Organic Agriculture: Module 4: - Prepare Composting Area and Raw Materials Quarter 1, Week 4 Aussie Charity T. Calibo

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Organic Agriculture

10
Module 4: – Prepare Composting Area
And Raw Materials
Quarter 1, Week 4
Aussie Charity T. Calibo

(SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR INDEPENDENT LEARNING


ENGAGEMENT)
A Joint Project of
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF DIPOLOG CITY
and the
DIPOLOG CITY GOVERNMENT
TLE– Grade 10
Week 4, Quarter 1: Prepare Composting Area and Raw Materials
First Edition, 2020

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Aussie Charity T. Calibo


Editor: Aussie Charity T. Calibo

Reviewer: Lynne B. Gahisan

Management Team:

Virgilio P. Batan Jr. - Schools Division Superintendent


Jay S. Montealto - Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Amelinda D. Montero - Chief, CID
Nur N. Hussien - Chief, SGOD
Ronillo S. Yarag - EPS PVR – LRMDS
Leo Martinno O. Alejo - PDO II - LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region IX – Dipolog City Schools Division

Office Address: Purok Farmers, Olingan, Dipolog


The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

This module on Organic Agriculture 10 will be of great help to the


Technology and Livelihood Education students. This has been conceptualized to
equip them with the basic knowledge, skills, positive values and attitudes toward
produce organic fertilizer activities. It provides concepts necessary to equip them to
face the challenges ahead for this time of the pandemic. Lessons are prepared in
such a way that it will respond to the needs of teachers and students in this
subject area.

You are now in Organic Agriculture-Module 4: Week 4


Learning Outcome 1: LO 1. Prepare composting area and raw materials

After going through this module, you are expected to:


TLE_AFOA9-12OFIa-j-IIa-j-1

1.4. Gather materials for organic fertilizer based on production requirements and
PNS ;

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What I Know

A. True or False

Direction: Write True if the statement is correct, False if it is incorrect. Write your
answer on a sheet of paper.

______ 1. Azolla is a type of plant residues.


______ 2. Plant residues are chemically simple organic materials.
______ 3. The amount contributed by crop residue does not depend on the crop and
the stages which are incorporated.
______ 4. Green manure is incorporated while they are still green.
______ 5. Chicken manure is higher in nitrogen content.
______ 6. Oyster shells are an example of animal residues.
______ 7. Bagasse is one of many sugarcanes by- products.
______ 8. The carbonized rice hull is better than the ordinary rice hull.
______ 9. Coir is useful in young plantations and nursery preparation.
______10. Coir is the thick first layer of the coconut fruit.
______11. Leftover food is an example of wet garbage.
______12. Nutrient content in organic raw materials is not readily available.
______13. The composition and quality of organic materials are highly variable.
______14. The utilization of raw organic materials is more expensive.
______15. Organic materials are predictable in nutrient composition.

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Lesson PREPARE COMPOSTING
4 AREA AND RAW MATERIALS

What’s In

Direction: Answer the following questions in a separate sheet.

1. List down the 4 methods of composting you know.


_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________

What’s New

Direction: Answer the following questions in a separate sheet.

1. List down the at least 4 types of raw organic materials

_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________

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What is It

Types of Organic Raw Materials

I. Plant Residues

Plant residues are chemically complex organic materials that enter the
soil and play an important role in maintaining soil productivity by providing
source of nutrients and inputs to organic matter (Allison 1973). They are
known to affect soil physical properties, availability of soil nutrients, and soil
faunal populations.

Types of Plant Residues

Crop residues

Crop residue remaining after harvest accounts for large portion of the
organic matter added to soils. The amount of nutrients contributed by crop
residue depends on the crop and the stage at which it is incorporated.

Most of the crop residues are not collected for composting and nutrient
recycling, but are used as animal feed (straw/stovers), burnt or left in the filed
for natural decomposition.

