Civil Engineering Dimension, Vol. 6, No.

1, 40–48, March 2004

ISSN 1410-9530

Technical Note

Concrete Mix Design Optimized Approach

George Ilinoiu
Faculty of Civil, Industrial and Agricultural Constructions
Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest
Bd. Lacul Tei, no. 124, sector 2, Bucharest, Romania
Telephone: 4021-242.12.08 / 157; Fax: 4021-242.07.81; e-mail: ilinoiug@hidro.utcb.ro

Catatan Redaksi:
Perencanaan campuran beton (mix design) adalah suatu langkah yang sangat penting dalam
pengendalian mutu beton. Campuran yang salah akan mempengaruhi kemudahan pelaksanaan
maupun performa beton dalam pemakaian. Makalah yang menarik ini mengungkapkan pengalaman
dan praktek yang dilakukan di Romania dalam merencanakan campuran beton untuk berbagai
kepentingan.

INTRODUCTION With this information and the aid of tables or

simple calculations, the quantities (in kg) of
In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of cement, coarse aggregate, water, and entrained
paste and aggregates. The paste, composed of air required per cubic meter can be determined.
Portland cement and water, coats the surface of The absolute volumes of the ingredients can be
the fine and coarse aggregates. Through a calculated and totaled. Based on a 1 m3 of mix,
chemical reaction called hydration, the paste subtracting the total of the four ingredients
hardens and gains strength to form the rock-like from 1 will provide the absolute volume of the
mass known as concrete. Within this process lies fine aggregate required. From the absolute
the key to a remarkable characteristic of volume, the mass of the fine aggregate can then
concrete: it is plastic and malleable when be calculated.
freshly mixed, strong and durable when
hardened. The key to achieving a strong, Thus, the quantities of materials required for 1
durable concrete rests in the careful selection m3 of concrete have been estimated and a trial
and proportioning of its constituent ingredients. batch based on these quantities can be made. If
adjustments are necessary, further batches
should be adjusted by keeping the water:
DESIGNING THE CONCRETE MIX cement ratio constant and adjusting the
aggregates and entrained air to produce the
The necessary first step to be taken to design a
desired slump and air content.
concrete mix is to establish clearly the
requirements that the mix design must meet.
These generally include one or more of the
followings: mechanical strength, durability, QUALITY REQUIREMENTS AND
characteristics of concrete member, and special FACTORS AFFECTING DESIGNED
requirements specified by the project design. CONCRETE

The physical characteristics, chemical compo-

MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE sition, and the proportions of the ingredients
from mix affect the properties of concrete, in its
The mix design can not be resolved totally fresh and hardened state. When designing, we
analytically, it requires, after the determination must consider the following quality require-
of job parameters (e.g. quantities of water, ments of concrete:
cement, aggregate, w/c ratio), calculation of - Fresh concrete: air content, flow behavior
weights, experimental adjutants (trial) tests on (workability/consistency), bleeding, cement
concrete for ensuring that it meets the design type, setting time, hydration heat limitation.
specifications. - Hardened concrete: strength at specified
age - short term (e.g. initial pre stress force
Note: Discussion is expected before June, 1 st 2004. The
proper discussion will be published in “Dimensi Teknik
and long term), durability–environment/
Sipil” volume 6 number 2 September 2004 exposure (e.g. carbonation, chloride penetra-

Civil Engineering Dimension

ISSN 1410-9530 print © 2007 Thomson GaleTM 49
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 G. Ilinoiu / Concrete Mix Design Optimized Approach / CED, Vol. 6, No. 1, 49–56, March 2004

