Electric Bike Report

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA
A Project Report on
“Study and Implementation of Power train in

e-Bike”
Submitted to Visvesvaraya Technological University in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Engineering Degree in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Submitted by
VEERESHA S R 4JN16EE052
BHARATH KUMAR P 4JN17EE009
GAUTHAM M A 4JN17EE015
PRINCE SINGH 4JN17EE029
Under the Guidance of

VEERESHA K B
Associate Professor, E&E Dept
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Jawaharlal Nehru New College Of Engineering
Shivamogga – 577 204
National Education Society
Jawaharlal Nehru New College Of Engineering

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled
“Study and Implementation of Power train in
e-bike”
Student of 8th semester, in the partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award of
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2021
_________________________________
Submitted by
Guide: HOD:
Veeresha K B Dr. Thejaswi A H
Associate Professor, HOD, Dept of E&EE Dept
E&EE Dept.
Examiners:
Name Signature
1._______________________ ______________________
2._______________________ ______________________
3._______________________ ______________________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We consider it as a great privilege to express our gratitude and respect to all those
who guided and inspired our completion of this seminar. It is difficult for us to express
our sense of gratitude and appreciation for the help we have received in this endeavor.
Our effort here is a feeble attempt to do so.
First of all, We acknowledge for the provision of the required infrastructure by
my esteemed institute J N N College of Engineering, Shivamogga and Department of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering.
We would like to thank our head of the department Dr. Thejaswi. A. H., who
stood as a guiding spirit and lending guidance to achieve the aim with added zeal.
Our special thanks to Veeresha. K. B., our guide for providing all the inputs and
corrections needed for preparation of report.
Lastly, We are thankful to our classmates, teaching and non-teaching staff and
everyone who have helped me directly or indirectly for the successful completion of the
seminar.
“Study and Implementation of Power train in e-bike”
Contents
List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... 2
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 History of Electric Vehicle ............................................................................................................. 5
1.3 Market Overview .......................................................................................................................... 6
India’s Status in EV’s ....................................................................................................................... 7
COMPARISON BETWEEN IC ENGINE VEHICLE AND ELECTRIC VEHICLE........................................... 8
1.3 Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 9
1.4 Identification of the Problem......................................................................................................10
Chapter 2...............................................................................................................................................11
Literature Review..............................................................................................................................11
Chapter 3...............................................................................................................................................15
Description of the Project .................................................................................................................15
3.1 Block Diagram .............................................................................................................................15
3.2 Components................................................................................................................................16
Battery...........................................................................................................................................16
Chain Set .......................................................................................................................................17
Sprocket ........................................................................................................................................17
Controller ......................................................................................................................................20
Throttle .........................................................................................................................................20
Battery Management System ...........................................................................................................21
Primary Functions of BMS For an EV Battery:...................................................................................21
1. Safety: ...................................................................................................................................21
2. Performance Optimization:.......................................................................................................22
3.Health Monitoring and Diagnostics: ..........................................................................................23
4. Communication:........................................................................................................................23
Chapter 4...............................................................................................................................................24
4.1 Methodology...............................................................................................................................24
4.2 Calculation ..................................................................................................................................25
CALCULATION................................................................................................................................25
Chapter 5...............................................................................................................................................27
5.1 Applications.................................................................................................................................27
Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 1

5.2 Drawbacks of Electric Vehicle .....................................................................................................28

Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................29
REFERNCE..............................................................................................................................................30
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global EV Sales as on Dec-2020 ...............................................................................6
Figure 2. Registered annual EV Sales and Region-wise registered EV sales - Jan-Dec 2020 ..7
Figure 3. Block Diagram..........................................................................................................15
Figure 4. Battery ......................................................................................................................16
Figure 5. Sprocket of the Bike .................................................................................................17
Figure 6. BLDC Motor ............................................................................................................18
Figure 7. Controller..................................................................................................................20
Figure 8. Throttle .....................................................................................................................21
Figure 9. Battery Management System....................................................................................21
Figure 10. Gravity....................................................................................................................25
List of Tables
Table 1. Comparison between IC Engine Vehicle and Electrical Vehicle ................................8
Table 2. Difference between stepper DC, Brushless DC electric and Brushed DC electric
motor ........................................................................................................................................19

CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
Now days there is a great demand for electric vehicle due to its advantages related to
pollution and use of energy Hence, clean and efficient usage of energy sources becomes the
prime importance across the globe. During the last few decades, the environmental impact of
the petroleum-based transportation infrastructure, along with the fear of peak oil, has led to
renewed interest in electric transportation infrastructure. Electric vehicles (EV) utilize
electricity for powering an electric motor as a means of propulsion and offer an alternative to
fossil-fuel-powered internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). Electric vehicles (EVs) has
attracted prominent attention since they use clean electricity. Electric vehicles uses electric
motor instead of internal combustion engines. Two types of motors are used in electric bike
are brushed motor and brushless motors. This electric motors gets charged from
batteries.Electric vehicle (EV) technology has the potential to reduce urban emissions
and overall petroleum consumption, if it uses grid electricity.
A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) has the facility to plug-in to a domestic/industrial

electric outlet, thereby reducing a significant portion of transportation petroleum
consumption. A key benefit of plug-in hybrid technology is that the vehicle no longer
depends on a single fuel source. A unique advantage of plug-in electric vehicles is
their capability to integrate the transportation sector and the electric power
generation sector to improve the efficiency, fuel economy and reliability of both
systems. Implementation of plug-in hybrid concept to two wheelers offers greater
flexibility and better utilization of resources.In.Electric vehicles have the potential to
decrease or at least moderate the growth of, utility rates. Electric vehicles typically charge at
night, when electricity is cheapest to generate. By balancing the demand for electricity
between day and night, electric vehicles decrease the average cost of electricity. Thus,
overall rates decrease. A potential future technology allows vehicles to feed electricity back
into the grid, a reverse charge system known as “vehicle to grid” (V2G). Peak hours of
electricity demand generally occur in the early to mid-afternoon, when most commuter
vehicles are sitting idle and can feed power back into the grid. Conversely, electric vehicles

are generally charging in the later evening, overnight, and in the early morning, when there is
excess generation capacity in the grid.

1.2 History of Electric Vehicle

The invention of the first model electric vehicle is attributed to various people. In 1828, the
Hungarian priest and physicist Ányos Jedlik invented an early type of electric motor, and
created a small model car powered by his new motor. Between 1832 and 1839, Scottish
inventor Robert Anderson also invented a crude electric carriage. In 1835, Professor
Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker from
Germany also created a small-scale electric car, powered by non-rechargeable primary
cells.An electric vehicle held the vehicular land speed record until around 1900. The high
cost, low top speed, and short range of battery electric vehicles, compared to 20th-century
internal combustion engine vehicles, led to a worldwide decline in their use as private motor
vehicles; although electric vehicles have continued to be used in the form of loading and
freight equipment and public transport – especially rail vehicles.At the beginning of the 21st
century, interest in electric and other alternative fuel vehicles in private motor vehicles has
increased due to growing concern over the problems associated with hydrocarbon-fueled
vehicles, including damage to the environment caused by their emissions, and the
sustainability of the current hydrocarbon-based transportation infrastructure as well as
improvements in electric vehicle technology.
Since 2010, combined sales of all-electric cars and utility vans achieved 1 million units
delivered globally in September 2016, 4.8 million electric cars in use at the end of 2019, and
cumulative sales of light-duty plug-in electric cars reached the 10 million unit milestone by
the end of 2020.The global ratio between annual sales of battery electric cars and plug-in
hybrids went from 56:44 in 2012 to 74:26 in 2019, and fell to 69:31 in 2020.As of August
2020, the fully electric Tesla Model 3 is the world's all-time best selling plug-in electric
passenger car, with around 645,000 units.
Eddy Electric series launched India’s first electric vehicle the Lovebird way back in 1993. At
present, Tata, MG, and Hyundai offer electric SUVs in the market. The electric vehicle stock
peaked at approximately 30,000 vehicles at the turn of the 20th century. In the 21st century,
EVs saw a resurgence due to technological developments, and an increased focus on
renewable energy. Electric vehicles are expected to increase from 2% of the global share in
2016 to 22% in 2030. Global cumulative sales of electric vehicles reached the 1million-unit
mark in September 2015, and 5 million in December 2018.

