Second Edition

Special Functions
and
Complex Variables
(Engineering Mathematics III)

Shahnaz Bathul
Special Functions and
Complex Variables
(Engineering Mathematics III)

Second Edition

Shahnaz Bathul
Professor and Head
Department of Mathematics
JNTUH College of Engineering
Kukatpally, Hyderabad

New Delhi-110001
2010
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS AND COMPLEX VARIABLES (Engineering Mathematics III)
Second Edition
Shahnaz Bathul

© 2010 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-4193-7

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Third Printing (Second Edition) º º º September, 2010

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Baba Barkha Nath Printers, Bahadurgarh, Haryana-124507.
 To
my beloved parents

Late Syed Abdul Hannan Saheb

and
Late Smt. Saidunnisabi Saheba
 CONTENTS

Preface .............................................................................................................. ix

1 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS–I ............................................................. 1–52

1.1 The Gamma Function ..................................................................... 1
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS .................................................................... 3
1.2 The Beta Function .......................................................................... 8
1.2.1 Relation between b and G Functions ................................. 9
1.2.2 Applications of b and G Functions .................................... 9
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS .................................................................. 10
1.3 Bessel’s Function .......................................................................... 26
1.3.1 Recurrence Relations ...................................................... 28
1.3.2 Generating Function for Jn(x) ......................................... 30
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS .................................................................. 31
Multiple Choice Questions ..................................................................... 42
True/False ............................................................................................... 48
Exercises ................................................................................................. 49

2 SPECIAL FUNCTIONS–II .......................................................... 53–93

2.1 Legendre’s Equation and Legendre’s Function ............................ 53
2.1.1 Legendre’s Function ........................................................ 55
2.1.2 Rodrigue’s Formula ........................................................ 56
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS .................................................................. 59
2.1.3 Generating Function ....................................................... 60
2.1.4 Recurrence Relations ...................................................... 61
2.1.5 Orthogonality of Pn(x) .................................................... 63
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS .................................................................. 65
v
vi Contents

2.2 Chebyshev Polynomials ............................................................... 71

2.2.1 Series Solution ................................................................ 73
2.2.2 Generating Function ....................................................... 76
2.2.3 Orthogonality of Tn(x) ..................................................... 76
2.2.4 Recurrence Relations ...................................................... 78
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS .................................................................. 81
Multiple Choice Questions ..................................................................... 86
True/False ............................................................................................... 91
Exercises ................................................................................................. 91

3 COMPLEX DIFFERENTIATION AND

ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS ................................................... 94–203
3.1 Limits ............................................................................................ 94
3.2 Continuity ..................................................................................... 98
3.3 Differentiability ............................................................................ 99
3.4 Cauchy–Riemann Equations ...................................................... 101
3.4.1 Polar Form of Cauchy–Riemann Equations .................. 103
3.5 Analytic Functions...................................................................... 104
3.5.1 Harmonic Functions ...................................................... 104
3.6 Application of Analytic Functions to Flow Problems ................. 113
MISCELLANEOUS WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ....................................... 114
3.7 Elementary Functions ................................................................. 157
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 158
3.8 Exponential Function .................................................................. 160
3.9 Trigonometric Functions ............................................................ 160
3.10 Hyperbolic Functions ................................................................. 163
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 164
3.11 Logarithmic Function of a Complex Variable ............................ 166
MISCELLANEOUS WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ....................................... 167
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................... 182
True/False ............................................................................................. 195
Exercises ............................................................................................... 196

4 COMPLEX INTEGRATION .................................................... 204–252

4.1 Line Integral ............................................................................... 204
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 205
4.2 Cauchy’s Theorem for Multiple Connected Region ................... 220
4.2.1 Cauchy’s Integral Formula ............................................ 221
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 222
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................... 241
True/False ............................................................................................. 247
Exercises ............................................................................................... 248
 Contents vii

5 COMPLEX POWER SERIES ................................................ 253–289

5.1 Taylor’s Theorem ........................................................................ 253
5.2 Laurent Series ............................................................................. 254
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 256
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................... 276
True/False ............................................................................................. 284
Exercises ............................................................................................... 285

6 CONTOUR INTEGRATION ................................................... 290–367

6.1 Singular Points............................................................................ 290
6.2 Calculus of Residues .................................................................. 291
6.2.1 Cauchy’s Residue Theorem .......................................... 292
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 293
6.3 Evaluation of Real Integrals in Unit Circle ................................ 315
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 315
6.4 Contour Integration When the Poles Lie on Imaginary Axis ...... 330
6.4.1 Property of Definite Integral ......................................... 330
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 331
•
Ú
imx
6.5 Evaluation of the Integrals of the Type e f ( x )dx ............. 342
-•
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 343
6.6 Integration by Indentation .......................................................... 348
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 349
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................... 353
True/False ............................................................................................. 359
Exercises ............................................................................................... 361

