Innovare International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Academic Sciences ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 6, Issue 3, 2014

Original Article
BIOSYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES IN LAGERSTROEMIA SPECIOSA (L.) PERS AND
THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES

B. SUNDARARAJAN1 AND B. D. RANJITHA KUMARI2*

1Research Scholar and 2Professor, Department of Plant Science, Plant Biotechnology and Medicinal Plant Research Unit, Bharathidasan
University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: ranjithakumari2004@yahoo.co.in
Received: 16 Jul 2013, Revised and Accepted: 10 Apr 2014
ABSTRACT
Objective: To synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the leaf extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa and to determine their antimicrobial activity.
Methods: AgNPs were synthesized by mixing the plant leaf extract with AgNo3 solution and incubated in the dark condition.
Results: In the present study, the synthesis of AgNPs was achieved by using the aqueous leaf extract of L. speciosa (L.) Pers in 0.5 mM AgNo3
solution. The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by using UV- visible spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT- IR) spectroscopy and
Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FESEM). The technique is initially to synthesize AgNPs the reaction mixture was incubated
separately at different temperatures at 30˚c, 40˚c, 50˚c, 60˚c, 70˚c and 80˚C. Absorbance spectrum was measured in UV-visible spectrophotometer.
The samples were incubated at 70ºC and 80ºC showed peak absorbance at 435 nm and 432 nm respectively. Antimicrobial activity of synthesized
AgNPs was carried out using Streptomycin and Ketoconazole as control for bacteria and fungi respectively. The results show that the growth
inhibitory zone of 0.6 - 2.0 cm for bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Klebsiella sp.) and 0.7 cm –
1.8 cm for fungal strains (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia sp. and Cladosporium sp.). The biosynthesis of AgNPs from L. speciosa
appears to be Eco-friendly method in nature.
Conclusion: To summarize, in this study we have successfully synthesized AgNPs using medicinally important L. speciosa as potential reducing and
stabilizing agent. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles had several advantages in pharmaceutical applications as well as large scale commercial
production.
Keywords: L. speciosa, AgNPs, Antimicrobial activity, Bacteria, Fungus, FESEM.

INTRODUCTION as a reducing and stabilizing agent for AgNPs synthesis. The plant
products such as leaves, stem, root and seeds possess medicinal
Over the past few years, synthesis of metal nanoparticles has properties. In particular, the leaf extract of L. speciosa was used to
become an important research topic in modern material science due synthesize AgNPs from silver nitrate. Synthesized AgNPs were
to their distinctive potential applications in the field of electronics, characterized by using UV- Visible Spectrophotometer, Fourier
magnetics, optoelectronics, information storage and drug delivery Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Field Emission
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. The AgNPs have potential applications in the Bio Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). After characterization the
medical field. Biological synthesis of AgNps has several advantages synthesized AgNPs have been screened for their anti-microbial
over physical and chemical methods due to its cost effectiveness, activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens.
compatibility for medical and pharmaceutical applications as well as
large scale commercial production [6]. MATERIALS AND METHODS

It has been already proved that biosynthesis of crystalline AgNPs Preparation of L. speciosa using leaf extract
with the size ranging from 20-30 nm using Acalypha indica leaf Healthy leaves of L. speciosa (L.) Pers were collected from Botanical
extract showed potential antimicrobial activity against water borne Garden of our Department Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India.
bacterial pathogens [7]. Apart from its antimicrobial activity Collected leaves were washed thoroughly 2-3 times in running tap
nowadays biogenic AgNPs have expanded towards anticancer water followed by sterile distilled water. After that, leaves were
applications. A recent study revealed that AgNPs synthesized using shade dried at room temperature for two weeks, then powdered
Melia azedarachand displayed stupendous cytotoxicity against using kitchen blender. From that 0.750 g of leaf powder was
human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) and in vivo Dalton’s Ascites weighed and mixed in 100 ml of double distilled water and the mixer
Lymphoma (DAL) mice model [8]. The research in nanotechnology was boiled in heating mantle at 60ºC for 10 to 20 minutes. After that,
highlights the possibility of green chemistry route to produce the mixture was filtered through Whattman No.1 filter paper and
technologically important nanomaterials. In recent times, stored at 4˚C for further study.
prevalence resistence to anti-microbial agents has emerged as a
major health problem [9]. Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles is Synthesis of silver nanoparticles
an eco-friendly process and important step in the field of applied
For AgNPs synthesis, the reaction mixture was prepared by blending
nanotechnology [10].
10 ml of leaf broth with 90 ml of AgNo3 (0.5 mM) solution in a 250
There is a commercial demand for nanoparticles due to their wide ml borosil conical flask for the reduction of Ag+ ions. The effect of
applicability in various areas such as electronics, catalysis, temperature on AgNPs was studied by the reaction in water bath at
chemistry, energy and medicine [11]. In the present generation of different temperature (30°C to 80°C). This set up was incubated in
nanoparticle synthesis various plant and microbial entities [12] have dark (to minimize the photo activation of silver nitrate) at 37°C. The
been screened for AgNPs synthesis towards biomedical applications. synthesis of silver nanoparticles were characterized and confirmed
Recently, several pharmacologically important plants such as by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, FT-IR and FESEM analysis [16].
Morinda citifolia [13], Rauvolfia tetraphylla [14] and Terminalia UV-visible spectrophotometer analysis
catappa [15] were used as nanofactory system to synthesis rapid,
eco-friendly and narrow size range of AgNPs. In the present study L. The reduction of pure Ag+ ions from AgNo3 was monitored by
speciosa (L.) Pers, which belongs to the family Lythraceae was used measuring the UV-Visible Spectrum of the different temperature at
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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 3, 30-34

