Junior Problems: Mathematical Reflections (2021) 1

Junior Problems
J547. Find all primes p such that

2p+2 − 1
p
is a prime.
Proposed by Adrian Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA
J548. Let a, b, c, x, y be positive real numbers such that x + y = 1. Prove that

s s s
a3 b3 c3
+ + ≥ a + b + c.
xa + yb xb + yc xc + ya
Proposed by Mircea Becheanu, Canada
J549. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that

b+c c+a a+b 9 1 1 1
2
+ 2 + 2 − ≥ + +
a b c a+b+c a b c
J550. Let a, b, c be real numbers with a, b ≤ c, such that abc = 1 and ab + bc + ca = 0. Find the greatest real
number k such that
|a + b| ≥ k|c|.
Proposed by Ayashi Jain, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
J551. Let ABCD be a square and let M be a point on side CD. The lines AM and BD intersect in E . The
perpendicular in E on AM intersects BC in N and AN intersects BD in F . Let K be the intersection
point of EN and F M . Prove that AK is perpendicular to M N .
J552. Let x, y, z be positive real numbers with xy + xz + yz + xyz = 4. Prove that

√ p √ p
2 x+1+ y+1+ z + 1 ≤ 3 (x + 1) (y + 1) (z + 1).
Proposed by Mihaela Berindeanu, Bucharest, România
Mathematical Reflections 2 (2021) 1

Senior Problems
S547. Let a and b be postive real numbers less than 2 such that ab = 2. Solve in real numbers the equation
4(x2 + ax + b)(x2 + bx + a) + a3 + b3 = 9.
S548. Let a, b, c, d be nonnegative real numbers such that a + b + c + d = 10. Prove that
6a + 2ab + abc + abcd ≤ 96.
Proposed by An Zhenping, Xianyang Normal University, China
S549. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that a + b + c + abc = 4. Prove that
√ √ √ p p p
a bc + b ca + c ab ≤ 1 + 4a − a2 + 1 + 4b − b2 + 1 + 4c − c2 ≤ ab + bc + ca + 3.
Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam
S550. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that

p p p √ √ √
a2 + 2ab + b2 + 2bc + c2 + 2ca ≥ 3ab + 3bc + 3ca.
Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA
S551. Let a, b, c be the side lengths of a triangle with inradius r and circumradius R. Prove that
R √ √ a2 + b2 + c2
+ (1 + 5) ≥ (3 + 5) · .
r ab + bc + ca
When does equality hold?
Proposed by Marius St nean, Zal u, România
S552. Find all triangles ABC with AB = 8 for which there is an interior point P such that P B = 5,
P C, AC, BC is an arithmetic sequence with common dierence 2 and ∠BP C = 2∠BAC .

Undergraduate Problems
U547. Let a, b, c, d be real numbers such that all solutions to the equation
x5 + ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + 1022 = 0
are real numbers less than −1. Pove that a + c < b + d.
U548. Evaluate π
Z2
dx
1 + tann x
0
where n is a positive integer.
U549. Evaluate ∞
X 4n − 1
n2 (2n
− 1)2
n=1
Proposed by Toyesh Prakash Sharma, St.C.F. Andrews School, Agra, India
U550. Let n n−1

fn (x) = (x2 − x + 1)(x4 − x2 + 1)(x8 − x4 + 1) · · · (x2 − x2 + 1).
Prove that for |x| < 1
1 4
< lim fn (x) ≤ .
3 n→∞ 3
U551. Let P (x) = a0 + a1 x + · · · + ad xd be a polynomial with positive coecients such that a2k > 9ak−1 ak+1 ,
for all k = 1, . . . , d − 1. Prove that P (x) has d distinct real roots.
Proposed by Navid Safaei, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
U552. Find all polynomials P (x) with real coecients for which
√
P (P (a + b)) − 4abP (a + b) + 4a2 b2 ≥ P (a2 ) + P (b2 ) ≥ P (a2 + b2 ) − P ( 2ab).
Proposed by Karthik Vedula, James S. Rickards High School, Tallahassee, USA

