THERMAL STRESS

IN
COMPOSITE BARS
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 THERMAL STRESS IN COMPOSITE BARS
❖ Bar made by two or more than two bars of similar length but different materials and rigidly fixed
with each other in such a way that it behaves as one unit and strain together against external
load i.e. it behaves as single unit for compression and extension against compressive and tensile
load.

❖ Strains will be same for each bar of composite bar and hence actual change in length will be
similar for each bar.

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
❖ Let us consider that one composite bar consisting two bars
of different materials i.e. one bar of brass and other bar of
steel.

❖ Let us assume that the composite bar is heated up to some

temperature.

❖ if the material is heated, there will be increase in

temperature of the material and hence there will be
increase in dimensions of the material.

❖ Similarly if the material is cooled, there will be decrease in

temperature of the material and hence there will be
decrease in dimensions of the material.
BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
❖ There will be free expansion or free contraction in the
material according to the rising or lowering of
temperature of the material.

❖ If free expansion or free contraction of the material due

to change in temperature is restricted partially or
completely, there will be stress induced in the material
and this stress will be termed as thermal stress.

❖ If free expansion or free contraction of the material due

to change in temperature is not restricted i.e. expansion
or contraction of the material is allowed, there will no
stress developed in the material.
BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
❖ Now suppose if brass and steel both are not in
composite in nature, then the change in dimensions
separately for steel and brass due to change in
temperature, the change in length of the brass bar will
be more than the change in length of the steel bar for
similar rise in temperature of the bar and this is
basically due to different co-efficient of linear
expansion i.e. α for brass and steel.

❖ Co-efficient of linear expansion i.e. α for brass will be

more than as compared to steel and therefore change
in length of the brass bar will be more than the change
in length of the steel bar for similar rise in
temperatureBIBIN.C
of the bar.
/ ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
❖ But in this situation, brass and steel are in composite state and therefore both
members of composite bars will not be able to expand freely. Hence the
expansion of the composite bar, as a whole, will be less than that for brass but
more than that for steel.

❖ Brass will be subjected with compressive load or compressive stress because

steel will restrict the brass to expand up to the limit up to which brass could be
expanded.

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
❖ And similarly, steel will be subjected with tensile load or tensile stress because
brass will force the steel to expand beyond the limit up to which steel could be
expanded.

❖ In simple words, both members of composite bars will be under stress but one
will be in tensile stress and other will be in compressive stress i.e. steel will be
under tensile stress and brass will be under compressive stress.

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴𝑏 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝜎𝑏 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑒𝑏 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝛼𝑏 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔’𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝜎𝑠 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑒𝑠 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝛼𝑠 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝐸𝑠 = 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔’𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏: 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝑃𝑏 = 𝜎𝑏 × 𝐴𝑏

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑃𝑠 = 𝜎𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃𝑠

𝜎𝑏 × 𝐴𝑏 = 𝜎𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐: Actual expansion of steel = Actual expansion of brass

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 + 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝜎𝑠
𝛿𝑙𝑠 = 𝛼𝑠 𝑇 𝐿 + ×𝐿
𝐸𝑠

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝜎𝑏
𝛿𝑙𝑏 = 𝛼𝑏 𝑇 𝐿 − ×𝐿
𝐸𝑏

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝛿𝑙𝑠 = 𝛿𝑙𝑏

𝜎𝑠 𝜎𝑏
𝛼𝑠 𝑇 𝐿 + × 𝐿 = 𝛼𝑏 𝑇 𝐿 − ×𝐿
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑏

𝝈𝒔 𝝈𝒃
𝜶𝒔 𝑻 + = 𝜶𝒃 𝑻 −
𝑬𝒔 𝑬𝒃

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒.
Problem 01
A steel rod of 20 mm diameter passes centrally through a copper tube of 50 mm external
diameter and 40 mm internal diameter. The tube is closed at each end by rigid plates if
negligible thickness. The nuts are tightened lightly on the projecting parts of the rod. If
the temperature of the assembling is raised by 50°C. Calculate the stresses developed in
copper and steel. Take 𝐸𝑐 = 100 𝐺𝑁/𝑚2 and 𝐸𝑠 = 200 𝐺𝑁/𝑚2 and α for steel and copper
is 12 × 10−6 /ᵒ𝐶 and 18 × 10−6 /ᵒ𝐶.
𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂: 𝑑𝑠 = 20 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑐𝑜 = 50 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑐𝑖 = 40 𝑚𝑚 𝑇 = 50°𝐶
𝐸𝑠 = 200 𝐺 𝑁Τ𝑚2 = 200 × 103 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2 𝐸𝑐 = 100 𝐺 𝑁Τ𝑚2 = 100 × 103 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2
𝛼𝑠 = 12 × 10−6 Τ° 𝐶 𝛼𝑐 = 18 × 10−6 Τ° 𝐶

𝑻𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅:
BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝜎𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝜎𝑠 =?
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 ∶

