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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 6016

Second edition
1998-04-01

Earth-moving machinery — Methods of

measuring the masses of whole machines,
their equipment and components
Engins de terrassement — Méthodes de mesure des masses des engins
complets, de leurs équipments et de leurs organes constitutifs

A Reference number
ISO 6016:1998(E)
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ISO 6016:1998(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-
governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are

circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.

International Standard ISO 6016 was prepared by Technical Committee

ISO/TC 127, Earth-moving machinery, Subcommittee SC 1, Test methods
relating to machine performance.

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 6016:1982),
which has been technically revised.

Annex A of this International Standard for information only.

© ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
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Printed in Switzerland

ii
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD © ISO ISO 6016:1998(E)

Earth-moving machinery — Methods of measuring the masses of

whole machines, their equipment and components

1 Scope

This International Standard specifies methods for determining the masses of whole machines, their equipment,
attachments or components, using weighbridges, pressure dynamometers (load cells) or extension dynamometers.

It is applicable to earth-moving machinery as defined in ISO 6165.

2 Normative references

The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this
International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to
revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.

ISO 6165: 1997, Earth-moving machinery — Basic types — Vocabulary.

ISO 9248:1992, Earth-moving machinery — Units for dimensions, performance and capacities, and their
measurement accuracies.

3 Definitions

For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.

3.1 General definitions

3.1.1 base machine: Machine with, if required, cab or canopy and operator-protective structures, without equipment
or attachment, but including the mountings necessary to connect equipment or attachment. (See figure 1.)

3.1.2 equipment: Set of components mounted onto the base machine which allow an attachment to perform its
primary design function. (See figure 1.)

3.1.3 optional equipment: Optional items of equipment mounted onto the base machine to increase, for example,
capacity, flexibility, comfort and safety.

3.1.4 attachment (tool): Assembly of components that can be mounted onto the base machine or equipment for
specific use. (See figure 1.)

3.1.5 component: Part, or an assembly of parts, of a base machine, equipment or attachment.

1
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3.1.6 “left-hand” and “right-hand” side of a machine: Side defined when facing the primary direction of travel.

3.1.7 “front axle” and “rear axle” of a machine: Axle defined for the primary direction of travel.

NOTE — This is an example. The equipment and attachment differ from one machine to another. Some base machines can
be fitted directly with an attachment, for example, a grader with a dozer blade.

Figure 1 — Illustration of the definitions of base machine, equipment and attachment

3.2 Masses

3.2.1 operating mass (OM): Mass of the base machine with equipment and empty attachment as specified by the
manufacturer, and with the operator (75 kg), full fuel tank and all fluid systems at the levels specified by the
manufacturer.

3.2.2 rated paymass (payload) (PM): Manufacturer’s rated mass that can be carried by the machine.

3.2.3 gross machinery mass (GMM): Combined mass of the operating mass (OM) of the machine and the rated
paymass (PM).

3.2.4 Axle distribution of masses of wheeled machines

3.2.4.1 axle load: Load on each axle at operating mass. (See 3.2.1.)

NOTE — It is expressed in kilograms.

3.2.4.2 maximum permissible axle load: Maximum load on each axle specified by the manufacturer.

NOTE — It is expressed in kilograms.

2
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© ISO ISO 6016:1998(E)

3.2.5 shipping mass (SM): Mass of the base machine without an operator, and with fuel level at 10 % of tank
capacity, all fluid systems at their levels specified by the manufacturer and with or without equipment, attachment,
cab, canopy, ROPS and/or FOPS, wheels and counterweights as stated by the manufacturer.

NOTE — If the machine has to be disassembled for shipping purposes, the masses of these dismounted components should
be stated by the manufacturer.

3.2.6 cab, canopy, ROPS and/or FOPS mass: Mass of a cab, canopy, ROPS or FOPS with all their components,
and the mountings required to secure these to the base machine.

3.3 Measurements

3.3.1 simple measurement: Measurement when the result is obtained as the indication of one measuring device,
or as a sum of the indications of several measuring devices acting simultaneously.

3.3.2 complex measurement: Measurement when the result is obtained as a sum of the indications of several
measuring devices acting successively.

3.3.3 apparatus: Complete set of equipment and devices required to determine the mass of a machine or its
equipment or components.

4 Preparation for testing

The machine shall be clean and equipped according to the manufacturer’s specifications.

In the case of a complex measurement, the same fixed position of the equipment and attachment in relation to the
base machine shall be secured for all measurements.

Articulated machines should normally be tested in a straight line.

Wheeled machines shall be tested with the brakes released. Where necessary, tracked machines shall be
manoeuvred until the contact-grousers are level on each side.

It is essential to ensure that the ground reactions in the horizontal plane are zero.

5 Methods of determination of masses

5.1 General

Two methods of measurement are specified in this International Standard: a simple method and a complex one.
The simple measurement method is considered to be the basic and preferred one. Under unavoidable
circumstances, that is, when a large mass or a machine of large dimensions, or when the equipment, attachment or
component render the application of the simple measurement method impossible with the apparatus that is
available, the complex measurement method may be used.

5.2 Measurement apparatus

5.2.1 For simple measurement

For the simple measurement method, the following apparatus is required:

– weighbridge(s);
– pressure or extension dynamometers;
– knife edges (conveniently sized rolled steel angle);
– decking;

3
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ISO 6016:1998(E) © ISO

– crane or support structure;

– steel cables (or chains or ropes).

5.2.2 For complex measurement

For the complex measurement method, the following apparatus is required:

– weighbridge(s);
– pressure dynamometer(s);
– knife edges (conveniently sized rolled steel angle);
– decking;
– level.

5.2.3 Accuracy

For both 5.2.1 and 5.2.2, the weighbridge, pressure dynamometer or extension dynamometer shall be accurate to
within the tolerances specified in ISO 9248.

5.3 Simple measurement method

This method involves measuring the ground reaction forces acting simultaneously on the machine at its axes of
support as in figure 2, 3a) or 3b), or the force acting on the extension dynamometer when the machine is
suspended over the ground as in figure 4.

5.3.1 Procedure

When a single weighbridge or pressure dynamometer is used, the machine shall be placed centrally on it (see
figure 2).

When several weighbridges or pressure dynamometers are used, the wheels or tracks of the machine shall be
placed as close as possible to the centre of the platforms of these weighbridges or pressure dynamometers [see
figure 3a)]. Decking and knife edges shall be used for tracked machines to ensure the correct transfer of load
exerted by machine mass to the weighbridges or pressure dynamometers [see figure 3b)].

When an extension dynamometer is used, one end of the steel cables shall be attached to the slinging points on the
machine and the other end to the suspended dynamometer. The machine shall then be lifted or the machine
supports lowered (see figure 4).

The measurement shall be made not less than three times.

5.3.2 Measurement results

The result of each measurement shall be reduced by the mass of any decking, knife edges or steel cables,
depending on the measurement method used.

The final result shall be calculated as the arithmetical mean value of not less than three measurements.

5.4 Complex measurement method

5.4.1 General

This method involves successive measuring of the ground reaction forces acting on the machine at its axes of
support (that is, either the front axle or rear axle axes, or the left-hand side or right-hand side wheel or track axes)
when it is placed as in figure 5a), 5b), 6a) or 6b).