tion, acid resistance, sulfate resistance), Factors to be considered when choosing aggre-
frost-thaw resistance, permeability (fluids, gates:
gas), resistance against early age cracking. - Economical consideration:
Minimize water and cement, stiffest possi-
Factors to be considered regarding durability: ble mix;
- Choice of slump. Largest particle max size of aggregate,
- Environment conditions (dry, humid, humid shape, surface texture;
with frost, marine and chemical aggressi- Optimize ratio of fine to coarse;
veness). Grading and its significance: consistency,
- Exposure conditions (constructions protected strength, finisability.
against rain and humidity, frost-thaw satu- - Size and shape of members: maximum size
rated (no saturated) with water, exposure to aggregate;
water under pressure, exposed to marine or - Physical properties: strength;
chemical environment etc.). - Exposure condition: Air entraining or not,
- Maximum size of aggregate.
sulfate attack;
- w/c ratio.
- Maximum aggregate size: The largest maxi-
- Type of additive / admixture used.
mum aggregate size that will conform to
- Minimum cement content:
limitations given below:
Nominal maximum size aggregate should
Factors to be considered:.
not be larger than:
10
watertightness (grades: P4 , P810 , P1210 , φmax ≤1/4 of narrowest dimension of
P420 , P820 , P1220 1 it may be tested by structural member;
≤1/3 thickness of slab
measuring the flow through a saturated
≤1/6 reservoir wall thickness
specimen, of 100 mm respectively 200 mm,
subjected to pressure; a penetration test is ≤spacing between re-bars – 5 mm
more appropriate in cases where moisture is ≤1,3 x concrete cover of re-bars
drawn in by capillary action. ≤1/3 concrete pump piping
freeze-thaw resistance G50, G100, G1502.
Factors to consider when choosing water to
Proportioning relates to the following aspects: cement ratio:
- Workability (regarding fresh concrete). - Compressive strength is inversely propor-
- Durability, strength (regarding hardened tional to w/c:
concrete). - Economical consideration: Minimize water
- Economy by: and cement, stiffest possible mix.
Minimizing the amount of cement and w/c
ratio. Table a. Characteristic strength of concrete
Minimizing the amount of water, to (MPa)
reduce cement content, and to increase Concrete C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
strength durability. grades 2,8 4 6 8 12 16 18 20 25 28 30 32 35 40 45 50
- Batch weights calculations. / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
3,5 5 7,5 10 15 20 22,5 25 30 35 37 40 45 50 55 60
- Adjustments.
Characteristic strength of concrete
fc,28 cylinder 2,8 4 6 8 12 16 18 20 25 28 30 32 35 40 45 50

1 Permeability, according to Romanian specification STAS fc,28 cube 3,5 5 7,5 10 15 20 22,5 25 30 35 37 40 45 50 55 60
3519-76 - Tests on concretes. Inspection of waterproofness Source: NE 012-1999. Practice code for the
and ISO 7031 - Tests on concrete watertightness, is defined
as the flow property of concrete which quantitatively
execution of concrete, reinforced concrete and
characterizes the ease by which a fluid or gas will pass prestressed concrete works, Part 1 – Concrete
through it, under the action of a pressure differential. It may and reinforced concrete.
be tested by measuring the flow, measured in Bar (1 Bar =
10 MPa), through a saturated specimen, of 100 mm
respectively 200 mm height, subjected to pressure (4, 8 or 12 DETERMINATION OF JOB
Bar); (Permeability grades: P104 , P108 , P1012 , P420 , P820 ,
P1220). PARAMETERS
2 Freeze –thaw strength, according to STAS 3518-89 -

Tests on concretes. Strength determination at frost-thawing, Step 1: Durability conditioning of concrete

represents the maximum number of freeze-thaw successive
cycles that the concrete specimens can go through without Environment conditions, obtained for table 2 ⇒
decreasing their strength by 25 % in comparison with the class of exposure
laboratory reference specimens. Freeze-thaw grades: G50,
Requirements of grade and durability, obtained
G100, G150 (approximately 50 cycles per year, average max.
150-200 cycles per year). form table 3 and 4.

