Commun. Korean Math. Soc. 36 (2021), No. 2, pp.

299–312
https://doi.org/10.4134/CKMS.c200208
pISSN: 1225-1763 / eISSN: 2234-3024

A GENERALIZATION OF THE LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS

Asad Ali

Abstract. The main aim of this paper is to introduce and study the
generalized Laguerre polynomials and prove that these polynomials are
characterized by the generalized hypergeometric function. Also we in-
vestigate some properties and formulas for these polynomials such as
explicit representations, generating functions, recurrence relations, dif-
ferential equation, Rodrigues formula, and orthogonality.

1. Introduction and preliminaries

Laguerre polynomials are among the most important and useful polynomials
in mathematics and mathematical physics. Most of monographs and books
related to special functions include Laguerre polynomials (see, e.g., [3, 15, 16]).
(α)
Laguerre polynomials Ln (x) are defined by (see, e.g., [15, Chapter 12])
(1 + α)n
(1) L(α)
n (x) = 1 F1 (−n ; 1 + α ; x)
n!
n ∈ N0 , 1 + α ∈ C \ Z−


0, x∈C ,
where 1 F1 is a particular case of the well-known generalized hypergeometric
series p Fq (p, q ∈ N0 ) given by (see, e.g., [15, p. 73]):
∞
λ1 , . . . , λp ; (λ1 )n · · · (λp )n z n
  X
F
p q z =
(2) µ1 , . . . , µq ;
n=0
(µ1 )n · · · (µq )n n!
= p Fq (λ1 , . . . , λp ; µ1 , . . . , µq ; z).
Here (α)β denotes the Pochhammer symbol defined (for α, β ∈ C) by
(
Γ(α + β) 1 (β = 0; α 6= 0)
(3) (α)β := =
Γ(α) α(α + 1) · · · (α + n − 1) (β = n ∈ N),

Received June 18, 2020; Revised November 19, 2020; Accepted November 23, 2020.
2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 33C10, 33C20; Secondary 33C45,
44A10.
Key words and phrases. Laguerre polynomials, generalized polynomials, generalized hy-
pergeometric series, generating functions, recurrence relations, differential equation, Ro-
drigues formula, orthogonality.

2021
c Korean Mathematical Society

299
300 A. ALI

Γ being the familiar Gamma function and it being read traditionally that
(α)0 := 1. Here and elsewhere, let N, Z−0 , R, and C denote the sets of positive
integers, non-positive integers, real numbers, and complex numbers, respec-
tively, and set N0 := N ∪ {0}. The particular case α = 0 of (1)

(4) Ln (x) = L(0)

n (x) = 1 F1 (−n ; 1 ; x)

(n ∈ N0 , x ∈ C)
is called as simple Laguerre (or Laguerre) polynomial which has also attracted
much attention. For certain formulas and properties including these polyno-
mials, one may be referred (for example) to [1], [3, Section 6.2], [5, 6, 12–14],
[15, pp. 201–202], [7–11, 17, 18].
Among numerous generating functions which can produce (1) or (4), we
recall the following (see, e.g., [15, p. 202])
  X ∞
1 −xt
(5) exp = Ln(α) (x) tn .
(1 − t)1+α 1−t n=0

Ali et al. [2] brought in a generalization of Bateman polynomial and pre-

sented some interesting and presumably useful properties and formulas involv-
ing it. In the same vein, in this paper, we introduce a generalization of Laguerre
polynomials and investigate certain properties and formulas associated with it
such as recurrence relation, differential formula, generating function, Rodrigues
formula, and orthogonality.

2. Generalized Laguerre polynomials

We begin by introducing generalized Laguerre polynomials, which are de-
(α)
noted by Lp,n (x) whose generating function is given as in Definition 1.
Definition 1. Let p ∈ N; x, α ∈ C.
∞
−xp tp
  X
1
(6) exp = L(α)
n,p (x) t
n
(1 − t)1+α (1 − t)p n=0

(p ∈ N; x, α ∈ C) .
(α) (α)
Obviously Ln,1 (x) = Ln (x). Hereafter we explore certain formulas and
properties involving the generalized Laguerre polynomials in (6). Throughout,
let F (p; x, t) be the left-handed generating function in (6).

