1 Intro To The Biomaterials Course

MT 271
Topic 1
Course Introduction
Course overview
Instructor: Kaushik Chatterjee
Email: kchatterjee@iisc.ac.in
TA: Pritiranjan Mondal

Email: pritiranjanm@iisc.ac.in
Class timings: T & Th starting 10 AM

Mandatory to attend all lectures live
Evaluations: Quizzes (50%), Final exam (50%) [to be adjusted as the

semester evolves in view of the uncertain situation]
Books
• Biomaterials Science- An Introduction to Materials in Medicine: eds Ratner et al
• Biomaterials- An Introduction: ed J. Park and R.S. Lakes
• Introduction to Biomaterials: ed Donglu Shi
• Reading assignments (research and review papers)
Course objective
Develop an appreciation for “issues” relevant to the

use of materials for biomedical applications
Biomaterials
Biology
Materials and
Medicine
What is a Biomaterial?
Bone?
Wood?
Wool?
Drugs (Crocin tablet)?
Ti orthopedic implant?
Contact lens gels?
Walking stick?
Glasses (eyewear)?
Dental braces?
A biomaterial is…
… any matter, surface, or construct that interacts

with biological systems (wikipedia.com)
…a synthetic material, usually a plastic, suitable for

implanting in a living body to repair damaged or
diseased parts (dictionary.com)
Consensus Definition
A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a

medical device, intended to interact with biological
systems
-David F. Williams, 1987
Proceedings of the “Consensus Conference of the European Society for

Biomaterials, Chester, England, March 3-5, 1986”
A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in

a medical device, intended to interact with
biological systems
***MEMORIZE verbatim (“word by word, exactly”) FOR EXAM***

A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended

to interact with biological systems
nonviable : “Not capable of living or developing”- meaning

synthetic/man-made materials, not naturally derived
in a medical device: excludes materials for in vitro work

In vitro vs. In vivo
In vitro: In Latin means “within glass”;

(of a biological process) made to occur in a laboratory vessel or other controlled
experimental environment rather than within a living organism or natural setting.
In vivo: In Latin means “within the living”;

(of a biological process) occurring or made to occur within a living organism or
natural setting.
Ex vivo: In Latin means “out of the living”

The term ex vivo is often differentiated from the term in vitro in that the tissue or
cells need not be in culture; these two terms are not synonymous. In cell
biology, ex vivo procedures often involve living cells or tissues taken from an
organism and cultured in a laboratory apparatus, usually under sterile
conditions with no alterations for up to 24 hours. Experiments lasting longer
than this using living cells or tissue are typically considered to be in vitro.
Biomaterial- yes or no?
• Wood?
• Bone?
• Alumina in hip joint?
• Ti alloy in bone plate?
• Collagen (bovine) gel for cell culture?
• Collagen for wound dressing?
• Silicone breast implant?
• Polyethylene in knee joints?
• Au alloy in dental implant?
• Cellulose for tissue scaffolds?
• Polycarbonate contact lens?
• Polystyrene for cell culture?
Broader scope for applying
principles of biomaterials science
A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to

interact with biological systems
Delete “nonviable”: now includes naturally-derived materials or hybrids of

natural and synthetic origins
Delete “in a medical device”: now includes in vitro applications such as

containers, diagnostics, etc.
Updated definition of a biomaterial
A biomaterial is now defined as a substance that has been engineered

to take a form which, alone or as part of a complex system, is used to
direct, by control of interactions with components of living systems, the
course of any therapeutic or diagnostic procedure.
“Biological Material”
Bone, skin, sea shells, wood, husk, virus,

etc. are biological materials, not to be
confused with biomaterials
Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to

perform with an appropriate host response in a
specific application
Proceedings of the “Consensus Conference of the European Society for

Biomaterials, Chester, England, March 3-5, 1986”
***MEMORIZE verbatim (“word by word, exactly”) FOR EXAM***

Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform with

an appropriate host response in a specific application
appropriate response: what response do you want the

material to elicit
specific application: application/ use needs to be defined

Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform with

an appropriate host response in a specific application
(Williams,1987)
appropriate response: what response do you want the

material to elicit
Specific application: application/ use needs to be defined
Important implication- There is NO universally