1.3 Market Overview

China is the largest electric vehicle market in the world. As of December 2020, China had the
largest stock of highway-legal plug-in passenger cars with over 4.5 million units, 42% of the
global fleet in use. As of December 2019, Europe accounted for 25% of the global stock, the
second largest after China, Europe had more than 3 million plug-in electric passenger cars
and light commercial vehicles in circulation at the end of 2020. As of December 2020,
cumulative sales of highway-legal plug-in electric cars in the U.S. totaled 1,741,566 units
since 2010
Figure 1. Global EV Sales as on Dec-2020
In 2019, the number of light electric vehicles globally reached 2,264,400 units, 9 % higher
than for 2018. This is a clear deviation from the growth rates of the previous 6 years, which
were between 46% and 69%.

India’s Status in EV’s
India is set to become the 3rd largest automotive market by 2025 and currently has one of the
lowest vehicle penetrations in the world making it a viable market for EVs manufacturers.
During, 2019-2020 there were more than 3.8Lakhs of electric vehicles are sold in India, and
the EV market in India is expected to hit over 6.3-million-unit mark per annum by 2027,
according to a report by India Energy Storage Alliance (IESA). Similarly, the annual battery
demand is forecasted to grow at 32% to hit 50GWh by 2027, of this, 40 plus GWh will be on
lithium-ion batteries.
Figure 2. Registered annual EV Sales and Region-wise registered EV sales - Jan-Dec 2020
If the shift to EVs is successful, it could potentially help India save up to $300Bn (INR 20
lack crore) in oil imports and nearly 1 Gigaton of carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 as per a
recent report by FICCI. Smart cities and smart grid are promoted, which are both the right
enable for developing a robust EVs market growth in India.

COMPARISON BETWEEN IC ENGINE VEHICLE AND ELECTRIC

VEHICLE
Table 1. Comparison between IC Engine Vehicle and Electrical Vehicle

1.3 Objectives
1. To develop a plug-in electric two-wheeler by converting available conventional

two-wheeler with a suitable motor and battery.
 By using electric drive the conventional two wheeler can be modified to E-
bike.
 Which can run on the electric power.
 It saves money as old vehicle can be reused as E-bike which is more efficent
then the conventional Two wheeler.
2. To develop a E bike suitable for urban areas.

 The E- bike provides a millage of 70Km per charge.
 The maximum speed of the E-bike 45km/h.
 Suitable for urban areas as there is no energy loss when the vehicle is
stationary in traffic.
3. Low cost and pollution free Environment
To fully a charge a E-bike it requires only 2 units of power with that the bike can
travel a range of 70km.
There is no environmental impacts as there is no emission from the vehicle .

1.4 Identification of the Problem

Air pollution from motor vehicles arises from evaporative emissions from the fueling systems
of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that include hydrocarbons (HCs) and from
postcombustion chemical compounds that leave the engine through the exhaust (tailpipe)
system and the crankcase. In engines using unleaded gasoline, the compounds in the exhaust
are typically HCs, CO, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx); in diesel engines, they include
particulates that are related to smoke; and in engines using alternative fuels such as methanol,
they include such VOC compounds as formaldehyde. Exhaust emissions are a function of
engine operation—for example, compression ratio, spark timing, air/fuel ratio (A/F), and
postengine treatment for purposes of control. Hydrocarbons in the exhaust are incompletely
burned or unburned fuel and oil. Carbon monoxide is formed in the combustion process and
is always present in small quantities in the exhaust regardless of the air/fuel ratio. The greater
proportion of fuel there is in the air/fuel mixture, the more CO is produced. Oxides of
nitrogen are formed during the combustion process, increase with peak combustion and are
also a function of the air/fuel ratio.
Automotive pollutants, directly and indirectly, have adverse health effects and their discharge
into the atmosphere has been subject to regulatory control for over two decades. 1 Exhaust
emissions can be limited by a variety of means. Exhaust gases that escape past the piston
rings into the crankcase are drawn back into the engine using a positive crankcase ventilation
system, and the unburned HCs are combusted. Emissions released through the exhaust pipe
are controlled in virtually all vehicles today by three-way catalytic converters in the exhaust
system and by electronic controls on gasoline-powered engines. The introduction in 1978 of
the three-way catalyst marked a major stride in emissions control technology because it
enabled the limitation of NOx, HC, and CO emissions to levels in compliance with current
standards.