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1. W/C ratio: 4. Estimate coarse aggregate: (First esti-

Table 3 ⇒ suggested w/c ratio. mate of aggregate weight)
2. Cement content: The total amount of dry aggregates will be
Table 4 ⇒ suggested minimum cement calculated as follows:
content C (kg/m3). Knowing that
V = m/x ρ:
Step 2: Preliminary procedures for deter- V ag = V total – V water = V cement – V air
mining the quality mix proportions of Ag = ρag x (1000 – C/ρc - A'/ρa - p) [kg/m3]
concrete constituents
Where:
1. Slump:
ρag = relative density of aggregates (2,7
Table 1 ⇒ suggested slump T (mm).
2. Minimum cement content: kg/dm3);
Table 5 ⇒ suggested minimum cement ρc = relative density of cement (3,0 kg/dm3);
content C (kg/m3). p = void parameter (table 11), when not
3. Aggregates: using additives, (when using additives the
a) Selection of aggregates by type (table parameter will be computed according to
14). laboratory tests).
b) Nominal maximum size of aggregates: 5. Gradation of aggregate:
Computed according to the following Table 7 ⇒ percentage limits of aggregate
restrictions: passing.
φmax ≤ minimum dimension of bearing The amount of aggregate for each grade is
member/4; found as follows:
φmax ≤ thickness of slab/3; p − p i−1 (kg/m3)
φmax ≤ thickness of reservoir wall/6; A gi = A g x i
100
φmax ≤ minimum distance between re- Where:
bars – 5 mm; Ag = amount of aggregates (kg);
φmax ≤ 1,3 x reinforcement concrete cover;
pi = percent passing by mass through sieve
φmax ≤ diameter of pump hose/3
"i";
4. Gradation of aggregate particles:
pi-1= percent passing by mass through sieve
Table 6 ⇒ suggested grading curve ⇒ table 7
⇒ upper and lower gradation limits. "i-1";
5. Cement: 6. Adjustment for moisture in the aggre-
Table 10, 11, 12 ⇒ Recommended cement gate:
type and grade. The following moisture adjustment should be
6. Water-cement maximum ratio: made to the aggregate so that the water
Table 5 ⇒ recommended water-cement maxi- content of the concrete will not be affected by
mum ratio. the natural moisture content of the aggre-
gate.
Step 3: Procedures for determining the
∆A = ΣA gi x i (l/m )
u 3
batch weights for mix proportions of 100
constituents Where:
1. Estimate mixing water and air content: Agi = amount of aggregate form sieve "i' (kg);
Table 13 ⇒ W (kg/m3) ui = free moisture of sieve "i" (%);
Correction of water quantity according to n = total numbers of sieves.
maximum nominal size aggregate ⇒ W' = W A* = A' - ∆A (l/m3)
x c (kg/m3). The free amount of moisture form fine
Table 11 ⇒ suggested volume of air-
aggregates (UFA%), is calculated as follows:
entrainment
u
2. Water-cement ratio: ∆AFA = ΣAgi x i kg/m3
Table 16 ⇒ suggested w/c ratio. 100
Final adopted value of w/c = minimum value The free amount of moisture form coarse
between (step 2.6. and step 3.2) aggregates (UCA%), is calculated as follows:
3. Cement: u
∆ACA = ΣAgi x i kg/m3
A' 100
C '= [kg/m3]
The total amount of free moisture is
A/C
Final adopted value of C = maximum value calculated as follows:
between (step 2.5. and step 3.3) ∆A = ∆AFA + ∆ACA kg/m3
Adjusted amount of water: A* = A' - ∆A
(kg/m3)

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7. Adjustment of total amount of the The remaining six specimens shall be testes
aggregates by sieve sizes: after 28 days, the results being analyzed for
The total amount of aggregates by sieve defining the final mix proportioning. The
sizes, is found as follows: mean strength value for each mix fbm will be
⎛ u ⎞ adjusted according to the real cement
A *gi = A gi x ⎜1 + i ⎟ (kg/m )
3

⎝ 100 ⎠ strength value, using the following equation:

