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International Journal of Science Engineering and Advance ISSN 2321-6905

Technology, IJSEAT, Vol. 3, Issue 9 September-2015

Design and Analysis of Dry Cylinder Liners Used in Diesel Engines

1
M. Anand Kumar , 2A.A.V.Prasad Rao, 3J Hari Narayana Rao
1
M. Tech. Student, 2Associate.Professor,
Dept of ME, KITS, Divili.
3
Research Scholar

piece, then unacceptable thermal stresses would be

Abstract :- set up, causing fracture of the material To increase
the power of the engine for a given number of
A Cylinder liner is a cylindrical part to be fitted in to cylinders, either the efficiency of the engine must be
an engine block to form a cylindrical space in which the increased or more fuel must be burnt per cycle. To
piston reciprocates very smoothly. It is one of the most burn more fuel, the volume of the combustion space
important functional parts to make up the interior of an must be increased, and the mass of air for combustion
engine. Generally cylinder liners are made of Cast Iron, must be increased. Because of the resulting higher
Cast steel, Nickel CI, Nickel chrome CI. The aim of this pressures in the cylinder from the combustion of this
project is to design and analyze a dry cylinder liner for greater mass of fuel, and the larger diameters, the
Hino-X diesel engines. A Hino – X engine cylinder dry liner must be made thicker at the top to accommodate
liner used in one of Ashok Leyland model the higher hoop stresses, and prevent cracking of the
manufactured by The amount of heat generated, heat material. If the thickness of the material is increased,
transfer rate of the component, temperature produced then it stands to reason that the working surface of
inside the cylinder are to be calculated using ANSYS the liner is going to increase in temperature because
analysis package. Various surface coatings like ceramic, the cooling water is now further away. Increased
aluminum alloys and Nickel chrome alloy steel are used surface temperature means that the material strength
to study the, heat flux, , thermal stresses, thermal is reduced, and the oil film burnt away, resulting in
displacement, thermal gradient ,nodal temperatures of excessive wear and increased thermal stress.
the cylinder liner. Modeling is done in Pro/Engineer
and analysis is done coupled field analysis in ansys. 2. CYLINDER IN IC ENGINE
After comparing the results, the best coated cylinder dry
liner for this type of diesel engine can be suggested. The cylinder of an I.C. engine acts as the
structural member and retains the working fluid in a
I. INTRODUCTION closed space with movable piston wall. It is tested to
high explosive pressure, which is approximately 3-8
The cylinder liner forms the cylindrical times the maximum compression pressure and high
space in which the piston reciprocates. The reasons temperature ranging between 1800K and 2400K.
for manufacturing the liner separately from the Thus the cylinder of an I.C. engine should be able to
cylinder block (jacket) in which it is located are as withstand high working pressure and should be able
follows; The liner can be manufactured using a to transfer heat efficiently without thermal distortion
superior material to the cylinder block. While the taking place. For small engines operating at low
cylinder block is made from a grey cast iron, the liner speed, the cylinder block is cast as one piece.
is manufactured from a cast iron alloyed with However for large engines a separate cylinder liner is
chromium, vanadium and molybdenum. (cast iron used. It facilitates easy repair or replacement of the
contains graphite, a lubricant. The alloying elements liner in the event of wear and tear of the cylinder.
help resist corrosion and improve the wear resistance
at high, temperatures.)The cylinder liner will wear 3.CYLINDER LINER
with use, and therefore may have to be replaced. The
cylinder jacket lasts the life of the engine. At working A cylinder liner is a cylindrical part to be
temperature, the liner is a lot hotter than the jacket. fitted into an engine block to form a cylinder. It is
The liner will expand more and is free to expand one of the most important functional parts to make up
diametrically and lengthwise. If they were cast as one the interior of an engine. This is called Cylinder liner