Chapter 2
Literature Review
Vladimir Dimitrov Proc. IX National Conference with International Participation
"Electronica 2018", May 17 - 18, 2018, Sofia, Bulgaria
This paper present the various approaches that have been accumulated in the scientific
literature to design an electric bicycle. In order to group them in some manner a new
classification is proposed that groups the various issues that the designer is faced in three
broad categories – system level domain design, electrical engineering domain design and
mechanical engineering domain design. For each of the three domain the main issues are
presented alongside the most popular ways to solve them. The advantages and disadvantages
in choosing a particular solution are also discussed.
Józef Gromba AGH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cracow,

Poland-2018
The paper focuses on using the BLDC motor as electrical bike drive. As of today on the market there
are already different methods of controlling electrical motor of a bike. The most common is setting
the motor’s speed with a lever mounted on handlebars. Controlling motors torque instead of speed
makes new principle of how the drive works. Proposed method of control is based on controlling the
motor torque in such a way that allows the user to set a desired torque value keeping the force on
bike pedals constant.

Design and Development of an Innovative E-Bike C. Abagnalea , M.

Cardoneb *, P. Iodicea , R. Marialtoc , S. Stranoa , M. Terzoa , G. Vorraro September
2016, Turin, Italy
The present paper deals with a wide activity carried out on a prototype of an innovative
power-assisted bicycle. After the design and the modeling of the vehicle characterized by
some innovative solutions, the control has been implemented and testing on a suitable test rig
has been carried out. The feedback for the control is constituted by a new measurement
system of the driving torque that characterizes the proposed bicycle. The results highlight that
the proposed approach provides reduced tracking errors and good robustness, moreover, it
performs better than classical peddles assistance systems. This study, then, has provided
several results and guidelines that can assist for such improvements in the performance of
electric bicycles. Future developments will concern the design of several control strategies by
means of a hardware in the loop procedure.
B. ELLIOTFISHMAN, CHRISTOPHER CHERRY (2016) talked

about that E-bicycles speak to one of the quickest developing sections of the vehicle
showcase. More than 31 million e-bicycles were sold in 2012. Research has pursued this
development and gives a combination of the most relevant subjects rising over the past on the
expanding point of e-bicycles. The center is transport as opposed to recreational e-bicycle
look into, just as the most basic research holes requiring consideration. China drives the
world in e-bicycle deals, trailed by the Netherlands and Germany. E-bicycles can keep up
speed with less exertion. E-bicycles are found to expand bike use. E-bicycles can possibly
dislodge ordinary mechanized (inside burning) modes, yet there are open inquiries regarding
their job in uprooting customary bikes. E-bicycles have been appeared to give medical
advantages and a request of size less carbon dioxide than a vehicle venturing to every part of
a similar separation. Security issues have developed as an arrangement issue in a few locales
and e-bicycle numbers are currently moving toward levels in which satisfactory wellbeing
information can be gathered. Research on ebicycles is still in its earliest stages.
C. SIMON WASHINGTON, NARELLE HAWORTH (2014)

Clarified that there are as of now in excess of 700 urban communities working bicycle share
programs. Indicated advantages of bicycle share incorporate adaptable versatility, physical

movement, emanations and fuel use. Certain or express in the figuring of program benefits
are presumptions with respect to the methods of movement supplanted by bicycle share
ventures. An optional and remarkable common and support. These two parts are then
consolidated to gauge bicycle offer's general commitment to changes in vehicle kilometers
voyaged.
E. K.J.ASTROM, R.E.KLEIN (2005)

clarified that the elements of bikes is dissected from the point of view of control. Models of
various multifaceted nature are exhibited, beginning with straightforward ones and closure
with progressively practical models created from multimode programming. Models that catch
fundamental conduct, for example, self-adjustment just as models that show troubles with
back wheel controlling are considered. Encounters utilizing bikes in charge instruction
alongside recommendations for the sake of entertainment and provocative examinations with
demonstrated understudy fascination are introduced. At long last, bikes and clinical projects
intended for kids with incapacities are depicted.

