Analog Circuits-I LAB

ANALOG CIRCUITS- I
LAB
19.12.2020
S.No. NAME ROLL NO.
1 ASIPI PRAVEEN RAO 001910701073
2 GAURAV NANDY 001910701074
3 SAGNIK DAS 001910701075
4 SOUVIK BARMAN 001910701076

1
EXPERIMENT 1:
STUDY OF REGULATION AND RIPPLE CHARACTERISTICS OF FULL WAVE
CENTER TAPPED RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTER.
APPARATUS LIST :
ITEM NAME QTY RANGE/ MAKER’S MAKER’S NO.

RATING NAME
Bread Board 1
Diodes 2
Resistor (Wire 3 100 ohms,

wound) 220 ohms,
200 ohms,
300 ohms,
320 ohms,
400 ohms,
500 ohms.
Capacitor 1 1000µF
Multimeter 2
Cathode Ray 1
Oscilloscope (CRO)
Transformer with 1
Centre tapped
Secondary
2
THEORY :
The conversion of AC into pulsating DC is called Rectification. Electronic

Devices can convert AC power into DC power with high efficiency.
The full-wave rectifier consists of a center-tapped transformer, which results in

equal voltages above and below the center-tap. During the positive half cycle, a
positive voltage appears at the anode of D1 while a negative voltage appears at
the anode of D2. Due to this diode D1 is forward biased. It results a current Id1
through the load R.
During the negative half cycle, a positive voltage appears at the anode of D2
and hence it is forward biased, resulting a current Id2 through the load. At the
same instant a negative voltage appears at the anode of D1, reverse biasing it
and hence it doesn’t conduct.
The pulsating nature of the output voltage produced by the rectifier circuits
discussed above makes it unsuitable as a dc supply for electronic circuits. A
simple way to reduce the variation of the output voltage is to place a capacitor
across the load resistor. It will be shown that this filter capacitor serves to
reduce substantially the variations in the rectifier output voltage.
3
WORKING FORMULA:
RIPPLE FACTOR :
Ripple factor is defined as the ratio of the effective value of AC components to
the average DC value. It is denoted by the symbol ' '.
Without Capacitive Filter:
Ripple factor (Theoretical) =
Ripple Factor (Practical)
With Capacitive filter:
Ripple factor (Theoretical)
Where f = 50Hz, R =1K , C = 1000µF.

4
Percentage Regulation:
It is a measure of the variation of DC output voltage as a function of DC output

current (i.e., variation in load).
Percentage of regulation=
VNL = DC Voltage when minimum current flows through the load
VFL = DC Voltage when maximum current flows through load
For an ideal Full-wave rectifier, the percentage regulation is 0 percent. The

percentage of regulation is small for a practical full wave rectifier.
5
OBSERVATION:
(i)Without Capacitive Filter
Frequency of input signal ( f ) = 50 Hz

Input signal to the Primary Side = 230sin(wt) where w = 2*π*f
IL : Current through Load RL
VL : Voltage though Load RL
Max Voltage on Secondary side : 12 volts
S.No. RL VL|dc VL|rms IL Ripple Factor

(in ohm) (in volts) (in volts) (in mA) Theoritical Practical
value Value
1 100 7.102 3.660 71.02 0.483 0.490

2 200 7.132 3.660 35.66 0.483 0.513
3 300 7.151 3.658 23.58 0.483 0.511
4 400 7.162 3.661 17.90 0.483 0.511
5 500 7.172 3.661 14.34 0.483 0.510
6 Infinite 7.437 3.679 0 0.483 0.494
Calculations:
Average value of the ripple factor (γav)=(0.49+0.51+0.51+0.50+0.48)/5=0.498.
For RL= 100 ohms : VNL=7.806 and VFL=7.367.
Therefore % voltage regulation =((7.806-7.487)/7.487)*100 %=4.2%
6
7
(ii)With Capacitive Filter:
Frequency of input signal ( f ) = 50 Hz

Input signal to the Primary Side = 230sin(wt) where w = 2*π*f
Capacitance (C1) = 1000µF
IL : Current through Load RL
VL : Voltage though Load RL
Max Voltage on Secondary side : 12 volts
S.No. RL VL|dc VLpp VL|rms IL Ripple Factor

(in ohm) (in volts) (in volts) (in volts) (in mA) Theoritical Practical
value Value
1 100 10.64 0.891 1.236 112 0.0289 0.0837

2 220 10.85 0.45 1.249 51 0.0131 0.0414
3 320 10.92 0.31 1.256 35.05 0.009 0.0283
4 400 10.95 0.21 1.259 27.27 0.007 0.0192
5 500 10.97 0.185 1.263 22.50 0.0057 0.0168
6 Infinite 11.10 0.06 1.285 0 0 0.0054
(No Load)
VNL|dc= 11.10 volts

VFL|dc= 10.64 volts for RL=100 ohms
% Voltage Regulation=
=((11.10-10.64)/10.64)x100 % = 4.32% (This is for RL = 100 ohms)

8
9
CONCLUSION:
The Theoritical Ripple Factor and Practical Ripple Factor vary because for calculation
of Theoritical Ripple Factor we did not take into account the cut-in Voltage of the
diode i.e. we assumed Ideal Diode. For Practical Diode there is some non zero Cut-in
Voltage and hence the Conduction angle for the diode will also be affected i.e. Diode
won’t be conducting from 0 to π rather from an angle α to π- α. Hence this will affect
the Ripple Factor too.
Also in the case of consideration of Capacitive Filter if we increase the Capacitance
value the Ripple Factor will also decrease. Moreover, the TIME CONSTANT of the
circuit is RthC, so if we increase Load then Capacitor much more time in the
discharging process and hence we get less Ripple Factor. This is very clear from the
Observation Table wrt Consideration of Capacitive Filter.

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ANALOG CIRCUITS- I

S.No. NAME ROLL NO.

1 ASIPI PRAVEEN RAO 001910701073

2 GAURAV NANDY 001910701074

3 SAGNIK DAS 001910701075

4 SOUVIK BARMAN 001910701076

ITEM NAME QTY RANGE/ MAKER’S MAKER’S NO.

Resistor (Wire 3 100 ohms,

The conversion of AC into pulsating DC is called Rectification. Electronic

The full-wave rectifier consists of a center-tapped transformer, which results in

Without Capacitive Filter:

Ripple factor (Theoretical) =

Ripple Factor (Practical)

With Capacitive filter:

Ripple factor (Theoretical)

Where f = 50Hz, R =1K , C = 1000µF.

It is a measure of the variation of DC output voltage as a function of DC output

VNL = DC Voltage when minimum current flows through the load

VFL = DC Voltage when maximum current flows through load

For an ideal Full-wave rectifier, the percentage regulation is 0 percent. The

Frequency of input signal ( f ) = 50 Hz

S.No. RL VL|dc VL|rms IL Ripple Factor

1 100 7.102 3.660 71.02 0.483 0.490

(ii)With Capacitive Filter:

Frequency of input signal ( f ) = 50 Hz

S.No. RL VL|dc VLpp VL|rms IL Ripple Factor

1 100 10.64 0.891 1.236 112 0.0289 0.0837

VNL|dc= 11.10 volts

=((11.10-10.64)/10.64)x100 % = 4.32% (This is for RL = 100 ohms)

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