Explicit representation
(α)
An explicit expression of the generalized Laguerre polynomials Ln,p (x) in
the following theorem.
 A GENERALIZATION OF THE LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS 301

Theorem 2.1. Let x, α ∈ C, p ∈ N, and n ∈ N0 . Then

[n/p]
X (−1)k
(7) L(α)
n,p (x) = (1 + α)n xpk
k! (1 + α)pk (n − pk)!
k=0
[n/p]
(1 + α)n X (−1)(p+1)k (−n)pk pk
(8) = x .
n! k! (1 + α)pk
k=0

Here and throughout, [m] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
m ∈ R. Or, equivalently,
−n −n + 1 −n − 1 + p
 
(1 + α)n  p , p
, ...,
p
;
(9) L(α) (−1)p+1 xp 

n,p (x) = p Fp  .

n! α + 1 α + 2 α + p
, , ..., ;
p p p
Proof. Expanding the exponential in the left-hand side of (6), we find
∞
1 X (−1)k xpk tpk
F (p; x, t) = .
(1 − t)1+α+pk k!
k=0

Employing the binomial theorem

∞
X (a)n n
(10) (1 − z)−a = z = 1 F0 (a ; ; z) (a ∈ C; |z| < 1),
n=0
n!

we obtain the following double series

∞ X∞
X (−1)k (1 + α + pk)n xpk n+pk
(11) F (p; x, t) = t .
n=0
k! n!
k=0

Recall a known double series manipulation (see, e.g., [4, Eq. (1.1)])
∞ X
X ∞ ∞ [n/p]
X X
(12) Ak,n = Ak,n−pk (p ∈ N)
n=0 k=0 n=0 k=0
⇐⇒
∞ [n/p]
X X ∞ X
X ∞
(13) Ak,n = Ak,n+pk (p ∈ N),
n=0 k=0 n=0 k=0

where Ax,y denotes a function of two variables x and y and the involved double
series is assumed to be absolutely convergent.
An application of (12) in (11) gives

X∞ [n/p]
X (−1)k (1 + α + pk)n−pk xpk
(14) F (p; x, t) = tn .
n=0
k! (n − pk)!
k=0
302 A. ALI

Equating the coefficients of tn in the right members of (6) and (14) yields
[n/p]
X (−1)k (1 + α + pk)n−pk
(15) L(α)
n,p (x) = xpk .
k! (n − pk)!
k=0

Using (3) and a known identity

(−1)k n!
(16) (n − k)! = (k, n ∈ N0 ; 0 ≤ k ≤ n) ,
(−n)k
we derive
(1 + α)n (−1)pk n!
(17) (1 + α + pk)n−pk = and (n − pk)! = .
(1 + α)pk (−n)pk
Hence, use of (17) in (15) leads to the desired identity (8).

Finally, applying the multiplication formula

m  
Y λ+j−1
(18) (λ)mn = mmn (λ ∈ C; m ∈ N; n ∈ N0 )
j=1
m n

to (8) provides the equivalent expression (9). 

(α)
Remark 2.2. Eq. (8) reveals that, for each n ∈ N0 , Ln,p (x) is a polynomial in
(α)
the variable x of degree at most p[n/p]. In fact, the degree of Ln,p (x) is a step
function in the following manner:
(19) deg L(α)
n,p (x) = `p (`p ≤ n < (` + 1)p; ` ∈ N0 ) .
Generating function
Establish two generating functions for the generalized Laguerre polynomials
(α)
Ln,p (x) in Theorem 2.3.
Theorem 2.3. Let t, x, α, c ∈ C and p ∈ N. Then
  p 
t α+1 α+2 α+p xt
e 0 Fp ; , , ..., ;−
p p p p
(20) ∞ (α)
X Ln,p (x) tn
=
n=0
(1 + α)n

and
c c+1 c+p−1  p !
1 p, p , . . . , p ; xt
p Fp α+1 α+2 α+p −
(1 − t)c p , p , . . . , p ; 1−t
(21) ∞ (α)
X (c)n Ln,p (x) tn
= (|t| < 1).
n=0
(1 + α)n
 A GENERALIZATION OF THE LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS 303