JENNIFER DILL, GEOFFERY ROSE (2012) clarified that Electric bicycles are
progressively regular in China however are moderately uncommon in the United States. The
meetings uncovered a few conceivable statistic markets for e-bicycles that could extend the
bicycling populace: ladies, more established grown-ups, and individuals with physical
impediments. Proprietors of e-bicycles noticed their capacity to travel longer separations and
over slopes without any difficulty and to touch base at a goal, for example, work, less damp
with sweat and less drained than a customary bike would permit. These highlights may beat a
portion of the regular hindrances to bicycling for all socioeconomics. The vast majority of the
talked with ebicycle proprietors utilized their e-bicycles to substitute for movement by either
human-fueled bikes or customary engine vehicles. Thusly, the e-bicycle can address worries
about medical issues identified with inertia, contamination, and other open strategy issues to
which private vehicles contribute. Further research is expected to decide if explicit
approaches are expected to expand reception of e-bicycles. The potential for strife between
riders of e-bicycles and of standard bicycles due to speed differentials is a worry. Regardless
of whether speed differentials will represent a noteworthy issue will depend not just on the
degree of selection of e-bicycles however the qualities of the riders.
D. C.C.CHAN (2002) talked about a reality where condition assurance and vitality
preservation are developing concerns, the advancement of electric vehicles (EV) and half and
half electric vehicles (HEV) has taken on a quickened pace. The fantasy of having
industrially practical EVs and HEVs is turning into a reality. EVs and HEVs are step by step
accessible in the market. This paper will give a diagram of the present status of electric and
half breed vehicles worldwide and their cutting edge, with accentuation on the building logic
and key innovations. The significance of the combination of innovations of vehicle, electric
engine drive, hardware, vitality stockpiling, and controls and furthermore the significance of
the reconciliation of society quality from government, industry, explore establishments,
electric power utilities, and transportation experts are tended to. The test of EV
commercialization is examined.

Chapter 3
Description of the Project
3.1 Block Diagram
Figure 3. Block Diagram
• The main difference in the e-bike is that the fuel in a conventional motorcycle is
replaced by batteries in electric version.
• When the battery is ON the current flows to the motor and the power is transmitted to
the rear wheels with the help of chain drive shaft.
• The speed of the bike is controlled by the throttle which is connected to the
controller.
• The BMS(battery management system) controls charging and discharging of the
battery.
• We can travel a range of 60 to 90 miles between charges.

3.2 Components
Battery
Figure 4. Battery
A lithium ion battery are the rechargeable battery which is used in many electric vehicles
now a days in this battery the lithium ions moves from the negative electrode to the positive
electrode during discharge and back when charging. It is more efficient as it is less in weight,
high speed, no pollution, more reliable.
A lithium battery has the best combination of total weight and capacity. The specific
capacity of lithium-ion batteries is the highest of all existing types and this is their main
advantage. Lithium-ion batteries do not have the 'memory' effect.

Chain Set
It is the more common type of chain drive which is used for transmission of mechanical
power to long lasting &better way of rotatory motion from one gear to another it is derived
by a tooth head wheel called a sprocket it is simple, reliable and efficient.
Sprocket
It is the wheel with teeth which holds the chain they are used to transmit rotatory motion
between to shafts. It is different from gear as it has many teeth & where as gear consists of
only one or two teeth. It is also different from pulley because the pulley works more
smoothly
Figure 5. Sprocket of the Bike

.

