The Application of a Sand Production

Management Solution for Amal Field in Libya

Abdulsalam Syma Alssafi ,(Code:AB180144)
Department of Petroleum Engineering, The Eastern Libyan
Academy/Benghazi

……………..……..………….………….ABSTRACT………………….…………………………

Based on the features of Amal field, Libya, a itemized analysis regarding production problems, and also the
almost recent literature findings as well as the applied procedures, an algorithm for the choice of gravels
and filters have been explained. It had been found that the key problem at Amal oilfield within the production
process is sand fill production. The problem, individually, has caused decreasing oil production in some
boreholes (wells). In addition, based on sample of the formation sand taken from the field, its granulation is
decided making use of granulometric analysis and, consequently, granulometric S-curve is acquired. That
way, the percentage of uniformity of the particular formation sand is obtained. Considering that the gravel
selected within such method completely stops formation sand penetration into the wellbore while attaining
its maximum permeability. The particular most modern Halliburton's three-layer filter was elected, with a
complex structure, which totally prevents the penetration regarding formation sand with adequately
embedded gravel.

Keywards: control,managememnt, formation sand, granulometric analysis, gravel pack, filter.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Date of Last Submission:28-January-2020
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 1.Introduction

1.1. Oil Field Description

Al-Amal oil field or block NC12 is situated50 km north of Augila oasis within the eastern part of the Sirte
Basin. Latitude and longitude are 29 ° 25 '0 N and 21 ° 10' 0 E. field consists of eight various reservoirs,
which are located at a depth of about 3600 meters and it covers a location of more than 100,000
hectares.Amal oil field was the best oil producing field in Libya with comprehensive production capacity. It
was discovered in 1959, with ordinary daily production about 200 M bbl/d. Current, 226 wells have already
been drilled of which 122 wells have been in production, while 58 wells once in while do not work becuase
of compressor downtime or for workover.
Around 104 wells, that are not in function for a longer period of time due to low oil production, are shut off.
At present, the common average oil production is definitely 39000 bbl/d, subsequently, it has also
had a negative impact on the country’s economy, since the product or service forms the organization of the
country’s export value [1] – [3].There has been an intensive development of oilfield over the past decades
when a lot of new wells were drilled. New gathering connecting stations 8, 9, and 10 have also been
constructed. Production of oil is carried out mainly by means of Gas Lift.

Oil production in the Amal oil field has been declining over the past 40 years. Authorities have got argued
that sveral surface as well as subsurface problems that can be attributed to this decline. Measures must be
taken up to mitigate or to completely stamp out these problems to avoid the risk of the decrease in the
production of oil from Amal field.

Wireline jobs, as well as literatures, daily production reports and well test, all, show the oil production
decline in the field. Subsurface operations are not well dealt as surface operations, did not locate enough care
and most of the task over programs were about ESP wells and formations collapse are not satisfied. The
enhancement program within the last four decades have seen numerous wells drilled, however the field has
not been improved in oil production. The life span of the field after redevelopment (2007) was initially
expected to be around 10-11 years with complete abandonment by 2017 [4],[5].

Production tests will be run to get a sign of well productivity about thirty-nine oil wells within the Amal
field declined by forty percent to eighty percent. Oil produced by Amal Wells has an API of between 36° and
39°and contains high wax, sulfur composition, salt and there are some wells producing with sour gas
[6].Amal field is owned by a Harouge Oil Operations company, previously (Veba Oil Operations), which is
the joint venture of the National Oil Company of Libya and the Canadian company "Petro-Canada", each
with a share of 50%. According to the contract in 2007, ”Petro-Canada” should have implemented a
comprehensive program of geological exploration, together with drilling new wells and expanding
production facilities, all with the aim of increasing the production of oil from this oilfield. Since August
2009, the present share of "Petro-Canada" has been bought out by "Suncor Energy" [7],[8].

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 1.2. Exploitation methods

At Amal field, essential oil production is completed predominantly through the use of mechanical ways of
exploitation:
 Natural flow
 Gas lift (continuous) and
 Electric Centrifugal pumps

Gas Lift Exploitation Method had been utilized at 88 wells, while Electric Centrifugal pumps are employed
for develoment at 27 wells .Figure - 1 shows the illustration of exploitation strategies at Amal oilfield.

Figure - 1 shows the illustration of exploitation strategies at Amal oilfield.

Regardless of the extensive described work in the area of understanding and management of sand
production, theoretical approaches and guidelines for predicting the sanding phenomena and techniques for
sand control still need further research and development as exhibited by [9].A lot of the accessible gravel
sizing criteria, based on the gravel to sand grain size proportion do not actually Agree with each other [10].

