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Environmental concerns in antimicrobial finishing of textiles

Article · January 2014

DOI: 10.5923/s.textile.201401.03

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International Journal of Textile Science 2014, 3(1A): 15-20
DOI: 10.5923/s.textile.201401.03

Environmental Concerns in Antimicrobial Finishing

of Textiles
Faheem Uddin

Textile Engineering Department, FE, Baluchistan University of I.T. Engineering and Management Sciences, Airport Road,
Balali, Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan

Abstract A variety of antimicrobial chemical finishes recently received significant interest in the development of
antimicrobial fibrous products. However, an antimicrobial inhibiting the growth or leading the death of microorganism may
be harmful to other living species including human being. An increasing consumption of antimicrobial finished fibrous
products, and the existing regulations for the registration and control of such products provided strong reasons to appreciate
the environment concerns associated with the finished textiles. The published literature in antimicrobial finishing of fibers
mainly addressed the development of finish composition, its application, and subsequent evaluation using appropriate
methods. Environmental risks that may be associated with the antimicrobial; and its undesired effect during the product
service life were the obvious concerns demanding investigations. State of the art development in antimicrobial finishing of
textiles emphasized the need for assessing the environment-friendly character of antimicrobial finishes, and the development
of antimicrobial effects using natural antimicrobials of plant and animal origin obtainable from the waste materials.
Sustainable finish composition and finished fibrous product were apparently found desirable.
Keywords Antimicrobial finishing, Chemicals, Environment, Fibrous product, Water, Microorganism

performance.
1. Introduction Recently, the importance of studying environmental
concerns associated with antimicrobial finishing of fibrous
Antimicrobial finishing of textiles emerged as an material were noted [1]. However, several environmental
important market segment comprising consumer, and concerns on fate of using the antimicrobials in various
technical products for healthcare and hygiene control. applications were indicated [2- 6].
Nosocomial infections in hospitals, and surface This study is aimed to identify the knowledge gaps in the
contamination involving microorganism indicated the antimicrobial finishing of fibers using important synthetic, or
significance of antimicrobial finishing. The antimicrobial metal based antimicrobials. Reduced environmental risk is
finished textiles were desired to reduce the growth and obviously desired in sustainable product development to
transmission of microorganism. prevent toxic and undesired effects on living species and
The studies of antimicrobial finishing of textiles resulted environment.
in the significant volume of published research literature.
That indicated the growth in the consumption of
antimicrobial finishing chemicals and antimicrobial fibrous 2. Market for Antimicrobial Finished
products. However, an antimicrobial inhibiting the growth or Textiles
leading the death of microorganism may be harmful to other The realization of market demand for antimicrobial
living species including human being. finishes and additives was emerging and an increased growth
An antimicrobial present in clothing, healthcare fibrous expected in future [7]. The commercial gurus are identifying
product, and hometextile may contact an individual’s skin or the business expansion strategies in antimicrobial finished
it may be affecting any living species found in the fibrous products. Some examples would include the
surrounding environment. Therefore, an appreciation of following [8]:
environmental concerns is obviously important to produce 1. Masks, scrubs, towels, and linens for use in hospitals.
antimicrobial fibrous products with an acceptable ecological In USA (United States of America) where number of
hospitals is more than 6000, these products are expected to
* Corresponding author:
Faheem.Uddin@buitms.edu (Faheem Uddin)
be desired in significant quantity.
Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/textile 2. Antimicrobial finished socks required for foot ulcer
Copyright © 2014 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved prevention. Approximately 23 million people in USA
16 Faheem Uddin: Environmental Concerns in Antimicrobial Finishing of Textiles

have diabetes, and the infections can be prevented in foot expected to grow and the said figures were projected to reach
ulcer using antimicrobial functional socks. It was USA $ 8.5 and USA $ 1.7 billion respectively by 2012 [9].
indicated that no such product was available in USA Significant increase in the baby diaper market around the
health care sector to offer continued control of bacteria world is expected. The global baby diaper market will reach
and fungi causing the foot ulcer. US$52.2 billion in 2017, according to a new report by
3. Antimicrobial and antifungal finished socks and Transparency Market Research (Albany, NY, USA) [10].
underwear for military personnel. The top products projected were phenolic compounds,
4. Sportswear market comprising sport socks, gloves, iodophors, nitrogen compounds and organometallics. A
sport bras, caps etc. recent study analyzed the worth USA $ 2 billion disinfectant
A niche market for antimicrobial wipes was realized. The and antimicrobial chemical industry of USA, and forecasted
global market for consumer antimicrobial and bacterial the growth to 2009 and 2014 [11].The chemical nature of
wipes stood at approximately USA $ 5.8 billion and USA variety of important antimicrobials commercially known in
$ 1.2 billion respectively in 2007. However, the market was the market may be summarized in Table 1 [12].
Table 1. Some commercially available antimicrobial finishes and their chemical nature [12]