Figure 6. BLDC Motor
Brushless DC motors do not use brushes. With brushed motors, the brushes deliver current
through the commutator into the coils on the rotor.
With the brushed motor, rotation is achieved by controlling the magnetic fields generated by
the coils on the rotor, while the magnetic field generated by the stationary magnets remains
fixed. To change the rotation speed, you change the voltage for the coils. With a BLDC
motor, it is the permanent magnet that rotates; rotation is achieved by changing the direction
of the magnetic fields generated by the surrounding stationary coils. To control the rotation,
you adjust the magnitude and direction of the current into these coils.
 Rated Operating Voltage: 48V
 Rated Power:750W
 No Load Current: 4.0A
 No Load Speed: 500 RPM
 Rated Torque: 102Kg-cm
 Rated Speed: 400 RPM
 Rated Current: 13.4A

Table 2. Difference between stepper DC, Brushless DC electric and Brushed DC electric
motor

Controller
• Controller consists of various sensors for keeping a check on Speed moments.

• To do this main sensor, Hall sensor is used
• Controller uses the PMW to adjust power input to the motor.
• The controller work with closed loop speed control mechanism for precise control
over the E-bike adjusting the speed.
Figure 7. Controller
Throttle
The throttle mode is similar to how a motorcycle or scooter operates. When the throttle is
engaged the motor provides power and propels you and the bike forward.A throttle allows
you to pedal or just kick back and enjoy a “free” ride! Most throttles can be fine tuned like a
volume dial between low and full power.A lot of e-bikes in the US have the throttle feature.
In some countries the throttle electric bike is not allowed; only pedal assist.
 A throttle allows to drive a vehicle from zero to rated or full speed.
 The throttle as a constant input voltage the output DC voltage depends on the Position
of the throttle.

Figure 8. Throttle
Battery Management System
BMS is an electronic system that manages a rechargeable battery to ensure it operates safely
and efficiently. BMS is designed to monitor the parameters associated with the battery pack
and its cells, apply the collected data to eliminate safety risks and optimize battery
performance.
Figure 9. Battery Management System
Primary Functions of BMS For an EV Battery:

1. Safety:
Electric vehicles run on high voltage Lithium-ion battery packs. Lithium-ion batteries have a
higher energy density than other battery chemistries. These batteries come with a risk of
catching fire under unusual circumstances. It is imperative to operate the EV batteries in pre-
defined safe limits to ensure the safety of the user as well as the vehicle. The Battery
management system continuously monitors parameters such as temperature, voltage, and
current in and out of the pack to ensure it is being operated in safe conditions the entire time.
• Overheating:
BMS is responsible for thermal management of the battery and monitors its temperature
continuously. If overheating of the battery pack is detected by the BMS, the vehicle's output
is automatically limited and the car is put in fail-safe mode.
• Overcharging:
overcharging of Lithium-ion cells can also lead to thermal runaway and potentially an
explosion. BMS continuously monitors the voltage of the pack as well as individual battery
cells and controls the supply of the current to avoid overcharging.
• Sensing Electrical Isolation:

The BMS also checks that the vehicle chassis is completely isolated from the high voltage
battery pack at all times to prevent the user from getting an electric shock.
2. Performance Optimization:
BMS is responsible for optimizing the performance of the battery pack.
• State of Charge (SOC):

Lithium-ion batteries perform best when their SOC is maintained between the minimum and
maximum charge limits defined in the battery profile. Overcharging as well as deep
discharging degrades the capacity of the battery, thereby shortening its life. At the time of
charging, BMS determined how much current can safely go in and communicates the same to
the EVSE (Electric vehicle supply equipment or the charger). During discharge of the battery,
BMS would communicate with the motor controller to avoid the cell voltages reaching too
low. The vehicles can show a corresponding alert to the user to charge the battery pack. The
BMS also controls the recharging through regenerative braking.
• Cell Balancing:
Individual cells in the battery pack develop differences in capacity with time, which amplify
with each charge/discharge cycle. This imbalance limits the amount of energy that can be
derived from the battery, and also how much the battery pack can be charged. It is needed to
maintain the cells at equal voltage levels and maintain the cells at equal voltage levels and
maximize the capacity utilization of the battery pack. Measurement of individual cell
voltages by BMS indicates their relative balance and acts as a pointer to how much charge
equalization is required. The BMS performs cell balancing by draining excess energy from
cells that are more charged than others, through active or passive techniques.