Others developed gravel sizing criteria in line with the gravel to indicate sizing of the development sand for
similar percentile factors of sieve analysis curves, solely from the geometrical perspective. Therefore,
Bouhroum and [9] state: A problem with gravel-pack design criteria may be the significant distributed by
researchers for the geometrical retention standrads while neglecting the other areas of the filtration process,
such as clogging and hydrodynamics [11],12]. The key simplifying assumptions of the model will be: (a) the
fine sand particles are generated inside the near-wellbore formation and transferred in the gravel pack, and
(b) the clay swelling effects are not considered. Production of formation fine sand at Amal field has caused
many problems. The problems have got intensified over time, which caused defects and incomplete or
complete interruption of oil production at particular wells. Figure - 2 demonstrates the sand fill up sample
from field Amal [13].

Amal field, there have been attempts to control the sensation of formation sand at an exact range of wells by
controlling the removal of sand however they were ineffective. From the scientists' encounters, it was
displayed that the method of removing construction sand is an exception rather than the rule. The
consequences of construction of sand production are revealed in Figure - 3.

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 Figure - 2 demonstrates the sand fill up sample from field Amal [13].

1.3. PREVIOUS STUDIES

Sand management has been identified as among of the key issues in field progress in over 70% of the
world’s oil and gas fields. Sand control(management) is not just about selection of sand control systems, it
really is about maximizing and maintaining production while managing sand at acceptable rates. Operators
spend millions of dollars each year to avoid the production of formation sand and to cope with other sand
linked problems. Expenses of this magnitude clearly have a substantial impact on profits. Regardless of these
costs, effective sand-control practices have yielded oil and gas from wells that often would have been
recently shut- in [38].In considering sand control or formation solids control, one must differentiate between
load-bearing solids and the fine particles (fines) that are not usually a part of the mechanical structure of the
formation. Some fines are probably always produced with the well fluids, which in fact, are advantageous, if
fines move freely through the gravel pack, they will not plug it, and thus, sand control” actually refers to the
management of the loadbearing particles, thebonce that support the overburden. The essential factor to
assessing the risk of sand production from a particular well is certainly set up production of weight bearing
particles can be maintained below an acceptable level at the anticipated flow rates and producing conditions
which will make the well production acceptable [37].

Opposing the fluid forces will be the resulting forces causes that act to hold sand grains set up. These forces
occur from inter-granular bonds (natural consolidation), Inter-granular friction, a gravity forces and capillary
forces. Internal pore stress (reservoir pressure) helps assist the weight of the overburden, thereby acting to
relieve some of the stress on the sand grain. Of these forces, the inter-granular bonds will be the very
important factor in preventing sand production development. The compressive strength of formation sand is
probably the best way of measuring of the intergranular connect bond [36]. If good completion and
production practices are followed, formation witch has a compressive strength exceeding 1000 psi will
commonly produce sand free. The exception may be the case where the pressure drawdown around the well
is high. If the pressure drawdown is reduced, nevertheless, sands with much lower compressive strength
could also produce sand free. If an oil well is produced at a desired production rate which in turn causes the
well flowing pressure to be lower than formation collapse pressure, the formation consolidation breaks
down, and sand tends to move toward the wellbore [34],[35].

4
 It is no longer news that extreme operational problems could result from the production of formation sand.
These problems range from erosion and damage of downhole and surface equipment such as valves,
pipelines, separators etc. to inhibition of production through well clogging. These problems could be gentle
or severe regards to the flow rate and viscosity on the produced fluid, along with the rate of production and
deposition of fines and sand grains. Sand production development costs oil companies tens of billions of
dollars yearly [33].

1.4. Challenges and effect of sand production

Sandstone strength linked to the degree of cementation. Cementation increases over time, older sediments
are more consolidated.
 Sand production more common in younger and shallower sediments.
 Pressure depletion increases grain to grain forces, potential to exceed compressive strength and failure.

 Effects of production (pressure reduction and fluid movement) donate to formation breakdown due
to inertial and viscous forces.

As an oil field depletes, stress and pressure adjustment in the reservoir. Water and gas breakthrough may
occur which lead to production decline. All these challenges have raise the propensity of sand production,
limit production rates and provide forward the abandonment time of the field, premature failure of the
wellbore, improper effectively well completion and the production of unconsolidated formation.

Remedial procedures demand time of rig period. Acute cases with catastrophic failures have shown massive
sanding and well abandonment. In high-rate wells, sand can be carried to the top (surface) and cause casing
collapse, erosion of outlines, joints, chokes, and valves. This poses significant safety risks to the workers.
When sand production is diagnosed, operators need supervising devices and disposal systems in addition to
remedial treatment or recompletions. Using cases, such as heavy oil recovery, sand production is a relly
deliberate production techi(strategy) and is utilized to enhance production.