Azolla and Blue Green Algae

Most important biofertilizers for lowland rice are azolla and blue green
algae (BGA). Azolla is an aquatic fern that lives in symbiotic association with
the N-fixing blue –green alga Anabaena azollae. The biomass of azolla is a good
source of organic fertilizer after decomposition. Azolla can be used for green
manuring, which could contribute from 20kg to 60 kg N/ha per season. It is
considered an efficient scavenger for K and serves as a source of K for rice
crops (FADINAP 2002).

Some blue-green algae (Gloeotrichia Euglena, Phacus, Trachelomonas,


and Nitzchia) have been known for their N-fixing property, particularly their
role as N sources in rice paddies. Algal fertilization is comparable to NPK
fertilization. As a biofertilizer, BGA enhances soil N fertility by excreting
nitrogenous compounds into the soil while alive and the release of N-fixed
compounds when it decomposes.

Indigenous plants/multi-purpose tree species.

The potential of organic fertilizers using indigenous plants/multi-


purpose tree species in reducing mineral fertilizer inputs in lowland-and
upland-based farming system was observed to be effective. Many researchers
have indicated that plant residues from planted fallows or pruning from

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hedgerows in alley cropping system can contribute significant quantities of
nutrients to many crops.

Green manures

Green manures are crops that are incorporated into the soil while they
are still green and succulent in order to improve the soil and to supply N to
the associated cash crop. If the primary reason for growing a green manure is
to provide N, then some types of legumes should be planted. For other reasons,
green manures are good materials for compost production, The Sesbania
species (Sesbania sesban, Sesbania rostrate, and Sesbania aculeate), N-fixing
shrubs used to improve soil organic matter and fodders, are widely promoted
in the humid tropics. Aeschynimene afraspera is a stem-nodulating legume
that can grow also in upland and lowland conditions. This legume is less
sensitive to photoperiod than Sesbania. These shrubs re-grow vigorously after
being cut, producing abundant source of organic material.

II. Farmyard Manure

Farmyard manure does not receive the attention it deserves, as it


probably rans next to plant residues in terms of abundance in the rural areas.
Storage of these animal manures is in heaps exposed to sun, rain, and wind,
which result in substantial nutrient losses. Farmyard manure can be
economical source of plant nutrients and a valuable soil amendment to
improve soil quality.

Types of Farmyard Manure

Poultry

The most important manures in the country are broiler litter and egg
layer manure. Because poultry excrete liquid and solid waste together, poultry
manure is higher in N than manure of other farm animals.

Commercial broilers are reared in houses with rice hulls or wood


shavings as litter. Egg layers are reared in layered or low-rise houses. Manure
drops to the ground and scraped out more often. In some operations, poultry
manure contains feathers, uneaten feed, and broken eggs. A stack of manure
cleaned out of these poultry houses may contain materials varying in age from
a few weeks to months. Variation in the age of the material and the type of the
amount of litter in manure, results in the variations in nutrient content.

Cattle and Carabao

The physical and chemical properties of cow manure may also depend
on the feed proportion and method of waste collection and disposal. In general,
cattle dung consists of 70-88% moisture, 20% OM, 3% mineral matter, and
both macro- and micronutrients.
Cows are kept in dirt-floor corrals where manure and accumulated
urine is periodically scraped and stacked. In some dairy farms, cows are kept
in barns that are cleaned daily. The wastewater flows into settling basin and

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lodged into lagoons. When it is necessary to dredge the lagoon. The wastewater
is dumped in the nearest waterway and the sludge is used as soil amendment.

Although carabao and cattle manure are not directly applied in the filed
as fertilizer, they are commonly deposited on pasture areas, and others are
collected and used in composting.

Horse

Since there is only a small number of horse in the country, very little of
horse manure is available. Horse manure is often mixed with high proportion
of crop residues such as straw, rice hulls, and coir dust.

Swine

In commercial swine farm, manures are swept and collected before


flushing them with that flows into lagoons, river, or nearby vacant lots. The
collected manure is either dried on a drying bed or placed into the pit. This
drying bed is exposed to all types of weather. However, another wat of cleaning
the farm is to flush the pigpen with high volume of water that flows into a
lagoon.