Where: 1,15class _ ciment
Agi - amount of aggregate form sieve "i' (kg); f cori = xf bmi
strength _ of _ cement
ui = free moisture of sieve "i" (%).
8. Final adjustment of aggregate weight: The final mix proportion will be adopted for
The total amount of aggregates, is found as the batch of which the adjusted recorded
follows: strength value (fcori) is equal to the one
Ag* = ∆ Agi * (kg/m3) determined after 28 days indicated by the
Where: Concrete Practice Code NE 012-1999 (table
Ag* = adjusted amount of aggregate form 1);
sieve "i' (kg); 11. Summary of mix design:
n = number of sieves sizes. Enter batch percentage: …….%
Ag * = Σ A*gi kg/m3 Compressive strength at 28 days: …….MPa
9. Total mass of concrete produced: Slump: Maximum …….mm
The total mass of concrete produced will be Minimum …….mm
calculated as follows: Nominal maximum size of aggregate: ……mm
Gc = A* + C’ + Ag* Water-cement ratio: …….
Gc will be compared with the value of normal Concrete type …….
weight concrete that ranges between 2160 to Air content: …….%
2560 kg/m3 Permeability: …….
10.Trial batch: Using the proportions deve- Freeze-thaw: …….
loped in the above steps, a 30-liter concrete Unit weight of aggregates: F.A. …….kg/m3
trial batch is made using only as much water C.A. …… kg/m3
as needed to reach the desired slump. Mass of batched concrete: ρc = ….…kg/m3
Three separate concrete batches should be
prepared, as: Table 1. Recommended concrete consistencies
a primary batch with ingredients as for different types of construction
calculated; Item Type of concrete member Type of Transport Consistency
a second batch with a cement content no. Grade Slump (mm)
1 Plain or reinforced footings, Truck, bucket, belt T2 30±10
increased with 7% but minimum 20 kg/m3 massive elements conveyor
in comparison with the primary batch, 2 Plain or reinforced footings, Transit mix truck, T3 70±20
massive elements, slabs, bucket
maintaining constant the water and columns, beams, walls.
aggregate quantities (according to the 3 Plain or reinforced footings, Transit mix truck, T3/ 100±20
massive elements, slabs, pump T4
primary batch calculations); columns, beams, walls,
a third batch with a cement content reservoirs placed by concrete
pump
reduced with 7% but minimum 20 kg/m3
4 Members and small reinforced Transit mix truck, T4 120±20
in comparison with the primary batch, monolithic sections with bucket
maintaining constant the water and difficulties while compacting
5 Concrete prepared with Transit mix truck, T4/ 150±30
aggregate quantities (according to the plasticizers or superplasticizers bucket T5
primary batch calculations); additives
6 Concrete prepared with Transit mix truck, T5 180±30
superplasticizers additives bucket
From all three batches din minimum 12
concrete samples should be tested for
compressive strength (according to STAS 1275-
88);

Six samples should from every batch should be

tested after 7 days (according to STAS 1275-88),
the adopted preliminary concrete mix design
will be the one for which the determined
strength are equal to the ones indicated by the
Concrete Practice Code NE 012-1999;