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in Japan, but some countries(or companies) call this block is made from a grey cast iron, the liner is
Cylinder sleeve. Cylinder liners are generally made manufactured from a cast iron alloyed with
of closed grained pearlitic cast iron, nickel CI, nickel- chromium, vanadium and molybdenum. (cast iron
chrome CI, cast steel and forged alloy steel. The contains graphite, a lubricant. The alloying elements
inner surface of the liner is heat treated to obtain a help resist corrosion and improve the wear resistance
hard and smooth surface. The basic dimensions of the at high temperatures.)The cylinder liner will wear
cylinder liner are determined on the basis of strength with use, and therefore may have to be replaced. The
and rigidity to prevent ovalization of the liner during cylinder jacket lasts the life of the engine. At working
assembly and operation. The dimensions should temperature, the liner is a lot hotter than the jacket.
conform to IS:6750 – 1972. A cylinder liner should The liner will expand more and is free to expand
be designed and/or checked in the following modes diametrically and lengthwise. If they were cast as one
of failure: A cylinder liner is designed by treating it piece, then unacceptable thermal stresses would be
as either thick cylinder or thin cylinder depending set up, causing fracture of the material.
upon the bore to thickness ratio. A cylinder liner
should be checked for thermal stress caused by high Less risk of defects. The more complex the casting,
temperature difference between the outer and inner the more difficult to produce a homogenous casting
surfaces of the liner. In a cylinder liner, longitudinal with low residual stresses. The Liner will get tend to
stress is produced in addition to hoop stress, though get very hot during engine operation as the heat
marginal which causes extension of the cylinder. The energy from the burning fuel is transferred to the
side thrust caused by obliquity of the connecting rod cylinder wall. So that the temperature can be kept
on the cylinder liner induces bending stresses. within acceptable limits the liner is cooled. Cylinder
liners from older lower powered engines had a
uniform wall thickness and the cooling was achieved
by circulating cooling water through a space formed
between liner and jacket. The cooling water space
was sealed from the scavenge space using 'O' rings
and a telltale passage between the 'O' rings led to the
outside of the cylinder block to show a leakage.

To increase the power of the engine for a given

Fig:3.1 number of cylinders, either the efficiency of the
Fig; 3.1 Cross-section of a cylinder in an internal engine must be increased or more fuel must be burnt
combustion engine per cycle. To burn more fuel, the volume of the
combustion space must be increased, and the mass of
air for combustion must be increased. Because of the
resulting higher pressures in the cylinder from the
combustion of this greater mass of fuel, and the
larger diameters, the liner must be made thicker at the
top to accommodate the higher hoop stresses, and
prevent cracking of the material. If the thickness of
the material is increased, then it stands to reason that
the working surface of the liner is going to increase
in temperature because the cooling water is now
further away. Increased surface temperature means
that the material strength is reduced, and the oil film
burnt away, resulting in excessive wear and increased
Fig; 3.2 cylinder with piston ,and cylinder liner thermal stressing. The solution is to bring the cooling
water closer to the liner wall, and one method of
4 . NEED OF CYLINDER LINERS doing this without compromising the strength of the
The cylinder liner forms the cylindrical space in liner is to use tangential bore cooling. Holes are
which the piston reciprocates. The reasons for bored from the underside of the flange formed by the
manufacturing the liner separately from the cylinder increase in liner diameter. The holes are bored
block (jacket) in which it is located are as follows upwards and at an angle so that they approach the
The liner can be manufactured using a superior internal surface of the liner at a tangent. Holes are
material to the cylinder block. While the cylinder

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 International Journal of Science Engineering and Advance ISSN 2321-6905
Technology, IJSEAT, Vol. 3, Issue 9 September-2015