3.Health Monitoring and Diagnostics:

The BMS uses the collected data points (temperature, voltage, current, etc.) to estimate the
state of charge and state of health of the battery pack. The SOC refers to available energy in
the battery and determines how far the vehicle can go before needing to recharge. The SOH
measures the current condition of the battery as compared to its original capacity and
indicates the battery’s suitability for the application. Both SOC and SOH are presented as
percentages.
BMS also checks for anomalies in the parameters and behavior of the cells and the battery
pack. It stores the error codes and logs diagnostic information that helps fix any issues with
the battery. The BMS can either take necessary corrective actions or trigger failsafe
mechanisms to preserve the health of the pack.
4. Communication:
The BMS is responsible for communicating with other ECUs (Electronic Control Units) in
the vehicle. It relays the necessary data about the battery parameters to the motor controller to
ensure the smooth running of the vehicle. In the case of AC charging, BMS communicates
with the onboard charger to monitor and control the charging of the battery pack. For DC
charging, a communication link is established directly between the EVSE and the BMS. BMS
communicates the required output voltage and current levels to the EVSE and sends
instructions to start and stop the charging process.

Chapter 4
4.1 Methodology
 The BLDC motor was connected to gear wheel through chain drive, which is fitted
using nut and bolts on iron strips welded to seatstay.
 The fabrication was carried out keeping in mind the maximum load the motor will be
able to withstand.
 Edge grinding was done to provide smoother surface finishing on freewheel and iron
strips.
 All the fabricated parts were assembled .
 The throttle is powered by batteries which are fitted on the handle.
Study on existing Identification of the

problem
Selection of Identify the input and

materials output parameters by
literature survey
Fabrication and Statistical analysis

optimization of results
Validation of data
and final product

4.2 Calculation
Figure 10. Gravity
CALCULATION
Ftotal = Frolling + Fgradient + Faerodyamics
Frolling = Cr *M*g
= 0.004 *260*9.8
= 11N
Where,
Cr : co-efficent of rolling resistance
M : mass of the Vehicle
g : Acceleration due to Gravity
Fgradient = masinθ for flat surface θ is zero.

≈ 50N
Fad = 0.5(∫ V² Ca Af)
= 0.5(1.23*11.11^2 * 0.88*0.5)
= 35N
Where,
∫ = Density of air
Ca = Coefficent of air resistance
Af = Frontal area of the Vehicle
Ftotal ≈ 96N
Power = total resistance * Velocity of vehicle
= 96 * 11.11
= 1050Watts
Battery Power = V * Ah
= 48 * 25
= 1200watts

Chapter 5
5.1 Applications
• Electric vehicles tend to be more silent than conventional vehicles. This, in turn, helps in
curbing noise pollution, especially in crowded urban areas.
• Electric vehicles produce no harmful emissions, which cause greenhouse gases while
driving. If the high-voltage battery is charged from renewable energy sources, an electric
vehicle can be run CO2-free.
• The electric drive motor is very robust and requires little maintenance. It is only subject to
minor mechanical wear.
• Electric drive motors have a high degree of efficiency of up to 96% compared with internal
combustion engines that have an efficiency of 35–40%.
• Electric drive motors have excellent torque and output characteristics. They develop
maximum torque from standstill. This allows an electric vehicle to accelerate considerably
faster than a vehicle with an internal combustion engine producing the same output.
• The drive train design is simpler because vehicle components like the transmission, clutch,
mufflers, particulate filters, fuel tank, starter, alternator, and spark plugs are not required.
• When the vehicle is braked, the motor can also be used as an alternator that produces
electricity and charges the battery (regenerative braking).
• The high-voltage battery can be charged at home, in a vehicle park, and by using any
accessible sockets.
• The energy is only supplied when the user needs it. Compared with conventional vehicles,
the electric drive motor never runs when the vehicle stops at a red light. The electric drive
motor is highly efficient particularly in lines and bumper-to-bumper traffic.
• Apart from the reduction gearbox on the electric drive motor, the electric vehicle does not
require any lubricating oil.
• As more consumers invest in this technology, there will be less of a demand for oil, which
reduces the cost of importing foreign oil giving more freedom to the government to allocate
its resources.