30° C -80° C. The bio-reduction of silver ions in aqueous solution Characterization of AgNPs Uv-visible spectrophotometer
was monitored by UV-Visible Spectra of between 220-1100 nm. UV- analysis
Visible Spectral analysis was done by using UV-Visible
spectrophotometer (Lambda 35). The synthesis of AgNPs by the reduction of aqueous metal ions
during the exposure of different temperature from 30˚c to 80˚c with
FT-IR analysis leaves extract of L. speciosa easily monitored by using UV-Visible
Spectrophotometer. Efficient synthesis was noticed at 70˚c and 80˚c
The bioreduced silver nitrate solution was centrifuged at 10,000 and the peak absorbance was noticed at 435 nm and 432 nm
rpm for 15 mins. The pellet was made to dry by using 5 ml of ethanol respectively (Fig. 2 and 3).
to get rid of the free proteins or enzymes that are not capping the
AgNPs. The dried pellet was kept at room temperature to obtain
particles/crystals of Ag nanoparticles. The dried nanoparticles were
analyzed by FT-IR spectrum.
FESEM analysis of AgNPs
The small stainless steel coupons of size 1 x 2 cm were
mechanically polished to mirror finish and then subjected to
clean and finally by immersion in 10% nitric acid for 5 minutes
at 60°C water bath followed by gentle cleaning with
trichloroethylene. These coupons were autoclaved at 121°C at 15
psi for 15 minutes. A drop of aqueous solution containing the
silver nano-materials (Black color) was placed on the sterile
stainless steel coupon and is air dried to apply gold sputtering.
These plates were examined at magnification [10 k] by Field
Emission scanning electron microscope [Model – ZESIS].
Study of antimicrobial activity
The antibacterial activities of synthesized AgNPs were
carriedout by disc diffusion method. Nutrient agar plates and
Potato dextrose agar plates were prepared, sterilized and
Fig. 2: UV-Visible spectrophotometer AgNPs absorbtion at 70ºc
solidified. After solidification, various bacterial cultures namely
Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp. and fungal cultures Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus niger, Curvularia sp. and Cladosporium sp. were
swabbed on plates. The sterile disc were placed on plates by
dropping the various concentrations (µl) of Bacteria (25, 35, 45,
55, 65, 75, 85 and 95) and Fungus (60, 70, 80, 90 and 100µl) in
Ag nanoparticles solution over the sterile disc. All the plates
were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours with bacteria and four days
with fungus and inhibition zones were measured.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Synthesis of AgNPs using leaf extract of L. speciosa
The leaf extract of L. speciosa, using 10 ml of aqueous leaf extract
was added into 90 ml of 0.5 mM silver nitrate (AgNo 3) solution. The
result exhibited reddish brown colour (Figure 1). The colour change
determined the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). It was
well known that Ag nanoparticles exhibits reddish brown color in
aqueous solution due to the excitation of surface Plasmon
Vibrations. The nanoparticles were not have indirect contact even
within the aggregates, indicating stabilization of the nanoparticle by
capping agent [10]

Fig. 3: UV-Visible spectrophotometer AgNPs absorbtion at 80ºc

FT-IR analysis AgNPs

FT-IR measurement was carriedout to identify the possible
biomolecules for capping and efficient stabilization of the metal
nanoparticles synthesized by L. speciosa broth. The FT-IR Spectrum
of AgNPs is shown (Fig. 4). The peak value at 3440.58 cm-1
corresponds to Alcohols, Phenols and primary Amine group (O-H
and N-H). The peak value at 2579.45 cm-1 corresponds to Carboxylic
acids and their derivatives (C=O). The peak value 1618.84 and
1063.35 cm-1 corresponds to Primary Amine groups. The peak value
at 1333.16 cm-1 corresponds to Alcohol and Phenols (O-H). Finally
peak value at 623.45 cm-1 corresponds to Alkynes group C-H).
Analysis of FTIR studies were confirmed that the carbonyl group
from the amino acid residues and proteins has stronger ability to
Fig. 1: (A) L. speciosa leaf extract (B) AgNo3 solution (C) bind metal indicating that the proteins could possibly form the metal
synthesized AgNPs nanoparticles [6].