7 THE CONFORMAL MAPPINGS ........................................... 368–445

7.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 368
7.2 Conformal Transformation ......................................................... 368
7.3 Some Special Conformal Mappings (Transformations) ............. 370
7.4 The Bilinear Transformation ...................................................... 393
7.4.1 Invariant Points or Fixed Points of Bilinear
Transformation .............................................................. 396
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 399
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................... 432
True/False ............................................................................................. 438
Exercises ............................................................................................... 439

8 ELEMENTARY GRAPH THEORY ........................................ 446–505

8.1 Some Definitions ........................................................................ 446
8.2 Planar Graphs ............................................................................. 451
viii Contents

8.3 Complete Graph ......................................................................... 452

8.4 Adjacency and Incidence Matrices ............................................. 453
8.4.1 Advantages of Adjacency Matrix .................................. 454
8.4.2 Incidence Matrix ........................................................... 455
8.5 Distance between Two Vertices .................................................. 455
8.6 Labelled and Unlabelled Graphs ................................................ 456
8.7 Euler formula .............................................................................. 458
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 459
8.8 Trees ........................................................................................... 465
8.8.1 Binary Trees .................................................................. 467
8.8.2 Spanning Trees .............................................................. 469
8.8.3 Minimal Spanning Tree ................................................. 470
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 471
8.9 Eulerian and Hamiltonian Circuits ............................................. 483
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS ................................................................ 485
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................... 487
True/False ............................................................................................. 499
Exercises ............................................................................................... 501

9 ARGUMENT PRINCIPLE AND ROUCHE’S THEOREM ...... 506–521

9.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 506
9.2 Morera’s Theorem: The Converse of Cauchy’s Theorem ........... 506
9.3 Liouville’s Theorem ................................................................... 507
9.4 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra .............................................. 508
9.5 The Argument Theorem .............................................................. 509
9.6 Rouche’s Theorem ...................................................................... 510
WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS .......................................................................... 485
Multiple Choice Questions ................................................................... 517
True/False ............................................................................................. 519
Exercises ............................................................................................... 520

INDEX ............................................................................................. 523–525

 PREFACE

Special functions and complex variables are two very important and useful
topics in engineering mathematics. This book, now in its Second Edition,
provides a detailed discussion on the important concepts of special functions,
complex variables and graph theory and analyzes their applications in a guided
manner. The book comprises nine chapters, in which the first two chapters deal
with special functions, third to seventh and ninth with complex variables and
eight with the graph theory.
Chapters 1 and 2 provide a thorough analysis of various special functions
such as gamma and beta functions and their relations, Legendre’s equation and
Legendre’s function, and Bessel’s function. The properties, recurrence relations,
generating functions, and orthogonality of different functions are evaluated and
are illustrated with the help of worked-out problems.
Chapter 3 discusses complex differentiation. Analytic and harmonic
functions are defined and Cauchy–Riemann equations in Cartesian and polar
coordinates are analyzed. It also deals with elementary functions. The exponential
function is introduced, and with the help of this function, the trigonometric and
hyperbolic and the inverse of these functions are examined. The theories of
complex integration are covered in Chapter 4. Cauchy’s integral theorem,
Cauchy’s integral formula and the generalized integral formula are explained
in detail.
Chapter 5 provides an exclusive analysis of the complex power series. It
discusses Taylor’s and Laurent series in detail and explains the concept of
singularity. The calculus of residue is the topic discussed in Chapter 6. The
residue theorem is evaluated with regard to real integrals in unit circle and in
upper half plane. Chapter 7 covers the concept of conformal mappings and
develops the theory of bilinear transformation. Chapter 8 deals with graph
ix
x Preface

theory and its application. Chapter 9 explains the argument principle and
Rouche’s theorem for the determination of the number of zeros of complex
polynomials. The fundamental theorem of algebra is also discussed.
Throughout the book, the concepts are discussed with the help of worked-
out problems. These problems are very important and standard, and hence, will
help students in mastering the concepts. At the end of each chapter, a set each
of multiple-choice questions and exercises is provided. The objective questions
will help students in preparing for the competitive examinations.
The topics covered in this book are taught in most of the engineering
courses in Indian universities, and hence, the book will be an important textbook
for the engineering students. Besides, undergraduate and postgraduate students
of mathematics will also be benefited by the book.
I am thankful to PHI Learning, the publishers, for accepting to publish this
book. My sincere thanks are due to the staff of the editorial and production
deapartment, for bringing out this book in a nice format and within a short span
of time.
Suggestions for the improvement of the book are most welcome.

Shahnaz Bathul
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: (Engineering Mathematics Iii)

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