Goat and sheep

The presence of medium or large herd of goats or sheep is rare in the


country. The manure from sheep and goat is particularly helpful in quick
decomposition of organic residues because of their small size and large surface
area. The microbial activity is enhanced resulting in quick breakdown of
residues into energy-rich nutrients. The nitrogen content is almost 2.8%.

III. Animal Residues

Some animal residues can also be good sources of nutrients. Animal


blood, horn, feet, and feathers are high in nitrogen. Oyster shells and egg crust
have high calcium. Compared with bulk organic material like farmyard
manure and crop residues, concentrated animal residues have high
concentration of nutrients. Because they contain only a small amount of
organic carbon. These residues behave similarly with synthetic fertilizers
when incorporated into the soil, particularly in terms of nutrient release rates.
Unlike synthetic fertilizer, however, they contain at least trace amounts of
most of the plant nutrients in addition to N, P, and K.

IV. Agri-industrial Wastes

Types of Agri-Industrial Wastes

a. Sugar Wastes and By-products

Bagasse
Many sugarcane processing factories produce substantial
quantities of organic by-product such as bagasse, pith, and mud press.

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Sugarcane has been one of the most important agricultural
crops in the country for several decades, and produces million tons of
bagasse per year as a by-product of sugar production. Bagasse is a
solid waste produced after extracting the juice from the sugarcane
stalks. Bagasse has high C/N ratio (>150) and percentage of acid
detergent fiber (ADF, 41-62%)but low crude protein (CP, 2.5%) and total
digestible nutrients (TDN, 10-39%). Nevertheless, it has served as a
good soil conditioner when plowed back into the soil. Much of the
bagasse is used as fuel. The bagasse ash contains 0.28% N, 0.84%P
and 2-5%K.

Mud press/filtercake

About 6% of millable cane produces filtercake or mud press. This


material is dark brown to blck and is composed of varying proportions
of sand, soil, bagacillo, sugar, flocculants, and coagulated colloids and
sediments which included phosphate, lime and albuminoids. The
typical composition of mud press is as follows:
Oil and wax (lipids) - 5-15%
Fiber - 15-30%
Sugars - 5-5%
Crude protein - 5-15%
Total ash - 9-20%
Moisture content - 65-80%

Acevedo-Ramos et.al (1963) determined the organic matter of


mud press as ranging from 20% to 30%. Mud press contains high
amounts of cellulose and hemicellulose and harbors pathogenic
organism that are spore formers and heat resistant. Hence, the raw
material must be composted completely before using on crops.

Sugarcane slop

This is spent-wash in the production of alcohol from sugar. It


contains organic and inorganic substances consisting of potassium and
calcium sulfates and phosphates, traces of iron, magnesium and
sodium, proteins, gums, caramel, organic acids, glycerol, and
unfermentable sugars.

b. Rice Hull and Coir Dust

Rice hull (husk)


The rice hulls generated from all the rice mills nationwide
probably amounts to more than 2 M t/year. It has very high silica
content (up to 14.5%) but the other nutrients are less than 1%. The
C/N ratio is 91, thus very slow to decompose. It is generally used as
bedding in poultry houses. It could be useful as an absorbent of excess
moisture in composting municipal wastes.

Smoked or carbonized hull is better material than ordinary rice


hull. It provides a bacteria-and fungus-free material and has a
consistency that can hold onto water and supply nutrients of crops.
Carbonized rice hull could be an important component of organic
fertilizer.

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Coir dust
Coir is a fibrous material that constitutes the thick mesocarp
(middle layer) of coconut fruit (Cocos nucifera). The long fibers of coir
are extracted from the coconut husk and utilized in the manufacture of
brushes, automobile seat and mattress stuffing, drainage pipe filters,
twine, and other products. The short fibers (2mm or less) and dust
(‘pitch’) left behind accumulate as waste product. The high lignin and
cellulose content of the pitch prevents the piles from further
decomposition.