5.2 Drawbacks of Electric Vehicle
• Electric vehicles are limited by range and speed. The major disadvantage of EVs is that the
battery has to be charged regularly. The normal working range of the battery is about 50-130
miles and it takes about 6-8 hours to recharge completely.
• The electricity bill will probably increase as we have to draw power from the home
charging system to charge EVs.
• Silence can be a bit disadvantage as people like to hear the noise if they are coming from
behind them. An electric car is, however, silent and can lead to accidents in some cases.
• While fuel and running costs are lower for electric vehicles, the initial purchase price is
often considerably higher.
• Although EVs require less maintenance and fewer repairs, it is still important to find a
qualified mechanic in your area. Unfortunately, 97% of mechanics are not qualified to work
on electric vehicles.
• Even though we can charge an electric vehicle at home, finding a charging station if we are
driving through rural areas or on a long-distance road trip can be a challenge.
• Depending on the type and usage of the battery, the batteries of almost all EVs are required
to be changed every 3-10 years.

Conclusion
EVs have great potential of becoming the future of transport while saving this planet from
imminent calamities caused by global warming. They are a viable alternative to conventional
vehicles that depend directly on diminishing fossil fuel reserves.
Since the electricity currently used to charge electric vehicles across the world does not come
from 100% carbon-free sources, today’s EVs still contribute to global greenhouse gas
emissions.
In general, EVs are cleaner when their electricity comes from renewable energy sources like
wind and solar PV, or low carbon power sources like nuclear energy and hydropower.

REFERNCE
 Vladimir Dimitrov Proc. IX National Conference with International Participation

"Electronica 2018", May 17 - 18, 2018, Sofia, Bulgaria
 Józef Gromba AGH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cracow,

Poland-2018
 Design and Development of an Innovative E-Bike C. Abagnalea , M. Cardoneb *, P.

Iodicea , R. Marialtoc , S. Stranoa , M. Terzoa , G. Vorraro September 2016, Turin,
Italy
 B. ELLIOTFISHMAN, CHRISTOPHER CHERRY (2016)
 SIMON WASHINGTON, NARELLE HAWORTH (2014)
 JENNIFER DILL, GEOFFERY ROSE (2012)

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Study and Implementation of Power train in

Under the Guidance of

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Jawaharlal Nehru New College Of Engineering

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 1

5.2 Drawbacks of Electric Vehicle .....................................................................................................28

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 2

A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) has the facility to plug-in to a domestic/industrial

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 3

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 4

1.2 History of Electric Vehicle

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 5

1.3 Market Overview

Figure 1. Global EV Sales as on Dec-2020

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 6

India’s Status in EV’s

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 7

COMPARISON BETWEEN IC ENGINE VEHICLE AND ELECTRIC

Table 1. Comparison between IC Engine Vehicle and Electrical Vehicle

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 8

1. To develop a plug-in electric two-wheeler by converting available conventional

2. To develop a E bike suitable for urban areas.

3. Low cost and pollution free Environment

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 9

1.4 Identification of the Problem

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 10

Vladimir Dimitrov Proc. IX National Conference with International Participation

"Electronica 2018", May 17 - 18, 2018, Sofia, Bulgaria

Józef Gromba AGH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Cracow,

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 11

Design and Development of an Innovative E-Bike C. Abagnalea , M.

B. ELLIOTFISHMAN, CHRISTOPHER CHERRY (2016) talked

C. SIMON WASHINGTON, NARELLE HAWORTH (2014)

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 12

E. K.J.ASTROM, R.E.KLEIN (2005)

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 13

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 14

Description of the Project

3.1 Block Diagram

Figure 3. Block Diagram

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 15

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 16

Figure 5. Sprocket of the Bike

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 17

Figure 6. BLDC Motor

 Rated Operating Voltage: 48V

 No Load Current: 4.0A

 No Load Speed: 500 RPM

 Rated Torque: 102Kg-cm

 Rated Speed: 400 RPM

 Rated Current: 13.4A

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 18

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 19

• Controller consists of various sensors for keeping a check on Speed moments.

 A throttle allows to drive a vehicle from zero to rated or full speed.

Dept. of E&EE,JNNCE,Shimoga Page 20

Battery Management System

Figure 9. Battery Management System