“biocompatible” material; biocompatibility depends on the
context of the application
Updated definition of biocompatibility
The ability of a biomaterial to perform its desired function with respect to

a medical therapy, without eliciting any undesirable local or systemic
effects in the recipient or beneficiary of that therapy, but generating the
most appropriate beneficial cellular or tissue response to that specific
situation, and optimizing the clinically relevant performance of that
therapy

Biomedical Implants and Devices
Biomedical Implants:
Transient vs. Permanent
Biomaterials used in
Medical Devices
Medical Device
Market in the US
Dental implants
Biomaterials used: Ti alloys

Heart valve prosthesis
Caged-ball valve Tilting-plate valve Bileaflet valve
Biomaterials used:
Carbon, metals, polymers, animal tissues
Porcine valve
Heart valve prosthesis
Hip and knee joints
Biomaterials used: Ti, stainless steel, ceramic

Hip and knee joints

Hip and knee joints

Intraocular lens
Biomaterials used: poly(methyl methacrylate), silicone elastomer,

soft acrylic polymers, hydrogels
Intraocular lens
Biomaterials used: poly(methyl methacrylate), silicone elastomer,

soft acrylic polymers, hydrogels
Stents
Biomaterials used: metals and polymers

Artificial Heart
Ventricular Assist Device (VAD)
Engineering biomaterials
“Biomaterials” were never designed to be a biomaterial.
Dacron: polyester for used clothing, personal arts and crafts, textiles
Teflon: used for non-stick cookware, automotive, aerospace
Ti-6Al-4V: for military, space craft, sports equipment
PMMA: aircraft windshield
Need for a new generation of engineered biomaterials

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MT 271

TA: Pritiranjan Mondal

Class timings: T & Th starting 10 AM

Evaluations: Quizzes (50%), Final exam (50%) [to be adjusted as the

Develop an appreciation for “issues” relevant to the

… any matter, surface, or construct that interacts

…a synthetic material, usually a plastic, suitable for

A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a

-David F. Williams, 1987

Proceedings of the “Consensus Conference of the European Society for

A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in

***MEMORIZE verbatim (“word by word, exactly”) FOR EXAM***

A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended

nonviable : “Not capable of living or developing”- meaning

in a medical device: excludes materials for in vitro work

In vitro: In Latin means “within glass”;

In vivo: In Latin means “within the living”;

Ex vivo: In Latin means “out of the living”

A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to

Delete “nonviable”: now includes naturally-derived materials or hybrids of

Delete “in a medical device”: now includes in vitro applications such as

A biomaterial is now defined as a substance that has been engineered

Bone, skin, sea shells, wood, husk, virus,

Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to

-David F. Williams, 1987

Proceedings of the “Consensus Conference of the European Society for

***MEMORIZE verbatim (“word by word, exactly”) FOR EXAM***

Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform with

appropriate response: what response do you want the

specific application: application/ use needs to be defined

Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform with

appropriate response: what response do you want the

Specific application: application/ use needs to be defined

Important implication- There is NO universally

The ability of a biomaterial to perform its desired function with respect to

-David F. Williams, 2008

Biomaterials used: Ti alloys

Caged-ball valve Tilting-plate valve Bileaflet valve

Biomaterials used: Ti, stainless steel, ceramic

Biomaterials used: Ti, stainless steel, ceramic

Biomaterials used: Ti, stainless steel, ceramic

Biomaterials used: poly(methyl methacrylate), silicone elastomer,

Biomaterials used: poly(methyl methacrylate), silicone elastomer,

Biomaterials used: metals and polymers

Teflon: used for non-stick cookware, automotive, aerospace

Ti-6Al-4V: for military, space craft, sports equipment

PMMA: aircraft windshield

Need for a new generation of engineered biomaterials

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MEMORIZE verbatim (“word by word, exactly”) FOR EXAM

MEMORIZE verbatim (“word by word, exactly”) FOR EXAM