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Table 2. Concrete Exposure class in different ** Upper and lower limit of gradation are as
environmental Conditions follows (annex 5): Table 5.1. to 5.6 for
Type of environment Type or location of structure aggregate size 0...7 mm; 0...16 mm; 0...20
0 1 2
a). Moderate Concrete surfaces protected against weather or mm; 0...31 mm; 0...40 mm; 0...71 mm.
1. Dry aggressive conditions
environment b). Severe Concrete surfaces exposed permanent to
temperatures grater that 30 oC Table 5. Upper an lower Limits of gradation
a). Moderate Concrete surfaces exposed to freezing whilst
sheltered form severe rain or freezing whilst wet Table 5.1 Aggregates between 0...7 mm
b). Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to freezing whilst
2. Hummed continuously submerged under water; Cumulative percent passing by mass (%)
environment Concrete surfaces exposed to condensation or Limits
alternant wetting and drying; 0,2 1 3 7
Concrete surfaces exposed to continuous water Max. 12 40 70 100
pressure on one side
Min. 3 25 54 95
3. Hummed environment subjected Concrete interior or exterior surfaces exposed to
to freezing and deicing salts freezing and de-icing salts
Concrete surfaces exposed Table 5.2 Aggregates between 0...16 mm
1).Weak
permanent to sea water;
aggressive
Concrete surfaces situated over
conditions Grading Limits Cumulative percent passing by mass (%)
a).No freezing the variation level of the sea
2).Intensive Concrete surfaces situated over class 0,2 1 3 7 16
aggressive the variation level of the sea I Max. 15 45 65 85 100
conditions
Concrete surfaces exposed Min. 10 35 55 75 95
indirectly to marine environment II Max. 10 35 55 75 100
4. Marine 1).Weak
Concrete surfaces exposed to Min. 5 25 45 65 95
environment aggressive
freezing sheltered from wetting
conditions
Concrete surfaces protected III Max. 5 25 45 65 100
b).With Min. 1 15 35 55 95
against weather without heating
freezing
Concrete surfaces exposed to
2).Intensive marine environment by alternant
aggressive wetting, drying and salts. Concrete Table 5.3. Aggregates between 0...20 mm
conditions surfaces exposed industrial
technological condensation Grading Limits Cumulative percent passing by mass (%)
a). Mild chemical aggressive Class 0,2 1 3 (9) 7 (10) 20
environment
b). Moderate chemical aggressive I Max. 15 40 60 80 100
environment Min. 10 30 50 70 95
5. Chemical c). Severe chemical aggressive II Max. 10 30 50 70 100
aggressive environment
environment d). Very severe chemical aggressive
Min. 5 20 40 60 95
environment III Max. 5 20 40 60 100
Min. 1 10 30 50 95
Table 3. Requirements for concrete durability
assurance according to type of Table 5.4. Aggregates between 0...31 mm
environment conditions
Grading Cumulative percent passing by mass (%)
Limits
Class 0,2 1 3 7 16 31
I Max. 15 40 50 70 90 100
Min. 10 30 40 60 80 95
II Max. 10 30 40 60 80 100
Min. 5 20 30 50 70 95
III Max. 5 20 30 50 70 100
Min. 1 10 20 40 60 95

Table 5.5. Aggregates between 0...40 mm

Grading Limits Cumulative percent passing by mass (%)
Class 0,2 1 3 (5) 7 (10) 20 40
I Max. 15 30 45 60 80 100
Min. 10 20 35 50 70 95
II Max. 10 25 35 50 70 100
Min. 5 15 25 40 60 95
III Max. 5 15 25 40 60 100
Min. 1 5 15 30 50 95

Table 5.6. Aggregates between 0...71 mm

Table 4. Grading classes Limits Cumulative percent passing by mass (%)
0,2 1 3 7 16 25 31 40 71
Grading class in accordance to the cement Max. 8 18 32 45 61 70 77 84 100
Consistency
content (Kg/m3) Min. 1 6 13 22 38 50 57 68 95
≤ 300 300-450 > 450
T2 I II III Table 5.7. Aggregates between 0...71 mm
T3 and T3/T4 I I (II)* II (III)*
T4, T4/T5, T5 - I II Limits Cumulative percent passing by mass (%)
0,2 1 3 7 16 25 31 40 71
* Recommended when the concrete does not Max. 8 18 32 45 61 70 77 84 100
have tendency of honeycombing Min. 1 6 13 22 38 50 57 68 95