It acts as excellent mulch in young plantations and conserves


moisture during the dry months. It has the capacity to absorb moisture
many times over its weight and is used in composting and nursery
preparation.
C. Other Agri-Industrial Waste

Agri-industries, such as fruit and vegetable processing, cotton


ginneries, oil mills breweries, and distilleries, also produce large quantities of
organic waste materials which need to be properly managed and utilized for
nutrient recycling instead of dumping and polluting the environment.

Lumbang meal and castor bean meal are the residues after oil
extraction from “lumbang” and castor plants. The materials contain 6-7% N.

The production of the food seasoning, monosodium glutamate (MSG),


produces a liquid waste with high N (5%), considerable concentration of P
(0.4%) and K (1.7%). The material is strongly acidic (pH 3.4) with high chloride
content. Nevertheless, it can be used as nitrogen enriching raw material in
composting.

In beer making, used hops and sludge are produced. The used hops
contain 2.5-3.5% N and 1.0%P.

D. Municipal Biodegradable Wastes


The production and disposal of municipal solid waste in many
countries, including the Philippines, has become an increasingly difficult
problem. Currently, about 50% of urban trashes are biodegradable organic
materials which can be degraded and processed appropriately as bioorganic
fertilizers.

Types of Biodegradable Wastes

Biodegradable municipal waste compromises food waste, garden waste,


paper and cardboard, textiles, wood, and other miscellaneous biodegradable
wastes.

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Household waste

Shredding branches is often a major problem for homeowners. Many


municipalities collect these woody yard wastes and dump them in landfill.
These wastes are potential composting material.

Wet garbage – kitchen waste such as leftover food, fruits, and vegetable
peelings, fish wastes.
Dry garbage – papers/cartons (junk mails, newspapers, shoe boxes, etc.);
garden wastes (plants, dried leaves, tree branches); used clothing,
shoes

Municipal Waste

Wet garbage – solid fruit and vegetable wastes from the market; solid
biodegradable waste from slaughterhouse.
Dry garbage – packing wastes cartons, wooden crates from market;
biodegradable packaging materials from commercial establishments.

Important Things to Consider in the Utilization of organic Raw


Materials

Most of the nutrient concentration/content in organic raw materials


reported are not readily available for plant growth. Nutrients in organic
material must be released by soil microorganisms through mineralization.
This biological process is affected by variations in plant resources quality,
moisture, temperature, and the microbial species and population present in
the soil. Therefore, organic materials are less predictable in nutrient
composition, nutrient release, and nutrient-use efficiency than inorganic
fertilizers.

The composition and quality of organic materials are highly variable.


Therefore, if organic materials will be used as fertilizer, it is important to get
accurate information about it nutrient composition. To have accurate records
on nutrient inputs, each load of material applied to the soil should be analyzed
separately in analytical soil testing laboratories.

Utilization of raw organic materials are usually more expensive per unit
nutrient (to collect, purchase, transport, store and apply) than inorganic
fertilizers. When evaluating the cost and benefits of various materials,
however, consider the two additional benefits in utilizing organic materials.
First, the organic materials can supply organic matter which improves soil
physical and chemical properties, Second, organic materials provide ‘energy’
for microorganisms, thereby promoting nutrient cycling within the production
system, and in some cases, suppressing harmful pathogens. It is, therefore,
difficult to assign a peso value to these non-nutrient benefits.

The use of organic materials for composting should not be focused on


single factor such as C/N ratio. It has been shown in many researched that
no single variable has consistently proven to be the best predictor of
decomposition rates of organic materials studied. It is the combination of
many factors that affect the decomposition process of organic materials, that
later may affect the process of composting and compost quality.

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What’s More

Directions: Read the items inside the box. Circle the ones that are crop
residues, cross the ones that are farmyard manure, double line that
are animal residues, check that are agri-industrial waste of raw organic
materials. Copy and answer on a sheet of paper.

