CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 3.1 Constant Slurry Volume (1600 mL)

SEDIMENTATION-CONCENTRATION
TIME, MIN 8.5% BY VOLUMEOF CHALK IN THE TOTAL CL, kg/m3
VOLUME OF SLURRY
Hi, mm
0 760 93.5968
1 701 101.4744
2 656 108.4353
3 615 115.6643
4 584 121.8040
5 540 131.7288
10 385 184.7625
15 358 198.6971
20 341 208.6028
25 328 216.8706
30 319 222.9892
40 304 233.9920
50 294 241.9509
60 286 248.7188
70 280 254.0484
80 275 258.6675
90 270 263.4576
100 265 268.4285
110 262 271.5021
120 259 274.2670
1440 219 324.8108

Figure 3.1a Height vs. Time for Table 3.1

 Height vs. Time
800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Height vs. Time

Figure 3.1b Concentration vs. Time for Table 3.1

Concentration vs. Time

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Concentration vs. Time

Table 3.2 Constant Water Volume (1600 mL)

 SEDIMENTATION-CONCENTRATION
TIME, 8.5% BY VOLUMEOF CHALK IN THE TOTAL CL, kg/m3
MIN VOLUME OF SLURRY
Hi, mm
0 840 88.3417
1 779 95.2594
2 744 99.7407
3 705 105.2582
4 663 111.9262
5 554 133.9478
10 438 169.4225
15 410 180.9928
20 392 189.3037
25 379 195.7970
30 361 205.5597
40 347 213.8532

Figure 3.2a Height vs. Time for Table 3.2

Height vs. Time

900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Height vs. Time

Figure 3.2b Concentration vs. Time for Table 3.2

 Concentration vs. Time
250

200

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Concentration vs. Time

Figure 3.1a and Figure 3.2a shows the graphical data for height and time for

constant volume of slurry and constant volume of water. It is observed in both graphs

that as the time passed by, the height is decreasing. The decrease in the height is due

to the gravity that settles down the particles in the bottom.

Figure 3.2b and Figure 3.2b shows the graphical data for the concentration and time

for constant volume of slurry and constant volume of water. It observed in both graph

that as the time passed by, the concentration increases. The increase of the

concentration is due to the crowding

 COMPUTATIONS

Given:
Dtube = 5.05 cm Vwater = 1600 mL ρwater = 1 g ρchalk = 2.15 g
mL mL
Q = 1600 mL Cslurry = 8.5%
s

A. Constant Water Volume (1600 mL)

%wt. of chalk = mchalk / (mchalk + mwater)

g
mL
0.085 = mchalk / [mchalk + 1600mL (1 )]
mchalk = 148.6339 g

Vchalk = mchalk / ρchalk

g
= 148.6339 g / 2.15 mL

Vchalk = 69.1320 mL

Vslurry = Vchalk + Vwater

= 69.1320 mL + 1600 mL

Vslurry = 1669.1320 mL

ρslurry = mslurrry /Vslurry

= (148.6339 g + 1600 g)
1669.1320 mL

ρslurry = 1.0476 g/ mL


CL = mchalk / ( 4 *Din2*Hi)
@T = 0 min

CL(0) = 148.6339g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *840 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(0) = 88.3417 kg/m3

@T = 1 min

CL(1) = 148.6339g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *779 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3
CL(1) = 95.2594 kg/m3

@T = 2 min

CL(2) = 148.6339g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *744 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3
CL(2) = 99.7407 kg/m3

@T = 3 min

CL(3) = 148.6339g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *705 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3
CL(3) = 105.2582 kg/m3

@T = 4 min

CL(4) = 148.6339g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *663 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3
CL(4) = 111.9262 kg/m3

@T = 5 min

CL(5) = 148.6339g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *554 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3
CL(5) = 133.9478 kg/m3

@T = 10 min
 CL(10) = 148.6339g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *438 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3
CL(10) = 169.4225 kg/m3
@T = 15 min
CL(15) = 148.6339g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *410 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3
CL(15) = 180.9928 kg/m3
@T = 20 min
CL(20) = 148.6339g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *392 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3
CL(20) = 189.3037 kg/m3

@T = 25 min

CL(25) = 148.6339g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *379 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3
CL(25) = 195.7970 kg/m3

@T = 30 min

CL(30) = 148.6339g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *361 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(30) = 205.5597 kg/m3

@T = 40 min

CL(40) = 148.6339 g(1 kg/1000 g)


[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *347 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3
CL(40) = 213.8532 kg/m3

HuCu = HoCo Hu = HoCo / Cu

Theoretical Height @ T= 0 min

Ho = 840 mm; Co = 88.3417 kg/m3; Cu = 213.8532 kg/m3

 Hu = [840 mm (88.3417 kg/m3)] / 213.8532 kg/m3

Hu =346.9998 mm

Figure 6.1a Time vs. Interface Height

t2 = 7.8 min @Hu = 346.9998 mm

H2 = 470 mm tu = 14.5 min

Thickening Area:

Ath = Qtu / Ho

= [1600 mL/s (1L / 1000mL) (1m3 / 1000L) (14.7 min) (60s/min)]