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏: 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒

𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝐶

𝜎𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜎𝐶 × 𝐴𝐶

𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑 ሺ𝐴𝑠 ൯ = × 𝑑𝑠2
4

2 −𝑑 ) 𝜋 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 ሺ𝐴𝑐 ൯ = × ሺ𝑑𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑖 4

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐: 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝛿𝑙𝑠 = 𝛿𝑙𝐶
𝜎𝑠
𝛿𝑙𝑠 = 𝛼𝑠 𝑇 𝐿𝑠 + × 𝐿𝑠
𝐸𝑠
𝜎𝑐
𝛿𝑙𝑐 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑇 𝐿𝑐 − × 𝐿𝑐
𝐸𝑐

𝜎𝑠 𝜎𝑐
𝛼𝑠 𝑇 𝐿𝑠 + × 𝐿𝑠 = 𝛼𝑐 𝑇 𝐿𝑐 − × 𝐿𝑐
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑐
𝜎𝑠 𝜎𝑐
𝛼𝑠 𝑇 + = 𝛼𝑐 𝑇 −
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑐

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑 ሺ𝐴𝑠 ൯ = × 𝑑𝑠2 𝑑𝑠 = 20 𝑚𝑚
4
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = × 202
4

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑 ሺ𝐴𝑠 ൯ = 314.15 𝑚𝑚2

2 −𝑑 ) 𝜋 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 ሺ𝐴𝑐 ൯ = × ሺ𝑑𝑐𝑜 𝑐𝑖 𝑑𝑐𝑜 = 50 𝑚𝑚
4

𝜋 𝑑𝑐𝑖 = 40 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑐 = × 502 − 402
4

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 ሺ𝐴𝑐 ൯ = 706.85 𝑚𝑚2

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏: 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒

𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝐶

𝜎𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜎𝐶 × 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝑠 = 314.15 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 706.85 𝑚𝑚2
𝜎𝑠 × 314.15 = 𝜎𝐶 × 706.85

𝜎𝑠 = 2.25 𝜎𝐶

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 𝛼𝑠 = 12 × 10−6 Τ° 𝐶
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐: 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇 = 50°𝐶

𝜎𝑠 = 2.25 𝜎𝐶
𝜎𝑠 𝜎𝑐 𝐸𝑠 = 200 𝐺 𝑁Τ𝑚2 = 200 × 103 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2
𝛼𝑠 𝑇 + = 𝛼𝑐 𝑇 −
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑐
𝛼𝑐 = 18 × 10−6 Τ° 𝐶

𝐸𝑐 = 100 𝐺 𝑁Τ𝑚2 = 100 × 103 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2

2.25 𝜎𝐶 𝜎𝑐
12 × 10−6 × 50 + 3
−6
= 18 × 10 × 50 −
200 × 10 100 × 103

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟ሺ𝝈𝒄 ) = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝑵Τ𝒎 𝒎𝟐

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 𝜎𝑠 = 2.25 𝜎𝐶
𝜎𝑐 = 14.117 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2

𝜎𝑠 = 2.25 × 14.117

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ሺ𝝈𝒔 ) = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟔 𝑵Τ𝒎 𝒎𝟐

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 Problem 01
A steel tube of 30 mm external diameter and 25 mm internal diameter encloses a gun
metal rod of 20 mm diameter to which it is rigidly joined at each end. The temperature of
the whole assembly is raised to 140°C and the nuts on the rod are then screwed tightly on
the ends of the tube. Find the intensity of stress and in the rod and tube when the common
temperature has fallen to 30°C. The value of 𝐸𝑠 = 2.1 × 105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝐸𝑔 = 1 ×
105 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 . The co-efficient of steel and gun metal are 12 × 10−6 and 20 × 10−6 per ᵒC.
𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂: 𝑑𝑠𝑜 = 30 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑠𝑖 = 25 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑔 = 20 𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑖 = 140°𝐶 𝑇𝑓 = 30°𝐶
𝐸𝑠 = 2.1 × 105 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2 𝐸𝑔 = 1 × 105 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2 𝛼𝑔 = 20 × 10−6 Τ° 𝐶
𝛼𝑠 = 12 × 10−6 Τ° 𝐶 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑓 ~𝑇1 = 110°𝐶
𝑻𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅:

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝜎𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑢𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜎𝑔 =?
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 ∶

𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏: 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑢𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑

𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔

𝜎𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜎𝑔 × 𝐴𝑔

𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 gun metal 𝑟𝑜𝑑 ሺ𝐴𝑔 ቁ = × 𝑑𝑔2
4

𝜋 2 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 ሺ𝐴𝑠 ൯ = × ሺ𝑑𝑠𝑜 − 𝑑 𝑠𝑖 )
4

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐: 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝛿𝑙𝑠 = 𝛿𝑙𝑔
𝜎𝑠
𝛿𝑙𝑠 = 𝛼𝑠 𝑇 𝐿𝑠 + × 𝐿𝑠
𝐸𝑠
𝜎𝑔
𝛿𝑙𝑔 = 𝛼𝑔 𝑇 𝐿𝑔 − × 𝐿𝑔
𝐸𝑔