Olympiad Problems
O547. Let a, b, c be the side lengths of a triangle and let R and r be the circumradius and inradius, respectively.
Prove that: 2 2 2
a b c 17r 11
+ + + ≥ .
b+c c+a a+b 18R 9
Proposed by Titu Andreescu, USA and Marius St nean, România
O548. Let m, n, p ≥ 2 be positive integers. Find the number of n × p matrices with entries in the set
{1, 2, . . . , m} such that every element of the matrix is distinct from its row and column neighbors.
O549. Let ABC be a triangle. Prove that

cos A cos B cos C 7 R r 19 1 R R
2 + 2 + 2 ≥ + − ≥ 21 − 10 ≥ .
sin A sin B sin C 4 r R 8 16 r r
(An improvement of inequality S544.)
Proposed by Marius St nean, Zal u, România
O550. Let ABC be a triangle. Incircle with radius r touches BC at D. Point X lies inside angle BAC and
outside triangle and satises the following conditions:
1 r
BD · BX = CD · CX and tan ∠CXB = .
2 BC
Prove that X lies on the A-excircle.
Proposed by Dominik Burek, Krakow, Poland
O551. Let ABC be a triangle and let ∆ be its area. Prove that
B−C C −A A−B √
a(s − a) cos + b(s − b) cos + c(s − c) cos ≥ 2 3∆.
4 4 4
Proposed by An Zhenping, Xianyang Normal University, China
O552. Let ABC be a triangle with incenter I . The incircle is tangent to BC , CA, AB at points D, E , F ,
respectively. Denote by A1 , B1 , C1 the orthocenters of the triangles AEF , BF D, CDE , respectively.
(1) Prove that circle (DB1 C1 ) passes through the foot of the altitude from A of triangle ABC .
(2) Prove that circles (DB1 C1 ), (EC1 A1 ), (F A1 B1 ) have a common point and this point is the Feuerbach
point of triangle ABC .
Proposed by Dong Luu, Hanoi National University of Education, Vietnam

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Junior Problems

J547. Find all primes p such that

Proposed by Adrian Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

J548. Let a, b, c, x, y be positive real numbers such that x + y = 1. Prove that

Proposed by Mircea Becheanu, Canada

J549. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that

Proposed by Adrian Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

Proposed by Ayashi Jain, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

Proposed by Mircea Becheanu, Canada

J552. Let x, y, z be positive real numbers with xy + xz + yz + xyz = 4. Prove that

Proposed by Mihaela Berindeanu, Bucharest, România

Mathematical Reflections 2 (2021) 1

Proposed by Adrian Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

Proposed by An Zhenping, Xianyang Normal University, China

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

S550. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. Prove that

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

Proposed by Marius St nean, Zal u, România

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

Mathematical Reflections 2 (2021) 2

are real numbers less than −1. Pove that a + c < b + d.

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA

where n is a positive integer.

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

Proposed by Toyesh Prakash Sharma, St.C.F. Andrews School, Agra, India

U550. Let n n−1

Proposed by Nguyen Viet Hung, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam

Proposed by Navid Safaei, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Proposed by Karthik Vedula, James S. Rickards High School, Tallahassee, USA

Mathematical Reflections 2 (2021) 3

Proposed by Titu Andreescu, USA and Marius St nean, România

Proposed by Mircea Becheanu, Canada

O549. Let ABC be a triangle. Prove that

(An improvement of inequality S544.)

Proposed by Marius St nean, Zal u, România

Proposed by Dominik Burek, Krakow, Poland

Proposed by An Zhenping, Xianyang Normal University, China

Proposed by Dong Luu, Hanoi National University of Education, Vietnam

Mathematical Reflections 2 (2021) 4

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