840 mm (1m / 1000 mm)
Ath = 1.6571 m2
Clarification Area:
V = m = (840-554) / (0 - 5)
= -58 mm/min * 1m/ 1000mm *1min / 60s
V = 0.0010 m/s (-) means decelerating
Qc = Q ( Ho - Hu ) / Ho
Qc = 1600 mL/s (1L/ 1000 mL) (1m3/ 1000L) (840 - 346.9998) mm
840 mm
Qc = 0.9390 x10-3m3
Acl = Qc / v
= 0.9390 x10-3m3 / 0.0010 m/s
Acl = 0.9390 m2 *
Since Ath = 1.6571 m2 > Acl = 0.9390 m2
Controlling Area: Clarification, Ath = 1.6571 m2
Solids Loading = Qρslurry / Acontrolling
= 1600 mL/s * 1.0476 g/mL * 1kg / 1000g
1.6571 m2

Solids Loading = 1.0115 kg / m2-s

Hydraulic Loading Rate, QH
QH = Q / Acontrolling
= 1600 mL/s * 1L/ 1000 mL * 1m3/1000L
1.6571 m2
QH = 9.6554 x10-4 m/s

B. Constant Slurry Volume (1600 mL)

0.085 = mchalk / mchalk + mwater ---------- Equation 1

Vslurry = Vchalk + Vwater

= (mchalk / ρchalk) + (mwater / ρwater)

1600 mL = (mchalk / 2.15 g/mL) + (mwater / 1 g/mL) ---------- Equation 2

Equating 1 and 2:
mchalk = 142.4778 g mwater = 1533.7316 g
Vchalk = 66.2687 cm3 Vwater = 1533.7316 cm3
mslurry = mchalk + mwater
= 142.4778 g + 1533.7316 g
mslurry = 1676.2094g
ρslurry = mslurry / vslurry
= 1676.2094 g / 1600 mL
 ρslurry = 1.0476 g/mL


CL = mchalk / ( 4 *Din2*Hi)

@T = 0 min

CL(0) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *760 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(0) = 93.5968 kg/m3

@T = 1 min

CL(1) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *701 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL() = 101.4744 kg/m3

@T = 2 min

CL(2) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *656 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(2) = 108.4353 kg/m3

@T = 3 min

CL(3) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *615 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(3) = 115.6643 kg/m3

@T = 4 min

CL(4) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *584 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3
 CL(4) = 121.8040 kg/m3

@T = 5 min

CL(5) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *540 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(5) = 131.7288 kg/m3

@T = 10 min

CL(10) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *385 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(10) = 184.7625 kg/m3

@T =15 min

CL(15) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *358 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(15) = 198.6971 kg/m3

@T = 20 min

CL(20) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *341 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(20) = 208.6028 kg/m3

@T = 25 min

CL(25) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *328 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(25) = 216.8706 kg/m3

@T = 30 min
 CL(30) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *319 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(30) = 222.9892 kg/m3

@T = 40 min

CL(40) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *304 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(40) = 233.9920 kg/m3

@T = 50 min

CL(50) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *294 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(50) = 241.9509 kg/m3

@T = 60 min

CL(60) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *286 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(60) = 248.7188 kg/m3

@T = 70 min

CL(70) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *280 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(70) = 254.0484 kg/m3

@T = 80 min

CL(80) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *275 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3
 CL(80) = 258.6675 kg/m3

@T = 90 min

CL(90) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *270 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(90) = 263.4576 kg/m3

@T = 100 min

CL(100) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *265 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(100) = 268.4285 kg/m3

@T = 110 min

CL(110) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *262 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(110) = 271.5021 kg/m3

@T = 120 min

CL(120) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *259 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(120) = 274.6470 kg/m3

@T = 1440 min

CL(1440) = 142.4778g(1kg/1000g)

[ 4 *(5.05 cm)2 *319 mm(1cm/ 10mm)] (1m/100 cm)3

CL(1440) = 324.8108 kg/m3

HuCu = HoCo Hu = HoCo / Cu

Theoretical Height @ T= 0 min

Ho = 760 mm; Co = 93.5968 kg/m3; Cu = 324.8108 kg/m3

Hu = [760 mm (93.5968 kg/m3)] / 324.8108 kg/m3

Hu =219.8423 mm

Figure 6.1b Time vs. Interface Height

t2 = 50 min @Hu = 219.8423 mm

H2 = 295 mm tu = 100 min

Thickening Area:

Ath = Qtu / Ho

= [1600 mL/s (1L / 1000mL) (1m3 / 1000L) (100 min) (60s/min)]

760 mm (1m / 1000 mm)
Ath = 12.6316 m2
Clarification Area:
V = m = (760-701) / (0 - 1)
= -59 mm/min * 1m/ 1000mm *1min / 60s
V = 0.0010 m/s (-) means decelerating
 Qc = Q ( Ho - Hu ) / Ho
Qc = 1600 mL/s (1L/ 1000 mL) (1m3/ 1000L) (760 - 219.8423) mm
760 mm
-3 3
Qc = 1.1372 x10 m
Acl = Qc / v
= 1.1372 x10-3m3 / 0.0010 m/s
Acl = 1.1372 m2 *
Since Ath = 12.6316 m2 > Acl = 1.1372 m2
Controlling Area: Clarification, Ath = 12.6316 m2
Solids Loading = Qρslurry / Acontrolling
= 1600 mL/s * 1.0476 g/mL * 1kg / 1000g
12.6316 m2

Solids Loading = 0.1327 kg / m2-s

Hydraulic Loading Rate, QH
QH = Q / Acontrolling
= 1600 mL/s * 1L/ 1000 mL * 1m3/1000L
12.6316 m2
QH = 1.2667 x10-4 m/s