
G b
E
b

D +b>C
H

(ii)

Step 4: Now,
Area ABCD - Area GECH = Area ABEF + Area FGHD

(a + bla -b2 = (a + b) (a - b) +axb

a2 + ba - b2= (a + b) (a - b)+ ab

a2-b2 (a+b) (a -b) ab bd

which establishes ldentity-1l.

114
xample 5: Find the product (9x+ 5y) (9x - 5y)
by using ldentityll.
(9x+5y) (9x - 5y) (9x)2- (5y)2 =

olution:
= 81x2-25y

xample 6: Evaluate (75)2 -

(65) using ldentity-l.

65)
iolution: (75) -(65) = (75 +65)(75
= 140 x 10 1400

difference of two squares.

Example 7: Simplify 93 x 87 by expressing it as a
93 x 87 = (90 + 3)(90 - 3)
Solution:
= 902-32

= 8100- 9 8091

Worksheet 3
1. Find the following products using Identity-l.

) (2x+7y) (2x-7y) (i) (5ab-8c) (5ab + 8c)

(Gii) (4p+q) (4p? -q) (iv)

(5)
(v) (0.1m-0.2n) (0.1m +0.2n) (vi) (a+b) (a-b)

2. Evaluate the folowing by using ldentify-Ill.

) (81)-(19) Gi) (290)2-(210) (ii) (58)- (12)

iv) (176)2-(24)2 (367-(33) (vi) (545- (4452

3. Simplify the following products by expressing these as a difference of two squares.

(0) 107 x 93 (ii) 211 x 189 (ii) 195x205

(iv) 308 x 292 (V) 12.4x 11.6 (vi) 30.9x 29.1

115
EXPANSION OF THE SQUARE OF A TRINOMIAL (a +b+c)
Let us take a
trinomial (a +b+C)
Let
a+b =x
Now, square the
trinomial as follows:
(a+b+ c? (x+ c* =

x + 2xc + C2 [usingIdentity(a
= (a + b)? + 2(a + b)¢ + C2 (substituting the value o

=
a + 2ab +b2+ 2ac + 2bc + (by ldentit
= a+b2+d+ 2ab+ 2bc + 2ca

(a +b+d=a+b+c+2ab +2bc+2ca

Example 8: (3x+2y+ 7)
Solution: (3x)2+(2y)?+72 +2 (3x) (2y) + 2 (2y) 7) +2 (3x) (7)
9x +4y+ 49+12xy +28y + 42x

Example9: (3x-2y-7

Solution: =(3x +(-2y)2 +(-7)?+ 2(3x) (-2y) +2(-2y) (-7)+2(-7) (3x)

=
9x2+4y? + 49 12xy +28y -42x

Worksheet 4
Expand the following:

1. -2y + 322 2. (-5x +2y+ 2} 3. (4x+y- 32)

4.
(3a-5b-7c 5. (-2a-b+ 3c)?
7. (1+2x-3y? 6. -a+6b -2c
8.
10. (p+5q+2P
(2x-4y-12 9. (6p-5q-4
11. (3x-4y-5)2
12.
-2x+6y +4}
116
sOME MORE USEFUL IDENTITIES
Product of two binomials (x+a) and (x+ b)
(x+a)(x +b) = x{x+ b) + alx + b)

x+xb + ax + ab
= x + bx + ax + ab xb =bx
x + ax + bx -+ ab b x + ax = a x + bx

x + ( a + b}x + ab

Thus

x+a) x+ b) = *+ax +bx + ab

OR
x+a) x+ b) =x*+ (a+ b)x+ ab

Using ldentity (x+ a) tx+ b) =*+ la + b)x+ ab, we can derive thefollowing identities:

x+a) x-b) = (x+ a) x+(- b))

= *+ (a+(-5)) x+al-b)

+(a -b)x- ab
x-a) (x + b) = (*+ -a)) (x + b)

= * + - a + b) x + (- a) b

= x+(b - a) x - ab

(i) x -a) x-b) = (*+(-a)) x+ (- b)})

=
x+(-a+(- b)) x+ (-a)(- b)
- (a + b) x + ab

Now, let us use the above mentioned results.