S.no Finish Name (company) Chemical Nature

1. Ecosy (Unitika) Based on chitosan

2. Irgaguard (B 5000, B6000, B 7000) (BASF (Ciba)) Silver based for synthetic fibers

3. Irgaguard F 3000 (BASF (Ciba)) Benzimidaole

4. Irgaguard 1000 (BASF (Ciba)) Triclosan

5. Irgasam (Sigma Aldrich) Triclosan

6. iSys AG (CHT) Based on silver chloride

7. Microban (Microban International) Triclosan

8. Reputex 20 (Arch Chemicals) Based on PHMB

9. Ruco-Bac AGL; EPA (Rudolf Chemie) Hygienic finish containing salts and surfactants

10. Ruco-Bac AGP (Rudolf Chemie) Silver chloride

11. Ruco-Bac CID (Rudolf Chemie) Antifungal based on triazole compound

12. Ruco-Bac EXE (Rudolf Chemie) Antimycotic finish based on quaternary ammonium compound

13. Ruco-Bac MED (Rudolf Chemie) Based on Diphenylalkane

14. Sanigard (DC, 7500, 500) (LN Chemical Industries) Based on organosilane quaternary compound

15. Sanigard- CHF (LN Chemical Industries) Based on triclosan

16. Sanigard KC (LN Chemical Industries) Cationic surface active agent based on quaternary ammonium group

17. Sanitized T 99- 19 (Clariant) Based on 3- trimethoxysilylpropyldimethyltetradecy ammonium chloride

18. Silpure (Thomson Research Associates) Based on fine silver particles

19. SiSAM 500 (SiShield Technologies, Inc). Based on 3- trimethoxysilylpropyldimethyloctadecy ammonium chloride

20. SmartSilver (Nanohorizon Inc.) Based on silver nanoparticles

21. Tinosan HP 100 (BASF (Ciba) ) Based on halogenated phenol

22. Utex (Nantec Textile Co. Ltd) A natural chitin- rayon fiber with antimicrobial performance

23. Vantocil IB (Zeneca Ltd) Based on PHMB

 International Journal of Textile Science 2014, 3(1A): 15-20 17

3. Regulatory Control for Surprisingly, the environment concerns known for the
Antimicrobials several antimicrobial substances used in textile finishing
received insignificant interest to show the viability of
Environmental concerns, including the health hazard,
antimicrobials for environment. Obviously, studies are
associated with the use of biocide and biostatic antimicrobial
desired for assessing and justifying the environment-
finishes for fibers were indicated in several regulatory
friendly character of an antimicrobial.
measures. Important examples may be summarized as:
1. Biocidal product directive (BPD) (98/ 8/ EEC) of EU
(European Union) requires the biocidal products should be
used if absolutely necessary. Product specific function in
5. Silver-based Antimicrobial
using any biocidal chemical was realized in BPD. For The undesired effects of silver metal to environment and
example an active substance listed in Annex 1 of BPD for living species observed in various studies indicated the
use as wood preservative, it may be authorized to place in significance of assessing the future of silver in antimicrobial
the market, however, it may not be authorized for product textiles.
type- 21 desired to function as an anti- fouling product A significant number of studies addressing the
[13]. environmental effects of silver- based antimicrobials were
2. The BPR of EU, to be enforced in September 2013, known. Toxicity, clinical efficacy, antimicrobial
requires the active substances present in biocidal products performance and cost- effectiveness of silver- based dressing
should be approved prior placing those products in EU were emphasized for rationalization. The effects of silver-
market. based dressing, for clinical efficacy and safety, were required
3. Classification of boicidal chemicals, in EU using to experience an assessment for improvement [18].
risks phrases R36/38: Irritating to eyes and skin, and R50/ Several metals reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity,