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Table 6. Types of cement according to romani- Table 8. Recommended cement types used for
an standards (SR) concrete work in normal conditions of
Admixture
exposure
Type Sort SR Grade
% Type Item Work conditions Concrete Type of Recommended Usable types of
1 2 3 4 5 6 no. and/or member grade concrete types of cement cement
Portland Cement (without admixtures) characteristics
Normal Portland 32,5; 42.5; 52.5 0 1 2 3 4 5
I cement (without SR 388 - - 32.5R;42.5R; 1 Members or C 5/4 Plain (IIIA,IVA,VA) 32,5 (IIIA,IVA,VA)32,5
admixtures) 52.5R constructions with … IIB - 32,5 IIA 32,5
Composite Cements (with admixtures) thickness smaller C 10/8
32,5; 42.5; 52.5 than 1,5m produced C 15/20 Reinforced IIA - 32,5 IIB- 32,5(1);
Portland cement Mixture of slag,
II A-M SR 1500 6-20 32.5R;42.5R; in periods other that … IIB- 42,5(1);
composite ash, lime, pozzolan
52.5R winter C 20/16 I 32,5
Portland cement Granulated blast IIA- 42,5
II A-S
with slag furnace slag C 25/12 Reinforced I - 32,5 IIA - 32,5R;
Portland cement C 30/25 IIA - 42,5;
II A-V Pulverized fuel ash
with ash C 35/ I - 42,5
Portland cement C 37/30 Reinforced I - 42,5 I- 32,5(2);
II A-P with natural C 40/ (prestressed) I -42,5A I- 52,5;
pozzolan C 45/35 I 52,5A
Portland cement C 50/40
II A-L Lime
with lime C 55/45 High strength I 52,5/ 52,5R;
Portland cement Mixture of slag, 32,5; 42.5 C 60/50 reinforcement I 52,5A/ 52,5A-R
II B-M SR 1500 21-35
composite ash, lime, pozzolan 32.5R; 42.5R C 70/60 (prestressed)
Portland cement Granulated blast C 80/70
II B-S
with slag furnace slag 2 Massive members or < C 15/12 Plain H III/A - 32,5 H II/B-S;
Portland Cement constructions with C 15/12 II B-S 32,5;
II B-P with natural thickness equal or I A-S 32,5
pozzolan larger than 1,5m C 20/16 Reinforced H II/A - 32,5 H I-32,5;
Portland cement HII/B-S32,5(1);
II B-L Lime
with lime II A-S 32,5
Blast furnace Granulated blast C 25/20 Reinforced H I - 32,5 II A-S 32,5;
III A SR 1500 36-65 32,5; 32,5R
cement furnace slag C 30/25 H II/A-S32,5;
IV A Pozzolan cement SR 1500 11-35 Pozzolan and ash 32,5; 42.5; 32.5R C 35/- I 32,5
Granulated blast C 37/30 Reinforced H I - 42,5 H I-32,5(2);
VA Composite cement SR 1500 18-30 furnace slag + ash 32.5; 32.5R C 40/- (prestressed) I 42,5;
pozzolans C 45/35 HII/A-S 42,5;
Limited hydration Cements C 50/40 H42,5/42,5 RA;
Cement without II A-S 42,5
HI - - C 60/50 Reinforced H I - 52,5 H II/A-S 52,5;
mixture
HII/A-S SR 3011 6- 20 32,5; 42,5; 52,5 C 70/60 (prestressed) Hz52,5/52,5-A
Granulated blast C 85/70
HII/B-S Cement with slag 21-35
furnace slag
HIII/A 36-65
Sulfate resistant cements Technical notes:
Cement without
SRI
admixture
- - 32,5; 42,5; 52,5 1. During winter conditions it is recommended
SRII/A-S Cement with slag 6-20
Granulated blast to use, for members that have thickness over
SR 3011
furnace slag 1,5 m, cements with rapid setting time noted
SRII/A-P Pozzolan cement 6-20 Natural pozzolan
Granulated blast with R.
SRII/B-S Cement with slag 21-35
furnace slag 2. The setting of cement types II B, II H, H II/B-
SRIII/A Cement with slag 36-65 Pulverized fuel ash S (that have a maximum amount of mixture
of 35%), for reinforced concrete members will
Table 7. Approximate equivalency between be made only with the approval of a
manufactured cement according to SR specialist institute.
and STAS
Approximate equivalency with Table 9 Recommended cements types for plain
Item no. Cements according to S.R. and reinforced concrete works that
STAS
Type S.R. Type STAS are exposed to sea water and severe
0 1 2 3 4 freezing
1 II B- S 32.5 1500 M 30 1500 Work conditions Recommend
2 II A-S 32.5 Pa 35 Item Concrete Type of Usable types
and/or Member ed types of
no. grade concrete of cement
3 I 32.5 388 P 40 388 characteristics cement
0 1 2 3 4 5
4 I 42.5 P 50 (P45) < C 20/16 Plain IIA-32,5/32,5R I-32,5/32,5R
5 H I 32.5 3011 H 35 3011 Members or
IIA-32,5/32,5R
constructions with
6 H II / A-S 32.5 Hz 35 1
thickness smaller
C20/16-C35/ - Reinforced I-32,5/32,5R I- 42,5A;
7 SR I 32.5 3011 SR 35 3011 I - 42,5/42,5R
than 1,5m
I-42,5 I-32,5/32,5R;
8 SR II / A-S 32.5 SRA 35 C37/30-C50/40 Reinforced
I-42,5/42,5R I-52,5/52,5R
I-52,5A
C 55/45-C85/70 Reinforced
I-52,5/52,5R
Massive members H I-32,5;
< C 20/16 Plain H II/A-S32,5
or constructions II A-S32,5
2 with thickness C 20/16-C 35/ Reinforced III-32,5 III-42,5
equal or larger that H I-52,5;
1,5m C 37/30-C50/40 Reinforced H I-42,5
I-52,5