Sand production is a major chance to safe and economical operations. Subsequently, casing may collapse;
increase in the pressure drawdown along the well length due to high sand production. Table 1 provides a
number of the problems encounter from the reservoir to surface equipment.

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Table 1: Sand problems encounter from reservoir to surface equipment

AREA PROBLEM EFFECT

Reservoir Wellbore Fill Access restricted to
production interval
Loss of productivity
Loss of reserves

Surface Equipment Sand Fouling Malfunctioning/damage of

DHSV
Difficult Wireline operation

Erosion Frequent equipment failure

Frequent equipment

Surface Installation Sand Accumulation Malfunction of control

equipment
Loss of capacity
Unscheduled shut-downs
Deferred production
Sand separation and disposal

The classical filter was applied to resolve the problem of sand deposits into the wellbore. This application
failed to provides a proper result, because after a period of time the deposits of sand into the wellbores were
recorded once more [13].

Figure – 3: The consequences of formation sand production, Source: Sanjay K.

Dhiraj Dy. SRE, G&R Deptt.

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 1.5 .Sand Control Methods

Sand control can be energetic and passive. Energetic (Active sand control) is the most typical and implies the
usage of mechanical devices, typically a pipe with various kinds of slots perhaps a screen; it can be also the
usage of chemical methods based on sand consolidation. Passive sand control is based on oriented
perforation or controlled drawdown [39]. Examples of mechanical sand control devices are shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4—Slotted liner (A), wire-wrapped screen (B), gravel pack screen (C),
premium screens (D, E), and expandable screen (F).
1.6. Screens –Principles
Sand control making use of installed screens was designed to exclude all but the finest formation particles
from being produced into the wellbore. Effective design of screens involves the acquisition of core samples
for particle size demension analysis. Wanting to induce particle bridging and dynamic filtration as shown in
Figure – 5

Figure – 5: poorly consolidated sandstone aquifer, Source: A. N. Charalambous, M. Packman and B.

R. Burnet

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 1.7. Fine sand deposition within the wellbore and surface equipment

When the velocity of fluids that are produced is not high enough to pushing the formation sand to the
surface, the sand tends to accumulate at the bottom with the wellbore. During the further procedure of the
formation of sand entering the wellbore, it begins to cover the perforations which cause a reduction in
production that would sooner or later end the production output completely. Formation sand is taken off the
well through the use wire-line tools or through coiled tubing tools with a constant circulation of fluids. The
process of removal necessitates closing the well or interruption of production. At the velocity of the fluid,
that happen to be sufficiently great to carry the formation sand to the top surface, causes the sand to appear in
the surface equipment. Greater quantities of formation sand in virtually any area of the equipment cause
complications such as minimazing the capacity or damaging individual pieces of the equipment.

Reduction amount of the separator capacity was a characteristic problem. It is important necessary to
mechanically get rid formation sand from the equipment, which involves interruption of production. Erosion
of surface production equipment and facilities, as well as drilling equipment, is definitely observed in high
producing wells, which need intensive repair and substitute of damaged equipment. Long-term erosion of
formation sand on some wells caused serious damage. The failure induced disruption in production due to
equipment failure in the well and it was necessary to employ a workover rig. When the oil is produced from
relatively weak reservoir rocks, small particles and sand grains are dislodged and carried along with the flow.
This sand production can make erosion in flow-lines and other equipment, Figure 6. Shows carrying an
enormous quantity level of formation sand with the produced oil at some wells induced a failure of the
formation near the wellbore location and causes brings erosion in tubing and casing strings.

Figure – 6: Erosion in Tubing and Casing strings. Source: IPTC Photo Metadata, Matricardi.

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 2. The Method
Sand can offer major obstacles to effectively well production through lowered production rates, sand
bridging, erosion of equipment, and sand disposal and removal. The problem of formation fine sand
production at the Amal field is present and so far, options for its solution have not been applied. "Gravel
Pack" method is suggested. It is based on the installation of filteration equipment in the wellbore and
additional filling of the excess space between the filteration and wellbore with artificial supplies materials -
gravel [14]. This tecnique has been successfully applied in the world for solving the problem of formation
and production in the wellbore [15 - 18].

Likewise,at the "NIS" wellbores, where this problem exists, "Gravel Pack" method proved to be very
successful because the installation of gravel prevents contact between formation sand and filteration
equipment and its damage for this reason. Since the problem of formation sand has not been solved yet, it’s
essential to undertake a range of actions many of these:

 Sampling of formation sand.