53 very toxic to aquatic organisms. however, silver ions showed the higher level of antimicrobial
4. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide performance. Generally, the silver ions bind disulfide (S- S),
Act (FIFRA), USA, provided federal regulation for and sulfhydryl (- SH) groups in the microbial cell wall’s
distribution, sale and use of pesticides. The important protein resulting in the disruption of metabolic processes,
functions of EPA in controlling the use of pesticide may and ultimately in the cell death [19].
be described as: When Ag particles applied with binder or cross- linking
i. Registration process involved chemical agent, an increased durability to laundering was obtained in
manufacturer in the assessment of pesticide. antimicrobial activity. Significant improvement in
ii. Banned and unregistered products are not laundering durability of antimicrobial finished cotton fabric
encouraged. was possible. It was through using an appropriate binder
iii. Promulgating the regulation. system with silver chloride or silver nm particles (AgNPs)
An antimicrobial or pesticide used in textile products was [20- 21].
the subject of EPA registration provided it was not harmful One way of reducing silver emission to use any available
to human health and environment [14]. European Oko-Tex alternative perceived more environment- friendly. For
Standard 100 label to antimicrobial textile rewarded if it was example, the use of AgNPs in socks and consumer textiles
“safe for humans and environment” [15]. for antibacterial effects may be replaced with more
environment- friendly antimicrobials [22].
Interest in assessing the exposure and risk ranking for
4. Environmental Concerns aquatic environment in the application of nanomaterials was
More than 250 commercially known microbiocides, and reported [23].
several chemical formulations based on these microbiocides Release of silver to environment was experienced from
were available in the market [16]. The diversity of various products around the world. Data studied for sixty
antimicrobial chemicals introduced the variety in chemical four [24] countries on silver release to environment showed
and physical properties in finished products. Any the USA produced highest gross emission to environment.
antimicrobial chemical capable to modify the cell structure However, on continent basis Asia was the largest producer of
of microorganism apparently bears the possibility to silver direct to water and land [25]. It was estimated that
influence the cell structure of living species present in user silver released to environment was more than 13 Gg.
environment. Concentration of germicide chemical Antimicrobial efficacy of nanosilver finish was known for
influenced the mechanism of microbial resistance. At an variety of bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus (S.
increased concentration multiple cellular and metabolic aureus), Escherichia coli (E.coli), Staphylococcus aureus
targets were possible, and at reduced concentrations fewer methicillin resistance strain (MRSA), and Pseudomonas
cellular targets were indicated [17]. [26]. However, washing of nanosilver finished textiles
Moreover, the release of antimicrobial through the wash- release nanosilver into the discharge water, creating a
off liquor of the finished fibrous article would introduce the potential health hazard to aquatic organism. An example was
hazard to aquatic life. the finding that indicated nanosilver lethal to small fish.
18 Faheem Uddin: Environmental Concerns in Antimicrobial Finishing of Textiles

Nanosilver particle was binding/crossing an egg membrane Environmental effects were not considered, however, in
and entering into the fish embryos [27]. some cases the use of binder or cross-linking agent for
Stereo-type application of nanoparticles can be replaced improved binding of salt with the fibers were determined.
with microparticles when the desired performance effects are Fewer cellulosic fibers, other than cotton, were the subject
achievable. For example, cellulose fiber substrate immersed of study in the recently published literature on antimicrobial
in solution of Ag NO3 exhibited the desired performance finishing. Cellulose lyocel fibers (Zimmer A G) were
effects [28]. investigated to enhance the performance features. Specific
An important factor that may be considered in chemical charging of these fibers with metal ions introduced
finishing is why to use nanoparticles when the desired effect antibacterial properties [32]. Such modification was not
was obtainable using an increased particle size. Difference affecting the desired properties of lyocel fibers required for
was realized in comparison of silver particles and AgNPs in textile products.
the ability to bind/ cross the cell membrane. Nanometer sized- zinc oxide particles were obtainable
using wet chemical method where zinc nitrate and sodium
hydroxide used as precursors and soluble starch as
6. Evaluation on Commercially stabilizing agent [33]. The use of a binder or a cross- linking
Available Antimicrobial in finishing with nm particles of Zn O may improve the
durability of finishing effect to laundering [34].
Sporting antimicrobial products manufactured outside the Cellulose fabrics pretreated with succinic acid anhydride
US were evaluated, and eight out of ten failed to pass an to assist the adsorption of metallic salts, CuSO4 or ZnSO4
antimicrobial efficacy test in terms of wash- durability. The [35]. In this study the pretreatment of cellulose fabric with
products were indicated failed at either zero washes, or well succinic acid anhydride was more effective in improving the
before 25 washes [29]. The EPA has the authority to inspect adsorption for Cu ions than Zn ions.
textile product shipment, prior entering to USA, alleged to be Polycarboxylic acid produced ester cross- linking with
finished using unregistered antimicrobial. cellulosic fiber. It was indicated to introduce improved
There may be commercially available antimicrobial not binding of heavy metal salts to cellulosic fibers. The metal
exhibiting the desired or promised performance. Six silver salt studied included zinc acetate, zinc chloride, zinc sulfate,
based textile products were evaluated [30]. It was found that cupric acetate, cupric chloride, cupric sulfate, and nickel
the two finished fabrics limit the viability of human cells to a sulfate [36].
lesser extent. There was only one product showing the
antimicrobial effect without affecting the viability of human
cells. 8. Triclosan-based Antimicrobial
An interesting study was made by The Swedish Chemicals
Agency. The said agency analyzed 30 textile articles in terms Triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol
of three antimicrobial (biocide) agents including silver, (TCS) was a known chemical finish for producing
triclosan and triclocarbon [31]. antimicrobial effects in textiles. It is known to be used for
Silver was found to be present in sixteen out of thirty bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic effects. At bacteriocidal
products prior to washing; and two products were containing dosage, triclosan exhibit multiple nonspecific functions
a combination of triclosan and triclocarbon. resulting in the disruption of cell wall and cell death, and at
Importantly, with any of the three investigated finishes, bacteriostatic concentration its function can be specific [37].
the concentration of biocide used was reduced following Triclosan (CAS 3380- 34- 5), and triclocarbon (CAS
washing in the samples treated. The original silver 101-20-2) finished samples were evaluated. These were
concentration was in the range of 0.4 mg/kg textile and 1.360 releasing the triclosan and triclocarbon content in wash- off
mg/ kg textile. After ten washes 10- 98 percent of the silver water.
washed out from the textiles. Half of the silver washed out TCS was detected in aquatic ecosystem since it was
after three washes in several textiles. The washing standard partially removable through waste water treatment. It’s by-
used was ISO 6330: 2001. products including methyltriclosan and other chlorinated
phenols may be of increased resistant to degradation and
showing higher toxicity level relative to TCS [38].
7. Use of other Metal Particles However, concern was shown for TCS tendency to cause
endocrine disruption, and aquatic species including algae,
Several other metal based substances including metal salts, invertebrates and some types of fish were found more
and metal particles, in addition to silver, have shown sensitive to TCS relative to mammals. Apparently, the use of
antimicrobial activity in cellulosic fibers. Zinc and copper TCS in fibrous products that experience repeated laundering
salts, following the silver particles, were apparently in service life should be reduced.
important in the published studies. However, the study of Serious concerns were raised for TCS use in consumer
these salts was limited to the antimicrobial performance products in 2009 and 2010 demanding the removal of TCS.
evaluation against the chosen microorganisms. Consequently, several consumer item producers removed
 International Journal of Textile Science 2014, 3(1A): 15-20 19

TCS content. Those included Colgat-Palmolive- producer of The washed out content of an antimicrobial contaminate
Softsoap; GlaxoSmithKline- producer of Aquafresh, and the sludge. The contaminated substances in the sludge may
Sensodyne tooth paste. US Environmental Protection be consumed by the cultivated plants and eventually
Agency received comments of over 10, 000 individuals in becoming component in feed and food. Contamination is
support of banning the use of TCS as an antimicrobial [27]. also possible in water and soil organisms.
Antimicrobial effect obtained using natural material of
plant and animal origin may be interesting. Fruit or vegetable
9. Environment-Friendly Antimicrobial waste may be investigated in producing environment-
friendly performance.
Perhaps the type of an antimicrobial effect like slow-
releasing biocidal mechanism introduced by halamine
chemistry bear reduced hazard to environment. Halamine
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