𝜎𝑠 𝜎𝑔
𝛼𝑠 𝑇 𝐿𝑠 + × 𝐿𝑠 = 𝛼𝑔 𝑇 𝐿𝑔 − × 𝐿𝑔
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑔
𝜎𝑠 𝜎𝑔
𝛼𝑠 𝑇 + = 𝛼𝑔 𝑇 −
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑔

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑢𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑 ሺ𝐴𝑔 ቁ = × 𝑑𝑔2 𝑑𝑔 = 20 𝑚𝑚
4
𝜋
𝐴𝑔 = × 202
4

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓𝑔𝑢𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑 ሺ𝐴𝑔 ቁ = 100π 𝑚𝑚2

𝑑𝑠𝑜 = 30 𝑚𝑚
2 −𝑑 ) 𝜋 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 ሺ𝐴𝑠 ൯ = × ሺ𝑑𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑖 𝑑𝑠𝑖 = 25 𝑚𝑚
4

𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = × 302 − 252
4

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 steel 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 ሺ𝐴𝑠 ൯ = 68.75π 𝑚𝑚2

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏: 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑢𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔

𝜎𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜎𝑔 × 𝐴𝑔 𝐴𝑔 = 100π 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 = 68.75π 𝑚𝑚2
𝜎𝑠 × 68.75π = 𝜎𝑔 × 100π

𝜎𝑠 = 1.4545 𝜎𝑔

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 𝛼𝑠 = 12 × 10−6 Τ° 𝐶
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2: 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜎𝑠 = 1.4545 𝜎𝑔
𝛿𝑙𝑠 = 𝛿𝑙𝑔
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑓 ~𝑇1 = 110°𝐶

𝐸𝑠 = 2.1 × 105 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2

𝜎𝑠 𝜎𝑔
𝛼𝑠 𝑇 + = 𝛼𝑔 𝑇 −
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑔 𝐸𝑔 = 1 × 105 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2

𝛼𝑔 = 20 × 10−6 Τ° 𝐶
1.4545 𝜎𝑔 𝜎𝑔
12 × 10−6 × 110 + 5
−6
= 20 × 10 × 110 −
2.1 × 10 1 × 105

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑢𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑑 ሺ𝝈𝒈 ) = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟗𝟗 𝑵Τ𝒎 𝒎𝟐

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 𝜎𝑠 = 1.4545 𝜎𝑔
𝜎𝑔 = 51.99 𝑁Τ𝑚 𝑚2

𝜎𝑠 = 1.4545 × 51.99

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 ሺ𝝈𝒔 ) = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟔𝟐 𝑵Τ𝒎 𝒎𝟐

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
ELONGATION OF BAR
DUE TO ITS SELF
WEIGHT
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 ELONGATION OF BAR DUE TO ITS SELF WEIGHT
❖ Consider a bar AB hanging freely under its own
weight

Let

❖ L = Length of the bar

❖ A = Cross sectional Area of the bar

❖ E = Young’s modulus of the bar material

❖ ω = Specific weight of the bar material

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵.

weight of the bar of length 𝑥, ሺ𝑃) = 𝜔. 𝐴. 𝑥

Elongation of the small section of the bar due to weight of the bar for a small section
of length 𝑥.
𝛿𝑙𝑥 = 𝑒. 𝑑𝑥
𝜎
𝛿𝑙𝑥 = . 𝑑𝑥
𝐸
𝑃
𝛿𝑙𝑥 = . 𝑑𝑥
𝐴𝐸
𝜔𝐴𝑥
𝛿𝑙𝑥 = . 𝑑𝑥
𝐴𝐸
𝜔 𝑥
𝛿𝑙𝑥 PROFESSOR
BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE = . 𝑑𝑥 ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
/ MECHANICAL
𝐸
Total elongation of bar may be found out by integrating the above equation
between the limits 0 and 𝐿
𝐿
𝜔 𝑥
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛿𝑙 = න . 𝑑𝑥
𝐸
0
𝐿
𝜔
𝛿𝑙 = න 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
𝐸
0
2 𝐿
𝜔 𝑥
𝛿𝑙 =
𝐸 2 0

𝜔 𝐿2
𝛿𝑙 = −0
𝐸 2

𝜔 𝐿2
𝛿𝑙 =/ MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
2𝐸
 𝑊 𝐿2
𝛿𝑙 =
𝐴 𝐿 2𝐸
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑊 = 𝜔 𝐴 𝐿

𝑊
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝜔 =
𝐴𝐿

𝑾𝑳
Elongation of bar due to weight of the bar ሺ𝜹𝒍) =
𝟐𝑨𝑬

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 Thank You

BIBIN.C / ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR / MECHANICAL ENGINEERING / RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY