- Structures that cannot be seen

by naked eye (e.g. cells,

ANATOMY 1
tissues)
Intro to Anatomy
- Etymology and Definition
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
- 4 Basic Approaches on
ORGANIZATION
Anatomy
1. Chemical
Levels of Structural Organization - Simplest level
Organ System Overview - Atoms (building blocks of
- Integumentary matter) combine to form
- Skeletal molecules such as water,
- Muscular sugar, and proteins
- Nervous 2. Cell
- Endocrine - Molecules associate to form
- Cardiovascular cells (smallest unit of living
- Lymphatic things)
- Respiratory 3. Tissue
- Digestive - Group of similar cells that have
- Urinary a common function
- Reproductive 4. Organ
The Language of Anatomy - Structure composed of 2 or
- Anatomical position more tissues that have a
- Directional terms common function
- Regional Terms 5. Organ system
Body Planes and Sections - Group of organs that a work
- Body Cavities together for a common purpose
- Quadrants 6. Organism
INTRO TO ANATOMY - Highest level of structural
Etymology and Definition organization
- Literally means to dissect or cut
apart (tomy-cut; ana-apart)
- discipline that investigates the
structures of the body
- “anatomy dictates physiology”

4 Basic Approaches
1. Systemic Anatomy
- Study of the body by system
(e.g. nervous system, skeletal
system, etc.)
2. Regional Anatomy
- Study of the body by area (e.g.
head, abdomen, etc.)
3. Macroscopic/Gross Anatomy
- Large body structures (e.g.
heart, bones)
4. Microscopic Anatomy
ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW vessels return it to the
1. Integumentary system bloodstream so there is enough
- External covering of the body blood to circulate the through
or the skin including the hair the body
and fingernails 8. Respiratory System
- Main Function: cushion and - Pharynx, larynx, trachea,
protect deeper tissues from bronchi, lungs
injuries - Main Function: keep the body
2. Skeletal System supplied with oxygen and
- Bones, cartilages, joints eliminate carbon dioxide
- Main Function: support the 9. Digestive System
body and provide a framework - Tube running from mouth to
for the skeletal muscles to anus
cause movement - Main Function: break down
3. Muscular System food and deliver nutrients to the
- Main function: Contract or blood for dispersal
Shorten- the ONLY function of 10. Urinary/Excretory System
the muscles - Kidneys, ureter, bladder,
- When muscles contract, urethra
movement occurs - Main Function: remove the
4. Nervous System nitrogen-containing wastes and
- Body’s fast-acting control expel them from the body as
system urine
- Brain, spinal cord, nerves, 11. Reproductive System
sensory receptors - Main Function: produce
- Main Function: respond to offspring
Stimulus or CHANGES - Male testes produce sperm
- Sensory Receptors- detect - Female ovaries produce egg
changes and send messages or ova
via Nerve Impulses or THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
electrical signals to the CNS Anatomical position
5. Endocrine System - stand erect
- Main Function: secretion of - face forward
hormones or chemical - feet parallel
messengers - hands at side and palms facing
6. Cardiovascular System forward
- Heart and blood vessels
- Main Function: deliver
oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones using blood as
carrier
7. Lymphatic System
- Lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, spleen, tonsils
- Main Function: when fluid is
leaked into tissues, lymphatic
Directional Terms - Skin is superficial to skeleton
- Allows anatomists to explain 11. Deep/Internal
exactly where one body - “more internal”
structure is located in relation - lungs are deep to the rib cage
to another
1. Superior/cranial/cephalic
- Towards the head; “above”
- Forehead is superior to the
nose
2. Inferior/caudal
- Away from the head; “below”
- navel is inferior to the
breastbone
3. Anterior/ventral
- “In front of”
- breastbone is anterior to the
spine
4. Posterior/dorsal
- “behind”
- heart is posterior to the Regional Terms
breastbone
5. Medial
- Towards the midline
- Heart is medial to the arm
6. Lateral
- Away from the midline
- Arms are lateral to the chest
7. Intermediate
- Between a more medial and a
more lateral structure
- The collarbone is intermediate
between the breastbone and
the shoulder

8. Proximal
- Closer to the point of
attachment
- The elbow is proximal to the
wrist

9. Distal
- Farther from the point of Anterior Body Landmarks
attachment - abdominal: anterior body trunk
- Knee is distal to the thigh inferior to ribs 

10. Superficial/external - acromial: point of shoulder
- At the body surface
- antebrachial: forearm
 - antecubital: anterior surface of - femoral: thigh 

elbow - gluteal: buttock
- axillary: armpit - lumbar: area of back between ribs
- brachial: arm
 and hips 

- buccal: cheek area - occipital: base of skull 

- carpal: wrist - olecranal: posterior surface of
- cervical: neck region elbow

- coxal:hip - popliteal: posterior knee area 

- crural: anterior leg; the shin. - sacral: area between hips at base of
- Deltoid: curve of shoulder 
spine 

formed by large deltoid muscle - scapular: shoulder blade region 

- Digital: fingers, toes - sural: the posterior surface of leg; the
- Femoral: thigh (applies to calf 

both anterior and posterior) - vertebral: area of spinal column 

- fibular: lateral part of leg 

- frontal: forehead BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
- one must make a section or a
- inguinal: area where thigh cut to look at the internal
meets body trunk; groin structures of the body
- mental: chin 
 - the cut is made along an
- nasal: nose area 
 imaginary line called plane
1. Sagittal section
- oral: mouth 

- Cut along a lengthwise
- orbital: eye area direction dividing the body into
- patellar: anterior knee 
 left and right
- pectoral: relating to, or 2. Median/Midsagittal section
- Cut along a lengthwise
occurring in or on, the chest 

direction dicing the body into
- pelvic: area overlying the left and right BUT IN EQUAL
pelvis anteriorly 
 SIZES
- pubic: genital region 3. Frontal/Coronal Section
- sternal: breastbone area - Divides the body into anterior
and posterior parts
- tarsal: ankle region 4. Transverse/Cross Section
- thoracic: area between the - Divides the body into superior
neck and abdomen and inferior parts
- umbilical: navel

Posterior Body Landmarks

- calcaneal (kal-ka′ne-ul): heel of
foot
- cephalic: head 

 6. Right and Left Hypochondriac
- Lateral to the epigastric region
which contains the lower ribs
(Chondro = cartilage)

Quadrants of the Abdomen

4major quadrants:
1. Right lower quadrant
2. Right upper quadrant
3. Left upper quadrant
4. Left lower quadrant
(Arranged by the order of correct Physical
Examination of the abdomen)

9 regions:
1. Umbilical Region
- Centermost; surrounding the
navel
2. Epigastric Region
- Superior to the umbilical region
(epi = above; gastric =
stomach)
3. Hypogastric Region
- Inferior to the umbilical region
(hypo = below)
4. Right and Left Iliac/Inguinal Region
- Lateral to the hypogastric
region (iliac = superior part of
the hipbone)
5. Right and Left Lumbar Region
- Lateral to the umbilical region