C 55/45-C85/70 Reinforced H I-52,5

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Table 10. Recommended types of cements for Approximate volume of air-entrainment accor-
plain and reinforced concrete works ding to maximum size aggregates
that are in contact with aggressive
Maximum size of aggregates 10 16 20 31 40 70
waters (mm)
Nature of Recommended types of Air-entrainment % 7 6 5 4,5 4 3
Usable types of cement
Item aggressive Grade of cement
no. environ- aggressive Plain Reinforced Plain Reinforced
ment concrete concrete concrete concrete Table 12. Maximum values for water: cement
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ratio after preliminary tests (grade II
I 32,5 I 32,5;
1 Alkalis Mild II A II A-S HI H I; concrete homogeneity)
H II/A-S H II/A-S
I 32,5; I 32,5; Cement grade
Mild II A II A-S H I; H I; Concrete grade
2 Carbon 32,5 42,5 52,5
H II/A-S H II/A-S
Severe H I; H I; C 10/8 0,75
I 32,5; I 32,5; C 15/12 0,70
very severe SR I SR I
Mild III A; IV A; C 20/16 0,60
Moderate V A; II B; II A-S H II A-S H II/A- S
Moderate II A
C 25/20 0,55
3 Sulfate C 30/25 0,50 0,55
Severe or
H I;
very sever SR II/B-S
SR I SR II/A-S H II/B-S H III/A H II/A-S; C 35/ 0,45 0,50
(for all SR III/A C 37/30 0,40 0,47
II A-S
cases)
H A-S; C 40/ 0,35 0,45 0,50
H III/A
Mild
H II/B-S
H II/A-S H A-S H I; Sr I; C 45/35 0,40 0,45
4 Magnesium SR II/A-S C 50/40 0,35 0,40
H A-S;
Severe or SR II/B-S H A-S C 55/45 0,33 0,38
SR II/A-S H II/A-S;
very sever SR III/A H II/A-S
H I; SR I C 60/50 0,30 0,35
H III A H A-S; C 70/
Nitrogen Mild H II/A-S H A-S
5 H II/B-S H I; SR I; SR II/A-S
salts
Severe or SR II/B-S
SR II/A-S H II/A-S SR I; H I; H II/A-S
very sever SR III/A
H II/A-S; II/A-S;
Technical notes:
Mild H II/A-S HI H A-S
6 Base SR I 1. The values for the table are valid for grade II
Severe SR II/A-S SR I H II/A-S
H I;
H II/A-S
homogeneity. For grade I, the values rise
with 0,05 and for grade III they decrease
with 0,05.
Table 11. Estimated mixing water requirement
for various slumps 2. When using crushed stone the values form
Water (l/m3) of concrete indicated by consistency the table rise with 10%.
Concrete grade
T2 T3 T3/T4 T4 3. According to the environment conditions and
C 5/4 160 170 - -
C 10/8...C 25/20 170 185 200 220
exposure the A/C ratio, resulted form annex
> C 30/25 185 200 215 230 2, should not be exceeded.
4. When the concrete is cured in steam rooms,
Technical notes: The values concerning the according to the final decrease of strength,
quantities of water required for mix specified in the A/C ration values will be adopted as
annex 13. are valid only if used with natural follows:
aggregates size 0...31 mm. They will be - for grade I of homogeneity see table;
increasing or decreasing as follows: - for grade II of homogeneity, the proposed
- decrees with 10% when using aggregates size values for the table decreased by 0,05
0...71 mm; (corresponding to grade III).
- decrees with 5% when using aggregates size
0...40 mm; Table 13. Strength of concrete at 28 days after
- decrees with 10-20% when using additives; preliminary tests for grade II
- increase with 10% when using crushed homogeneity
stone; Characteristic strength Characteristic strength
Concrete Concrete
- increase with 20% when using aggregates grade
fc preliminary (N/mm2)
grade
fc preliminary (N/mm2)
size 0...7 mm; Cube Cylinder Cube Cylinder
C 10/8 18 14,5 C 40/- 51,5 41
- increase with 10% when using aggregates C 15/12 23,5 19 C 45/35 56,5 45
size 0...16 mm; C 20/16 29 23 C 50/40 62,5 50
- increase with 5% when using aggregates size C 25/20 36 29 C 55/45 68 54,5
0...20 mm. C 30/25 42 33,5 C 60/50 73 58,5
C 35/- 47 37,5 C 70/60 84,5 67,5
Relative Density C 37/30 48 38,5 C 87/70 101 81