 Grain-size analysis of formation sand
 Deciding the uniformity of the formation of sand
 Determining the optimal granulation of gravel
 Determining the optimal clearance of filteration system.

In line with the study of the corresponding literature [19 - 23], as well as the applied treatments, an algorithm
for the selection of gravels and filteration have been described. To effectively solve the problem of formation
sand, it is vital to secure a representative sample. A sample of the formation sand could be acquired by
coring and taking it from the depth of the wellbore or from the surface of the wellbore. By coring, an
adequate sample is obtained if coring can be carried out. Since this case is unusual, the sample is usually
extracted from the wellbore itself using slick-line. The sample may also be taken from the surface of the
wellbore, nonethlessit is usually of lower quality as it has smaller particles. Based on the formation sand
sample extracted, its granulation is set using granulometric evaluation and, therefore, granulometric S-curve
is obtained. That way, the coefficient of uniformity of the formation sand can be obtained.

Nowadays, the granulation of the gravel is normally determined based on the Saucier's method [24 - 26],
becuaes the gravel selected in such way completely prevents formation sand penetration into the wellbore
while attaining its optimum permeability. The optimum clearance around the filter is determined based on
the selected size dimentios of the gravel by applying expression: λ = 7/6 • Dgravel [27 - 29].

Based on the performed granulometric research analysis, the correct gravel has been chosen and shown in
Figure – 7, [30 - 32]. Granulometric S-curve and other detailed results of the analysis of the formation sand
are not shown due to confidentiality.

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 Figure – 7: Selected gravel

Figure - 8 and Figure – 9 Show the selected filteration and cross portion of the selected filteration
respectively [30]. It is a new kind of filteration with complex structure. Part of the filteration construction is
certainly shown in figure 8. The filteration consists of three levels, the base of the filteration system consists
of the perforated pipe equal to tubing diameter. It has a first level of filter that is made of round wire winding
with diameter of 0.5 mm. The third level of the filter is made of wire of trapezoid shape with the longer side
of the trapezium facing the outside of the wellbore. With such position of the trapezoidal wire, the minimal
opening of a filter towards the formation sand is achieved and thereby it prevents a possible breakthrough in
the construction of the filter. The second layer of the filter represents the filling between the first and third
layer of the filter. The filling symbolized safety layer which should also avoid any penetration of the
formation sand through the third layer of the filter.

Figure – 8: Selected filter

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 Figure – 9: Cross-section of the selected filter

3. RESEARCH METHOD
In the analysis on field,” a chance (risk) assessment was performed and sand management strategy was
defined.This strategy includes a series of high level statements that may describe sand production, erosion
assessment, sand monitoring system and inspection as shown in Figure 10. This strategy implies that all
wells producing sand will undoubtedly be equipped with down-hole sand management and that a monitoring
system is certainly in place to check the integrity of sand control equipment. In the case of down-hole sand
control failure, some series of actions ought to be diagnosed to mitigate the effects consequences of sand
production.
Sand removel from wellhead fluids

Sand removel from productionseparators

Sand removel from produced water before re-injction

Sand treatment/cleaning

Sand disposal

Figure 10: sand management equipment brake down procedure.

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 4. Results and Discussion
Based on the features of Amal oilfield, a explained analysis of production problems, along with the latest
literature findings It was dicovered that the main element difficulty at Amal oilfield in the fine production
process is sand production. The problem, individually, has caused lowering oil production in some wells. It
had been, therefore, necessary to take additional options and actions to solve production problems in order
that they would not aggravate and cause an even greater drop in oil production.

Particular gravel(Selected) which backfills the filtration installed within the wellbore prevents primary
contact between formation sand and filteration system. This is very important because often, the oscillation
of the formation sand in direct contact with the filteration system would lead to the damage to the filteration
system and continous penetration through the layers and its own entry into the wellbore. This is the reason
why the application of the filter within the wellbore isn't successful without the gravel pack.The gravel
chosen in such way completely inhibits formation sand penetration into the wellbore while attaining its
maximum permeability. Probalbly the most modern Halliburton's three-layer filteration was elected, which
has a complex design, which completely avoids the penetration of development formation sand with
adequately embedded gravel.
5. Conclusion
Gravel pack method is suggested for solving part(layer) sand penetration into the production system. The
complete procedure is described, beginning from sampling formation fine sand, granulometric evluation of
formation sand to be able to establish the uniformity of formation sand, optimal gravel granulation, in
addition to determining the optimum gap of filteration system. The scientific factor of this work is shown in
the original model for fixing production difficulty problem at Amal field. In addition to the need of this
oilfield, the report includes a wider significance as well, since the proposed model is applicable at other
oilfields for solving a similar problem.

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