Proof. Using (7), (13), and (18), we have

∞ (α) ∞ ∞
X Ln,p (x) tn X tn X (−xp tp )k
=
n=0
(1 + α)n n=0
n! k! (1 + α)pk
k=0
(22) X∞
1
  p k
xt
t
=e p  − .
p

Q α+j
k=0 k!
p
j=1 k

In view of (2), the rightmost term of (22) can be expressed as the left-hand
side of (20).
Employing (7), (13), and (10), we find
∞ (α) ∞ X ∞ k
X (c)n Ln,p (x) tn X (c + pk)n tn (c)pk {−(xt)p }
= ·
n=0
(1 + α)n n! k! (1 + α)pk
k=0 n=0
∞   p k
1 X (c)pk xt
= − ,
(1 − t)c k! (1 + α)pk 1−t
k=0

which, upon using (18) and (2), leads to the left-hand member of (21). 

It is noted that the case c = 1 + α of (21) yields the generating function (6).

Recurrence relation
Present some recurrence relations involving the generalized Laguerre poly-
(α)
nomials Ln,p (x) and their derivative in the following theorem.
d
Theorem 2.4. Let x, α ∈ C and p, n ∈ N. Also let D = dx . Then
(α)
(23) x DL(α) (α)
n,p (x) − n Ln,p (x) + (α + n) Ln−1,p (x) = 0;

(0 ≤ n ≤ p − 1)

0
(24) DL(α)
n,p (x) = (α+p)
−p xp−1 Ln−p,p (x) (n ≥ p);

(α) (α+p)
(25) (α + n) Ln−1,p (x) − n L(α) p
n,p (x) = p x Ln−p,p (x) (n ≥ p).
Proof. From (22), we can set
∞ (α)   p 
X Ln,p (x) tn t xt
(26) G(p; x, t) := =e Φ − ,
n=0
(1 + α)n p

where the function

  p  X∞   p k
xt 1 xt
Φ − = p  − .
p p

Q α+j
k=0 k! p
j=1 k
304 A. ALI

Differentiating G(p; x, t) with respect to x and t, respectively, gives

  p 
t 0 xt −xp−1 tp
Gx (p; x, t) = e Φ − ·
p pp−1
and   p    p 
xt 0 xt −xp tp−1
Gt (p; x, t) = et Φ − + et Φ − · .
p p pp−1
Combining Gx (p; x, t) and Gt (p; x, t) yields
(27) x Gx (p; x, t) − t Gt (p; x, t) + t G(p; x, t) = 0.
Applying the series in (26) to (27), we obtain
∞ (α) ∞ (α) ∞ (α)
X x DLn,p (x) tn X n Ln,p (x) tn X Ln−1,p (x) tn
(28) − + = 0.
n=1
(1 + α)n n=1
(1 + α)n n=1
(1 + α)n−1

We observe from (28) that each coefficient of tn should be zero, which gives
(23).
Differentiating both sides of (6) provides
∞
−xp tp
 
X 1
DL(α) n
· −p xp−1 tp


n,p (x) t = 1+α+p
exp p
n=1
(1 − t) (1 − t)
∞
X
= −p xp−1 (α+p)
Ln,p (x) tn+p
n=0
∞
(α+p)
X
= −p xp−1 Ln−p,p (x) tn ,
n=p

which, upon equating the coefficients of tn (n ≥ p) in the leftmost and rightmost

members, produces (24).
Setting (24) in (23) provides (25). 

Differential equation
Provide a differential equation which is satisfied by the generalized Laguerre
(α)
polynomials Ln,p (x) in Theorem 2.5 (for differential equation whose solution is
p Fq , see, e.g., [15, Section 47]).

d
Theorem 2.5. Let x, α ∈ C and p, n ∈ N. Also let θ = x dx . Then
 Y p  
1 1
θ (θ/p − 1 + α + j)
p j=1 p
(29) p 
Y 1
+ (−1)p xp (α)
(θ + j − n − 1) Ln,p (x) = η(α, p, n),
j=1
p
 A GENERALIZATION OF THE LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS 305

where α+j
p ∈ C \ Z−
0 and no two
α+j
p differ by an integer (j = 1, . . . , p), and

pp (1 + α)n · (−n + p[n/p])p

η(α, p, n) = (−1)p+(p+1)[n/p]
n! [n/p]!
p  
Q j−n−1
p
j=1 [n/p]
× p   xp([n/p]+1) .
Q j+α
p
j=1 [n/p]

Proof. We derive from (8) that

p  
Q j−n−1
[n/p] p
(1 + α)n X j=1 k
(30) L(α)
n,p (x) = p  (−1)
(p+1)k pk
x .
n!

Q j+α
k=0 k! p
j=1 k

Since pθ xpk = k xpk , we have

1 k + j + α − 1 pk
(31) (θ/p + j + α − 1)xpk = x .
p p

Applying (30) to the following differential operator with the aid of (31), we get
 p  
1 Y 1
LDE := θ (θ/p − 1 + α + j) L(α) n,p (x)
p j=1 p
p   p
(32) [n/p]
Q j−n−1
·k
Q k+j+α−1
p p
(1 + α)n X j=1 k j=1
= p  (−1)(p+1)k xpk .
n!

Q j+α
k=1 k! p
j=1 k

We then obtain that

p  
Q j−n−1
[n/p] p
(1 + α)n X j=1 k
LDE = p (−1)(p+1)k xpk .
n!
 
Q j+α
k=1 (k − 1)! p
j=1 k−1

Putting k − 1 = k 0 and cancelling the prime on k provides

p   p  
Q j−n−1 Q j−n−1
[n/p]−1 p · p +k
(1 + α)n X j=1 k j=1
LDE = (−1)p+1 xp p  (−1)(p+1)k xpk .
n!

Q j+α
k=0 k! p
j=1 k
306 A. ALI

We get
p   p  
Q j−n−1 Q j−n−1
[n/p] p · p +k
(1 + α)n X j=1 k j=1
LDE = (−1)p+1 xp p  (−1)(p+1)k xpk
n!

Q j+α
k=0 k! p
j=1 k

+ η(α, p, n).

Noting
p   p  
Y θ j−n−1 Y j−n−1
+ xpk = k+ xpk ,
j=1
p p j=1
p

we find from (30) that

p 
Y 
θ+j−n−1
(33) LDE =(−1)p+1 xp L(α)
n,p (x) + η(α, p, n).
j=1
p

Finally, matching the first equality of (32) with (33) gives (29). 

The Rodrigues formula

dk
Here and throughout, let Dk = dxk
(k ∈ N0 ). We give the Rodrigues formula
(α)
for the generalized Laguerre polynomials Ln,p (x) in the following theorem.

Theorem 2.6. Let x, α ∈ C and p, n ∈ N. Then

 1

x−α exp −(−1) p x
(34)
h  1
 i
L(α)
n,p (x) = D n
exp (−1) px x n+α
,
n!
where n is a multiple of p.

Proof. Here (7) is written:

[n/p]
X (−1)k (1 + α)n
(35) L(α)
n,p (x) = xpk .
k! (1 + α)pk (n − pk)!
k=0

Noting
(1 + α)n xα+pk
Dn−pk xn+α =
(1 + α)pk
and
 1
  1

Dpk exp (−1) p x = (−1)k exp (−1) p x ,
 A GENERALIZATION OF THE LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS 307

we may get
 1

x−α exp −(−1) p x
L(α)
n,p (x) =
n!
n  o 
1
[n/p] n! D pk exp (−1) p x Dn−pk xn+α
X
×
k! (n − pk)!
k=0
 1

x−α exp −(−1) x p

=
n!
[n/p]
X n n
  1
o 
Dpk exp (−1) p x Dn−pk xn+α

×
pk
k=0
 1

x−α exp −(−1) p x h  1
 i
= Dn exp (−1) p x xn+α . 
n!
Orthogonality
(α)
Explore orthogonality for the generalized Laguerre polynomials Ln,p (x) in
Theorem 2.7.
Theorem 2.7. Let x, α ∈ C with <(α) > 1 and p, m, n ∈ N be such that p is
odd. Then
Z ∞  
1
(36) xα exp (−1) p x L(α) (α)
n,p (x) Lm,p (x) dx = 0 (m 6= n) .
0
Also
∞
(−1)n+[n/p]
Z  n o2
1
(37) xα exp (−1) p x L(α)
n,p (x) dx = Γ(1 + α + n),
0 [n/p]!
where n is a multiple of p.
Proof. Let Lm,n (p; α) be the left member of (36). Applying the Rodrigues
formula (35) gives
Z ∞
1 h  1
 i
Lm,n (p; α) = Dn exp (−1) p x xn+α L(α)
m,p (x) dx.
n! 0
Integrating by parts n times, we obtain
Z ∞
(−1)n  1
 h i
(38) Lm,n (p; α) = exp (−1) p x xn+α Dn L(α)
m,p (x) dx.
n! 0
In the process of integrating by parts, the integrated section
h  1
 i h i
Dn−k exp (−1) p x xn+α Dk−1 Lm,p (α)
(x) (1 ≤ k ≤ n)

vanishes both at x = 0 and as x → ∞ when p is odd and <(α) > −1. Since
(α) (α)
Lm,p (x) is of degree at most m, Dn Lm,p (x) = 0 for n > m. We find from (38)
308 A. ALI

that Lm,n (p; α) = 0 for n > m. Since the integral Lm,n (p; α) is symmetric in
n and m, Lm,n (p; α) = 0 for n < m. This proves (36).
From (7), we have
(−1)[n/p] (1 + α)n
L(α)
n,p (x) = xp[n/p] + $n (x),
[n/p]! (1 + α)p[n/p] (n − p[n/p])!
where $n (x) is a polynomial in x of degree at most p[n/p] − 1. In particular,
when n is a multiple of p,
(−1)[n/p] n
L(α)
n,p (x) = x + $n−1 (x),
[n/p]!
where $n−1 (x) is a polynomial in x of degree at most n − 1. Therefore we find
(−1)[n/p]
(39) Dn L(α)
n,p (x) = n!,
[n/p]!
where n is a multiple of p. Setting (39) in the case m = n of (38) yields
Z ∞
(−1)n+[n/p]
Ln,n (p; α) = e−x xn+α dx
[n/p]! 0
(−1)n+[n/p]
= Γ(1 + α + n) (<(α) > −1),
[n/p]!
which p is an odd positive integer and n ∈ N is a multiple of p. 

Some other properties

Provide some other identities involving the generalized Laguerre polynomials
(α)
Ln,p (x) in Theorem 2.8.
Theorem 2.8. Let x, y, α, β ∈ C and p, n ∈ N. Then
Z ∞
Γ(1 + α + n)
xα e−x L(α)
p,n (x) dx =
0 n!
(40)  
−n −n + 1 −n + p − 1
× p F0 , ,..., ; ; (−1)p+1 pp
p p p

(<(α) > −1; n is a multiple of p) ;

n (β)
X (α − β)k Ln−k,p (x)
(41) L(α)
n,p (x) = ;
k!
k=0

n
(α) (β)
X
(42) L(α+β+1)
n,p (z) = Lk,p (x) Ln−k,p (y),
k=0
 A GENERALIZATION OF THE LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS 309

1
where xp + y p ∈ C \ {0} and z := (xp + y p ) p whose principal branch can be
chosen;
n (α)
X (1 + α)n (1 − y)n−k y k Lk,p (x)
(43) L(α)
n,p (xy) = .
(n − k)! (1 + α)k
k=0

Proof. Using (8) and Euler’s integral of the gamma function with the aid of
(3), we have

∞ [n/p]
(1 + α)n X (−1)(p+1)k (−n)pk ∞ −x α+pk
Z Z
xα e−x L(α)
p,n (x)dx = e x dx
0 n! k! (1 + α)pk 0
k=0
[n/p]
Γ(1 + α + n) X (−1)(p+1)k (−n)pk
= ,
n! k!
k=0

which, upon using (18) and (2), yields (40).

From (6), we have
∞
−xp tp
X  
−1−α
L(α) n
n,p (x) t = (1 − t) exp
n=0
(1 − t)p
−xp tp
 
−(α−β) −1−β
= (1 − t) · (1 − t) exp
(1 − t)p
∞ X∞
X (α − β)k (β)
= Ln,p (x)tn+k
n=0
k!
k=0
∞ Xn
X (α − β)k (β)
= Ln−k,p (x)tn ,
n=0
k!
k=0

which, upon equating the coefficients of tn , yields (41).

We find from (6) that
∞ X
n
(α) (β)
X
Lk,p (x) Ln−k,p (y) tn
n=0 k=0
−xp tp −y p tp
   
−1−α −1−β
= (1 − t) exp (1 − t) exp
(1 − t)p (1 − t)p
p p
 
−z t
= (1 − t)−1−(α+β+1) exp
(1 − t)p
∞
X
= L(α+β+1)
n,p (z) tn ,
n=0

which, upon matching the coefficients of tn , gives (42).

310 A. ALI

We consider
  p 
t α+1 α+2 α+p xyt
e 0 Fp ; , , ..., ; −
p p p p
  p 
(1−y)t yt α + 1 α + 2 α + p x(yt)
=e e 0 Fp ; , , ..., ; − ,
p p p p
which, in view of (20), produces
∞ ∞ ∞ (α)
! !
(α)
X Ln,p (xy) tn X (1 − y)n tn X Lk,p (x) y k tk
= .
n=0
(1 + α)n n=0
n! (1 + α)k
k=0

Then, from the last equality, we obtain (43). 

3. Conclusion remarks
(α) (α) (0)
Since Ln,1 (x) = Ln (x) and Ln,1 (x) = Ln (x), the results in Section 2 reduce
(α)
to yield certain properties and formulas for the Laguerre polynomials Ln (x)
and the simple Laguerre polynomials Ln (x).
The identity (9) is rewritten as follows:

n! −n −n + 1 −n − 1 + p
L(α) (x) = F
p p , , ..., ;
(1 + α)n n,p p p p
(44) 
α+1 α+2 α+p
, , ..., ; (−1)p+1 xp ,
p p p
which, upon setting p = 1, yields a known expression for the Laguerre polyno-
mials
n!
(45) L(α) (x) = 1 F1 [−n ; 1 + α ; x].
(1 + α)n n
It is known (see, e.g., [15, Section 48]) that there are 3p linearly independent
contiguous function relations for p Fp . Using the three contiguous relations for
(α)
1 F1 with the aid of (45), the three mixed recurrence relations for Ln (x) are
established (see [15, p. 203, Eqs. (8), (9) and (10)]), for example,
(α)
(46) L(α) (α−1)
n (x) = Ln−1 (x) + Ln (x).
(α)
Similarly, 3p different recurrence relations for Ln,p (x) may be obtained from
the 3p contiguous relations for p Fp . Unfortunately, no recurrence relations for
(α)
Ln,p (x) (p ≥ 2) can be derived from the 3p contiguous relations for p Fp . Indeed,
if 1 is added or subtracted at one of the numerator or denominator parameters
in the right member of (44), the other parameters cannot be expressed in the
same fashion as in (44) whenever p ≥ 2. The generalized Laguerre polynomials
introduced here and their properties and formulas presented are hoped to be
potentially useful.
 A GENERALIZATION OF THE LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS 311

Acknowledgements. The author express their sincere gratitude to Professor

Junesang Choi and Muhammad Zafar Iqbal for useful discussions and invalu-
able advice. And also grateful to the editor and the referee for carefully reading
the manuscript and for valuable comments and suggestions which greatly im-
proved this paper. I have dedicated this paper to my parents whose constant
encouragement has enabled me to do this work.

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Asad Ali
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
Email address: mrasadali5100@gmail.com