Type of material Density ( Kg/dm3 )

Siliceous (stream deposits) 2,7 Technical notes: For grade I, respectively grade
Calcareous 2,3...2,7 III of homogeneity, of the values required in the
Ceramic 2,7 table, a certain value will be subtracted or
Basalt 2,9
Cement 3,0 added.

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 G. Ilinoiu / Concrete Mix Design Optimized Approach / CED, Vol. 6, No. 1, 49–56, March 2004

Values that will be subtracted or added to the

recommended in the table for grade II, for grade
I respectively II of homogeneity

Concrete grade (N/mm2) (Cube) (N/mm2) (Cylinder)

C 10/8 - C 20/16 3 2,5
C 25/20 - C 37/30 4 3
C 40/- - C 55/45 5 4
C 60/50 - C 85/70 6 5

CONCLUSIONS

The recommendations and proposals for

improving the existing concrete mix design are
different, according to the factors (human in
regard of efficiency of personnel/ labor discipline
and technological in regard of production
process) that intervene in the achievement of
the considered concrete mix at a minimum cost.

REFERENCES

1. Ilinoiu G. Quality of Concrete. Study on Code

NE 012-1999. Nr. 3, Bulletin AICPS (2001),
pp. 114-120. Journal of the Structural Design
Engineers Association – Romania.

2. Ilinoiu G. Concrete durability. Journal Civil

and Industrial Constructions. 2001, No. 24,
pp. 36-37.

3. Ilinoiu G. Construction Engineering. Cons-

press Publishing House, 2003. pp. 49-64.

4. ENV 206, 1990. Concrete Performance,

Production, Placing and Compliance Criteria.
European Committee for Standardization.

5. STAS 1275-1988. Tests of concrete. Tests of

hardened concrete. Determination of mecha-
nical strengths;

6. STAS 9602-90. Reference Concrete. Specifica-

tions for manufacturing and testing.

7. NE 012-1999. Practice code for the execution

of concrete, reinforced concrete and pres-
tressed concrete works, Part 1 – Concrete and
reinforced concrete.

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