Example 10: Find the product of:

(i) x+30x+4) (ii) (p+6)\p - 3)

(ii) (y-5)y+2) (iv) (z-1)z -2)
117
Solution: () +3) (x+ 4) =
x + (3 + 4) x+ 3 x4

+7x+12

+6 x (-3)
(ii) (p+6) (p 3)
- =
p? + (6 + (-3))p
=
p+ (6 3) p- 18
-

= p+3p - 18

(ii) (-5) (y+ 2) = (y+(-5)) (y + 2)

2
+(-5 +
2)y +(- 5) x
= y - 3 y - 10

(iv) (2- 1) (z-2) =

(z + (-1)) (z + (-2))
= 2+ (- 1) + (-2))z + (-1(-2)

= 2-3z +2

Example 11: Evaluate the following by using the identity:

(x+a) (x+b) =
x + (a +b).x + ab
105 (i) 98 x 97
(i) 103 x

(iv) 78 x 83
(ii) 102x96
103 x 105 = (100 + 3) (100+ 5)
Solution: i)
= 1002+(3 +5) 100 +3 x5
= 10,000+8x 100+ 15

= 10,000+800+15 10,815

(i) 98 x 97= (100-2) (100-3)

=
1002 + (-2-3) 100 + (-2) (-3)
10,000 5 x 100 +6
=10,006 - 500 9,506
(ii) 102 x 96 = (100+ 2) (100-4)
=
1002 + (2-4) 100 +2x(-4)
= 10,000+(-2)(100) +(-8)

=
10,000 200 8
=
10,000 208 9,792
118
 (iv) 78 x 83 = (80 2) x (80 + 3)

= 802+(-2+3) 80 + (-2) x 3
= 6,400 + 80 6

= 6,480-6 6,474

Worksheet5
Find the product by using a suitable identity.

() x+5) (x+4) (i) (a+ 3) (a + 6) (ii) x-9) (x+7)

(iv) (x+8) (x - 5) (v) z-3) (z- 1) (vi) (p-5) (p-4)

(vii) (y-1)y+2) (vii) (z+3)(z -7) (ix)(p+8)(p-3)

(x)z+6)(z-5) (xi) (x-6) (x-9) (xii) (x-10)(x+9)

(xiv) (x-4) (x- 14) (xv) x-8) (x-2)
(xii) (y-4) (y+4)

2. By using a suitable identity, evaluate the following:

(i) 105x 103 (ii) 206 x 205 (iv) 98 x 96
) 102 x 104
(vii) 97x 102 (vii) 203x 198
(v) 87 x 85 (vi) 104 x 95

(x) 106x 93
(ix) 35x37
3. Evaluate the following products.

0) +3)* +4) Gi)

() (i)

() (vi) -3)(2-1)
(iv)(-6)+7)

(vii) (+ 5 ) + 2) (vii)
) ix) z+6)

EXPRESSIONS
FACTORISATION OF ALGEBRAIC
can be expressed as theproduct of two or more
Let us recall that an algebraic expression The
factor of the given algebraic expression.
expressions and each of these is called a or more factors is
expression as the product of two
process of writing a given algebraic
called factorisation.
119
 us class
Also, recall that you have learnt some methods of factorisation in the previou: class

Factorisation by taking out a common factor.

-

Factorisation by regrouping the terms.

Let us now learn the factorisation by using identities.

Factorisation by Using ldentities

You have already learnt that-

(a + b= a + 2ab + b3

(a-b)2= a2 -
2ab + b2

and a2- b2= (a +b) (a- b)

We will n o w use these identities in simplifying the algebraic expressions.

Example 12: Factorise y2+ 4y + 4

Solution: We can write +4y +4 as

(+2xyx2+ (2)2
[using a2+ 2ab + b2 = (a+
= (y+2)

= (y+2) (y+2)

Example 13: Factorise 16m-40mn + 25n

Solution: The given expression can be written as

(4m)-2 x (4m) x (5n)+ (5n)2

(4m- 5n)2
=
(4m-5n) (4m- 5n) [using a2 + b2- 2ab =(d-

Example 14: Factorise 9y2- 16.

Solution: We can write the given expression as the difference of the squares
of t
quantities as follows:

9y2-16 (3y- (4
=
(3y+ 4)3y - 4) lusing a- b2 = (a + b) a
120
xample 15: Factorise x - y.

olution: We can write x-as

= - ? +y)
=[o- (yI +y)
- y x + y* + y) [using a-b? = (a -b) (a +b) repeatedly]

Example 16: Factorise (4y? - 12xy +9x) - 4z.

Solution: The expression can be written as

(4y2-12xy + 9x) -4z2

[(2y)- 2 x 2y x 3x + (3x)] - (2z)?

[2y-3x2-(22) [using a 2ab +b = (a - b)]

=
(2y- 3x+ 22)(2y - 3x-22) [using a2- b2 = (a + b) (a - b)]

Now, let us factorise an algebraic expression of the form a2 + b2 + 2+ 2ab + 2bc + 2ca.

Here, we use the identity a? + b3 +c+2ab +2bc + 2ca = (a + b + )

Let us take an example.
Example 17: Factorise x2+4y2+922 +4xy+12yz +6zx
Solution: x+(2y)2 + (32? +2(x)(2y) + 2(2y)%(3z) +2(32)0%)
=
(x+2y + 3z)2
=
x+2y + 32)x + 2y + 32)

Worksheet 6

Factorise:
1. +2?- 2xz 2. 4x+ 9y2- 12xy
3. 64a2+ 4962+ 112ab 4. 121p+16q-88pq
5. 9y- 24xy2 + 16 6. 2a+ 4ab + 2ab2
7. 50a+98b2 + 140ab 8. 64x-81
121
 16a?b -
64b3
99. 25p?-9q2 10
12. p-256
11. 25xy-49xy Ex

13. a2-(b-c)2 14. 25m2-(4n+ 3/)2

16. (64m? 144mn +81n)-25p
15. (2a+3b)2-4c2 5p
17. 16x +9y2 +4z2 + 24xy +12yz + 162zx 18. +4y2 +9z-4xy + 12yz-6,
4 +ab+ bc
19. 4a+b2 + 25c2-4ab-10bc + 20ca 20. a+ aot3*ca

Factorisation of the Algebraic Expression of the Form x + qx+r

To factorise the given expression, we use the identity
+ ( a +b)x + ab = x + a)x + b)

To express x + qx +r in the form of (x + a)x + b), let us take an example.

Example 18: Factorise x+9x+ 18.

Solution:
Step 1: Find the two numbers whose product is the constant term, i.e. (18) and sur
the coefficient of x, i.e. (9).
Step 2: Since the product is positive, therefore, both the factors of 18 will be et
positive or negative.
Step 3: But the is
sum positive so both the factors of 18 will be positive.
Step 4: Factors of 18 are: 1 x 18, 2 x 9 and 3 x 6.
One pair from the above factors is taken whose sum
is 9.
Step 5: The required numbers are 3
and 6.

x+9x + 18= x2+ (6 + 3) x +18

(x +6) (x +3) [using Ident
x+ a)x + b) = x? + (a + b) x+
or
+9x+ 18= x+ 6x +3x + 18
=
x(x + 6) +3(x + 6) (Taking out x com
from first two terms an
Common from last two ter
=x+6) (x + 3)
122
Example 19: Factorisex- 11x+ 30.
Solution: Let us fhirst find two numbers whose product is 30 and sum is (-11)
Since the product is positive, therefore, either both the numbers will be
positive or negative.

But the sum is negative, hence, both the numbers will also be negative.
Required factors of 30 are(-6) and (-5).
- 11x+ 30 = + [ ( -6) + (- 5)]x + 30

= - 6x- 5x+ 30

xx-6)-5(x-6)
=
- 6) -5)

Example 20: Factorise r +x- 12.

Solution: Tofind two numbers whose product is (-12) and sum is 1.

Since the product is negative, one number will be positive and the other
number will be negative.

Since the sum is positive, the numericaly greater of the two numbers will be
positive.
So the required factors are 4 and (-3).
+X-12= *+ {(4 +(-3)]x - 12
= x+ 4x - 3x- 12

xx+ 4)-3(x+ 4)
=
(x+ 4) (x -3)
Example 21: Factoriser-4x-45.
Solution: Tofind two numbers whose product is (-45) and sum is (-4)

:The product is negative.

O n e ofthe numbers is positive and the other number is negative.

Sum is negative, therefore, the numerically greater of the two numbers

is negative

So the required numbers are (-9) and 5.

123
 x2-4x-45 x+ (-9+5) x -45
x -9x + 5x - 45

x\x - 9) +5 (x - 9)
= x- 9) (x+ 5)

Worksheet 7

Factorise the following expressions.

1. x+14x+33 2. -y-6 3. +x-72

4. x+12x+27 5. y+y- 132 6. x+ 11x+ 30

7. x-11x-42 8. z-12z + 27 9. p-5p -6

10. p+p-56 11. - 8x-65 12. x+ 8x + 15

13.x+ 2x 24 14. x-3x-54 15. a-7a+ 12

16. p-3pq +24

Value Based Questions

1. In the vacations Gautam purchased (x 8x

+ -

20) game CDs, while Sany=

purchased (x + 4)2 game CDs.

(a) Who purchased more CDs and by how much?

(b) Write any one advantage and one disadvantage of playing video games.

2. On the Earth Day, cubical flower pots (with plants) of base area (x + 6x +=
square units were placed on a rectangular lane of area
(x +3)(7x + 21) squa
units.

(a) How many pots were placed?

(b) Write the importance of trees in our life.
124
3rain Teasers

.A. Tick() the correct option.

(a) The factors of (1 - 6z +92) are

G) (1+3z)(1-3) (i) (z + 3
(ii) (3z-1 (iv) z-3)2
(b) Which of the following is an algebraic identity?

(i) (a-b)2 =a? + 2ab - b2 (Gi) (a-b? = a?-2ab - b2

(ii) (a-b =a - b2 (iv) (a-b)} =d-2ab +b
(c) Factorised "orm of y2 +3y +y+3 is-

) (+2)0+1) (0)(y+3)2
(Gi) (y+ 1) (y+3) (v) y+32
(d) Factorised form of p2- 17p-38 is-
i) (p-19) (p +2) (i) (P-19) (p-2)
(ii) (p + 19) (p +2) Giv) (p+19)(p-2)
(e) A side of the square with area (4x + 12x+9) square units is
(i) (4x+ 3) units (i) (4x+9) units
(ii) (2x+3) units (iv) x+3) units
B. Answer the following questions.
(a) Find the product using suitable identity.
(a+3)(a-3) (a +9)
(b)If+ 6, find the value of x+
x
(c) Find the value of k if:

xyk=(4xy +3y -

(4xy-3y)
d) If a+ b = 9 and ab = 4.
Find the value of 3(a + b)* - 2(a-b).

e) Ifa +b+C= 12 and a + b + c =

64, find the value of ab +bc +ac.
125
2. Find the following products using a suitable identity.

() (7x-9y)(7x-9y) (i) (6ax + 5by) (6ax- 5by)

(i) (iv)

(v) x+2yx - 2y) ( + 4y) vi)

for the given valu
binomial and evaluate
3. Express the following as square of a
(ii) m-mn+;m=5,nn==
) 4x+ 12xy +9y2; X= -

2, y= 2 16

4. Simplify the following:

) (a + b)2 + (a - b)2 (i) (3x+7y}-(3x-7y
(a-bNa? + 6) (a-b2
-

5b + 4c)2- (6a 5b -4c)2 (iv)

(ii) (6a +
-

5.
5. Evaluate the following by using a suitable identity.
(ii) 103 x 97
) (399)2 (i) (62)
(iv) (10.1)2 (v) (85)2-(75) (vi) 291x309

6. Evaluate x if:

(ii) 6.2x= 8.1 x 8.1 -

1.9x 1.9
(i) 36x= 782-422

7. Factorise the following expressions.

(i)x+25x + 144
() 2-4z - 77
(ii)x+5x - 104 (iv) 49x? - 64

(v)x-1-2y-y (vi) 4x-y)-120x-y)+9

(vil)x+y-xy -X (vii) 81x+ 1)2 + 90x + 10y+2) + 25 (y +2"

(ix)+ y++2xy-yz-zx
8. Ifx+ =8, find the value of x+
X x4

9. Ifa-=5,find the value of a+

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10. Ifo+ 23, find
thevalueof a
1
11. fx+ =51,find the value of x
12. Simplify 2.3x2.30.3x0.3
2.3x2.3-2x2.3x0.3 +0.3x0.3
13. If3x-4y=10 and xy=-1,find the value of 9x+ 16y.

14. If5x-2y = 7 and xy =2, find the value of (5x + 2y)

15. fa+=,find the value of a-
a

HOTS
1. The sum of (x + 3) observations is (x*- 81). Find the mean of the observations.
2. The area of a circle is given by the expression
(Tux+107+257t)
Find the radius of the circle.

You Must Know

1. Standard ldentities:

6) (a +b)? = a+ 2ab +b2

Gi) (a-b) =a- 2ab +b2

(ii) a-b2= (a + b) (a - b)

2. Some special products:

more

) (a+b+cP=d + b + + 2ab+ 2bc+ 2ca

(i) x+ alx+b) = x?+ (a + blx+ ab

3. When an algebraic expression is expressed as the product of two or more

expressions,
then each of these is called a factor of the given algebraic expression.

4 The process of writing a given algebraic expression as the product of two or more
factors is called factorisation.
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