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    Matter Waves, Atomic Models

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    camelrider123
    This document contains solutions to exercises in experimental physics. It discusses: 1) The diffraction of matter waves through a slit and calculates the angular spread. 2) The probability density function of a particle in a finite square potential well and verifies its normalization in position and momentum space. It also calculates the uncertainty product. 3) Rutherford scattering and derives an expression for the distance of closest approach in terms of the impact parameter and scattering angle. It notes the cross section deviates from Coulomb scattering at small angles due to nuclear penetration.

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    Matter Waves, Atomic Models

    Uploaded by

    camelrider123
    28 views3 pages
    This document contains solutions to exercises in experimental physics. It discusses: 1) The diffraction of matter waves through a slit and calculates the angular spread. 2) The probability density function of a particle in a finite square potential well and verifies its normalization in position and momentum space. It also calculates the uncertainty product. 3) Rutherford scattering and derives an expression for the distance of closest approach in terms of the impact parameter and scattering angle. It notes the cross section deviates from Coulomb scattering at small angles due to nuclear penetration.

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    This document contains solutions to exercises in experimental physics. It discusses: 1) The diffraction of matter waves through a slit and calculates the angular spread. 2) The probability density function of a particle in a finite square potential well and verifies its normalization in position and momentum space. It also calculates the uncertainty product. 3) Rutherford scattering and derives an expression for the distance of closest approach in terms of the impact parameter and scattering angle. It notes the cross section deviates from Coulomb scattering at small angles due to nuclear penetration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views3 pages

    Matter Waves, Atomic Models

    Uploaded by

    camelrider123
    This document contains solutions to exercises in experimental physics. It discusses: 1) The diffraction of matter waves through a slit and calculates the angular spread. 2) The probability density function of a particle in a finite square potential well and verifies its normalization in position and momentum space. It also calculates the uncertainty product. 3) Rutherford scattering and derives an expression for the distance of closest approach in terms of the impact parameter and scattering angle. It notes the cross section deviates from Coulomb scattering at small angles due to nuclear penetration.

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    S2021

    Prof. Dr. M. Ziese

    Solutions to Exercises Experimental Physics 4


    1. Matter waves, atomic models

    1. Matter waves I
    A wavelength of λ = 10−5 m and a slit width of d = 10−4 m lead to a first minimum in the
    diffraction pattern appearing at
    λ
    sin αmin = . (1)
    d
    This yields a typical spread
     
    λ
    ∆α = 2αmin = 2 arcsin = 11.5◦ . (2)
    d

    2. Mater waves II
    The function
     r  
    3 2x b
    1+ − ≤x≤0


     rb  b  2


    ψ(x) = 3 2x 2b (3)
     1− 0≤x≤



     b b x
    0 otherwise

    yields the probability density


      2
    3 2x b
    1+ − ≤x≤0


     b b 2


    2
    P (x) = . (4)
    
    3 2x 2b
     1− 0≤x≤
     b b x



    0 otherwise

    Let us first check normalization:


    Z ∞ Z 0  2 Z 2
    b/2 
    3 2x 3 2x
    P (x)dx = 1+ dx + 1− dx (5)
    −∞ b −b/2 b 0 b b
    Z b/2  2  3 b/2
    6 2x 2x
    = 1− dx = − 1 − = 1. (6)
    b 0 b b
    0

    The probability density is indeed normalized.


    (a) The conjugated probability is
    Z ∞
    1
    ψ̂(k) = √ ψ(x) exp(−ikx)dx (7)
    2π −∞
    r ( Z 0   Z b/2   )
    3 2x 2x
    = 1+ exp(−ikx)dx + 1− exp(−ikx)dx (8)
    2πb −b/2 b 0 b
    r ( )
    2 0 exp(−ikx) 2 b/2 exp(−ikx)
    Z Z
    3 1 1
    = + dx + − dx (9)
    2πb −ik b −b/2 ik ik b 0 ik
    r  
    3 2 1 exp(ikb/2) exp(−ikb/2) 1
    = − − + (10)
    2πb b k 2 k2 k2 k2
    r
    3b 4 1 − cos(kb/2)
    = (11)
    2π b2 k2
    r r
    3b 1 − cos(kb/2) 3b sin2 (kb/4)
    = = . (12)
    2π (kb/2)2 8π (kb/4)2
    Check normalization:
    Z ∞ Z ∞
    3b sin4 (kb/4)
    |ψ̂(k)|2 dk = dk (13)
    −∞ 8π −∞ (kb/4)4
    3b 4 ∞ sin4 (z)
    Z
    = dz (14)
    8π b −∞ z4
    3 2π
    = = 1. (15)
    2π 3
    Also this probability density is normalized.
    (20 P) for Fourier transform
    (b) Since both probability densities are symmetric, we have hxi = hki = 0.

    (Z )
    0 Z b/2
    2 3 2 2 2 2
    hx i = x (1 + 2x/b) dx + x (1 − 2x/b) dx (16)
    b −b/2 0
    Z b/2
    6
    = x2 (1 − 2x/b)2 dx (17)
    b 0
    Z b/2
    8
    = x3 (1 − 2x/b)dx (18)
    b2 0
    Z b/2
    4 4 4  5 b/2 b2
    = x dx = x = (19)
    b3 0 5b3 0 40
    p b
    ∆x = hx2 i = √ . (20)
    2 10
    (10 P)

    ∞
    sin4 (kb/4) 2
    Z
    3b
    hk 2 i = k dk (21)
    8π −∞ (kb/4)4
     3 Z ∞
    3b 4 sin4 (z)
    = dz (22)
    8π b −∞ z2
    24 π 12
    = = 2 (23)
    πb2 2 b√
    p 2 3
    ∆k = hk 2 i = . (24)
    b

    2
    (10 P)
    (c) The uncertainty product is
    r
    3
    ∆x∆k = ' 0.54772 (25)
    10
    and about 9.5% larger than the minimum value of 1/2.
    (10 P)

    3. (a) Since angular momentum is conserved, the Rutherford scattering problem is a two-
    dimensional problem. From the lecture we know the value of the angular momentum

    L = mr2 ϕ̇ = mbv0 (26)

    and the impact parameter

    zZe2
    b= cot(θ/2) . (27)
    4π0 mv02

    The energy is conserved and given by


    1 1 1 zZe2
    E = mv02 = mṙ2 + mr2 ϕ̇2 + (28)
    2 2 2 4π0 r
    1 2 L2 zZe2
    = mṙ + + . (29)
    2 2mr2 4π0 r
    At the point of closest approach the radial acceleration vanishes: ṙ = 0. This yields
    L2 zZe2
    E = 2
    + (30)
    2mr 4π0 r
    2
    zZe L2
    r2 − − =0 (31)
    4π0 E 2mE
     s 
    2
    zZe2 
    
    8π0 E
    r = 1+ 1+ b2  (32)
    8π0 E zZe2

    zZe2
     q 
    2
    r = 1 + 1 + cot (θ/2) (33)
    8π0 E
    zZe2
    r = [1 + csc(θ/2)] (34)
    8π0 E
    (b) The cross section is deviating from the Coulomb scattering value at small angles, since
    the α particles start to penetrate the aluminum nuclei. At 54◦ the minimum distance
    is just equal to the sum of the radii of the α-particle and the nucleus. With z = 2,
    Z = 13, E = 12.75 MeV and rα = 2 fm, one obtains

    zZe2
    rAl = r − rα = [1 + csc(θ/2)] − rα = 4.7 fm − 2 fm = 2.7 fm . (35)
    8π0 E

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