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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 3, 30-34

Transmittance (%)

Fig. 4: FT-IR Analysis of AgNPs

FESEM analysis AgNPs

The AgNPs (Fig. 4) were observed spherical shape of the particles
under the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. These Fig. 5: FESEM analysis of synthesized silver nanoparticles
nanoparticles were analyzed in different magnifications 25X, 35X,
100X and 230X.
Study of antimicrobial activity AgNPs
The inhibitory activities of AgNPs against different pathogens have
been tabulated (Table 1 and 2) and compared with two standard
antibiotics viz. Streptomycin and Ketoconazole. The zone of
inhibition (cm) of Ag nanoparticles activity against various
microorganisms was ranged from 0.6 – 2 for bacteria (Fig. 6 a-d) and
0.7 - 1.8 for fungi (Fig. 7 a-d).

The SEM image of silver nanoparricles were synthesized from

plant extract were assembled on to the surface due to the Fig. 6: Antibacterial activity of different concentrations of
interactions such as hydrogen bond and electrostatic synthesized AgNPs (25-95µl) and control (Streptomycin
interactions between the bio-organic capping molecules bound 10mg/ml).
to the Ag nanoparticles [10]. Similar phenomenon has been
reported previously, where the SEM micrograph shows The significant effect of AgNPs along with antibiotics was also
crystalline spherical AgNPs [8]. checked various multiple drug resistance pathogenic bacteria and

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Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, Vol 6, Issue 3, 30-34

fungus. The mechanism of the bactericidal effect of silver colloid

particles against bacteria is not very well-known. AgNPs may attach
to the surface of the cell membrane and disturb its power function
such as permeability and respiration. It is reasonable to state that
the binding of the particles to the bacteria depends on the surface
area available for interaction.
Smaller particles having the larger surface area available for
interaction will give more bactericidal effect than the larger particles
[17]. Bactericide effects of ionic silver, the antimicrobial activity of
colloid silver particles are influenced by the dimensions of the
particles the smaller the particles, the greater antimicrobial effect
This suggests the possibility that the Ag nanoparticles may also
penetrate inside the bacteria and fungi causing damage by
interacting with electron phosphorous and sulphur containing
compounds such as DNA. [18, 19].
Synthesized silver nanoparticles from plant species are toxic to
multi drug resistant microorganisms. It shows that they have great
potential in biomedical applications. More over the silver
nanoparticles enhance the therapeutic efficacy and strengthen the Fig. 7: Antifungal activity of different concentrations of synthesized
medical values of Herbal plants [20] AgNPs (60-100µl) and control (Ketoconozole 10mg/ml).

Table 1: Antimicrobial activities of synthesized AgNPs from L. speciosa against different bacterial Pathogens
Test organisms Different Concentrations of Synthesized AgNPS (µl)
(Antibiotic 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
Sterptomycin10mg/ml) Zone of inhibition (cm)
Control 2.3
Staphylococcus aureus 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6
Control 2.5
Proteus vulgaris 0.9 0.7 1.2 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.8
Control -
Klebsiella sp. - - - 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.6
Control 2.0
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - - - 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.4

Table 2: Antifungal activities of synthesized AgNPs from L. speciosa against different fungal Pathogens
Test organisms Different Concentrations of Synthesized AgNPS (µl)
(Antibiotic Ketoconozole 10mg/ml) 60 70 80 90 100
Zone of inhibition (cm)
Control -
Cladosporium sp. 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.3
Control 1.4
Aspergillus flavus 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6
Control 1.3
Aspergillus niger - - - - -
Control 0.8
Curvularia sp. 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.8

CONCLUSION 3. Tanabe Mater K. Optical radiation efficiencies of metal

nanoparticles for optoelectronic applications. Mat let 2007; 61:
To summarize, in this study we have successfully synthesized AgNPs 23-24.
using medicinally important L. speciosa as potential reducing and
stabilizing agent. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles had 4. Hong-wang Zhang, Liu,Yi, Shou-heng Sun. Synthesis and
several advantages in pharmaceutical applications as well as large assembly of magnetic nanoparticles for information and energy
scale commercial production. In addition the antimicrobial studies storage applications. Front Phy in China 2010; 5: 347-356.
suggest that the silver nanoparticels obtained from L. speciosa can 5. Bhumkar DR, Joshi HM, Sastry M, Pokharkar VB. Chitosan
be used as potential drug candidature to treat various diseases. Reduced Gold Nanoparticles as Novel Carriers for
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Transmucosal Delivery of Insulin. Pharma Res 2007; 24:
10.1007/s11095-007-9257-9.
I thank Dr. M. Sundararaman, Professor, Department of Marine 6. Mallikarjuna K, Narasimhan G, Praveenb GR, Sreedhar B,
Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, for Sreelakshmi C, Reddy BVS, Devaprasad Raju A. Green
providing facilities to use UV- visible spectrophotometer. synthesis of silver nanoparticles using ocimum leaf extract
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