1. Bagasse 2. Chicken 3. Horse


4. Azolla 5. Swine 6. Mud press

7. Oyster shells 8. Blue Green Algae 9. Carabao

10. Mud press 11. Corn Stalk 12. Animal Blood


13. Rice hull 14. Sheep 15. Coir dust

What I Can Do

Instruction: Go out and gather different raw organic materials found outside your
home. Do not forget to wear your protective equipment while doing the activity. Be
careful in using sharp objects. Please observe Occupational Health and Safety
always. Take photos of every activity that you perform.

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Rubrics

Excellent Very Satisfactory Needs


Satisfactory Improvement
Quality of Work The learners Students Performed the Build the
assembled and followed the correct method compost bed
produced strong steps and and without using in
and unique created 1x1 size make bed using raw organic
composting bed of composting 2 kinds of raw materials that
using 3-4 raw bed using 2-3 organic are available in
organic kinds of raw materials. the community.
materials that organic
are locally materials.
available.
Use of the Maximize the Use only 4 types Use 2-3 Did not use any
Personal use of all PPE of Personal Personal of the personal
Protective (like; boots, Protective Protective Protective
Equipment gloves, masks, Equipment. Equipment Equipment.
hat, and jacket) during hands-on
while lay-outing activity.
and constructing
the bed.
Speed The learners Students lay-out Learners Has consumed
finished lay- and make completed the 3 hours in lay-
outing and composting bed actual lay-outing outing and
constructing the within 2 hours. and building of compost bed
composting bed composting bed making.
within 1 ½ hour. within 2 hours
and 30 minutes.

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Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICES
Direction: Read each item carefully. Write the correct answers in a separate sheet
and submit it to your teacher.

1. This is an aquatic fern that lives in symbiotic association with the N-fixing blue –
green alga.
a. Azolla b. green manure
c. Indigenous plants d. mud press
2. How many percent of urban trashes are considered biodegradable organic
materials?
a. 30% b. 40% c. 50% d. 60%
3. Oyster shells and egg crust are high in;
a. Phosphorous b. Potassium c. Calcium d. Nitrogen
4. What is the nitrogen content of goat and sheep manure?
a. 1.8% b. 2.8% c. 3.8% d. 4.8%
5. These residues are similar to synthetic fertilizers.
a. crop residues b. animal residues
c. farmyard manure d. agri-industrial waste
6. Rice hulls have ______ high content.
a. zinc b. nitrogen c. potassium d. silica
7. In household waste, what is often a major problem for homeowners?
a. shredded branches b. leftover
c. fish waste d. fruits
8. Coir is found in the _____________ of coconut fruit.
a. first layer b. middle layer c. last layer d. all of the above
9. What is the composition of coir that prevents it from decomposition?
a. lignin b. cellulose c. pitch d. none of the above
10. This is a sugarcane product when the juice is already extracted from the plant.
a. mud press b. bagasse c. sugarcane slop d. all of the above
11. Which of the following is NOT an example of animal residues?
a. blood b. feathers c. manure d. oyster shells
12. Chicken manure is higher in ___________.
a. nitrogen b. phosphorous c. potassium d. zinc
13. When is the best time to incorporate the green manure?
a. when still green b. when still very young
c. when its dry d. when it’s wilted
14. Which of the following is correct?
a. plant residues are chemically simple organic materials
b. plant residues are physically simple organic materials
c. plant residues are chemically complex organic materials
d. plant residues are physically complex organic materials
15. This is a type of plant residues.
a. bagasse b. coir dust c. azolla d. all of the above

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Additional Activities

Direction: Write an item that can be compostable for each of the letters in the word
―COMPOST‖. The first letter is done for you. Answer in a separate sheet.

Corn stalk
O
M
P
O
S
T

Answer Key

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References

The Philippines Recommends for Organic Fertilizer Production and Utilization


PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCARRD) Department of Science
and Technology (DOST) Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines 2006

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