then bored radially around the top of the liner so that

they join with the tangentially bored holes. On some 1. There is no danger of water leakage either in to
large bore, long stroke engines it was found that the the crankcase or the combustion chamber.
under cooling further down the liner was taking 2. Due to the absence of a heavy flange at the top of
place. Why is this a problem? Well, the hydrogen in the liner, cylinder centers can be reduced.
the fuel combines with the oxygen and burns to form 3. There is better cooling of the upper part of the
water. Normally this is in the form of steam, but if it liner.
is cooled it will condense on the liner surface and
wash away the lube oil film. Fuels also contain 6.2DISADVANTAGES
sulphur. This burns in the oxygen and the products 1. Complicated casting
combine with the water to form sulphuric acid. If this 2. Decreased heat flow through the composite
condenses on the liner surface (below 140º) then wall.
corrosion can take place. Once the oil film has been
destroyed then wear will take place at an alarming 6.3 DRY CYLINDER LINERS IN DIESEL
rate. One solution is to insulate the outside of the ENGINES
liner so that there was a reduction in the cooling In diesel engines a dry liner is used in which
effect. the liner barrel does not make direct contact with the
5 . TYPES OF CYLINDER LINERS cooling water. In the most common dry liner, a flange
Generally, two types of cylinder liners are is provided on the upper outer circumference in an
used in I.C. engines: dry liners and wet liners. A axial direction and a grind relief groove is provided
cylinder liner does not come in direct contact with the below the flange at the outer circumferential surface
cooling medium is called the dry liner, whereas a wet of the liner barrel. The dry liner is inserted into the
liner comes in contact with the cooling medium. This cylinder bore of the cylinder block and the flange is
type of liner is supported at two positions and a water fastened along with the gasket, between the lower
jacket is formed between the liner and the cylinder surface of the cylinder head and the upper surface of
block in which cooling water is circulated. the cylinder block by tightening of the head bolts.
1. Dry Cylinder Liners However, in recent years demand has
2. Wet Cylinder Liners steadily mounted for thin-walled dry liners in order to
6 .DRY CYLINDER LINERS make the engine lighter and more compact. One
As shown in fig, this type of liner is made in critical problem that must be dealt with to meet this
the shape of a barrel with flange at the top which demand is reduction of tensile stress on the inner
keeps it into position. The entire outer surface bears circumferential surface of the liner at the grind relief
against the cylinder block casting and hence has to be groove below the flange caused by repetitive stress
machined very accurately both from the inside and induced by combustion pressure and piston slap
the outside. It is put in position by shrinking the liner. during engine operation.
This introduces some stresses due to shrinkage and The loose-fit type of the dry liner, which has
hence the liner bore has to be machined accurately a gap between the inner circumferential surface of the
again after the liner has been put into the cylinder bore of the cylinder block and the outer
casting. Too loose a liner will result in poor heat circumferential surface of the liner, has the advantage
dissipation because of absence of a good contact with that assembly and maintenance are easy, and no
the cylinder block. This will result in higher machining of the inner circumferential surface of the
operating temperatures. If the lubrication is also liner is needed after assembly. This advantage has
deficient, it may cause scuffing. Too tight a liner is caused the loose-fit type liner to see frequent use.
even worse than the too loose case. It produces During operation of an engine with this type of liner,
distortion of cylinder block, liner cracking, hot spots the liner expands from heat due to a temperature
and scuffing. Even if a correct liner is fitted in a difference between the liner and the cylinder block,
cylinder block which itself is badly distorted, it will so that the outer circumferential surface of the liner
result in poor sealing action of rings if the liner is thin barrel makes direct contact with the inner
because then it will also tend to adopt the shape of circumferential surface of the bore of the cylinder
the distorted block in which it is fitted. Even if the block. However, this liner also has the disadvantage
liner is thick enough to resist change of shape, there in that when the liner temperature is low, a gap is
will be some hot spots which will lead to scuffing on present between the liner barrel and the bore of the
the inner surface of the liner. cylinder block, making the liner barrel prone to
6.1ADVANTAGES OF DRY LINERS deformation.

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The tight-fit type of the dry liner has no gap

between the outer circumferential surface of the liner
and the inner circumferential surface of the bore of
the cylinder block and press-fit is carried out during
assembly. However in the tight-fit type of the liner, a
gap appears just as with the loose-fit type liner when
deformation occurs in the cylinder block or the liner
in the vicinity of the grind relief groove.
As prior technology for reducing tensile
stress on the liner inner circumferential surface at the Figure6.2 :Providing air tightness of cylinder liner
grind relief groove below the flange, there is for
instance a proposal to provide partly press-fit It is necessary that a cylinder liner which is
portions below the grind relief groove (see Japanese hard to transform by high pressure and high
Utility Model Laid-open No. 6-82466). However temperature in the cylinder.
changing partly the dimension of the liner barrel is A cylinder wall in an engine is under high
difficult for using conventional center less grinding. temperature and high pressure, with the piston and
piston rings sliding at high speeds. In particular, since
6.4 Formation of sliding surface longer service life is required of engines for trucks
The cylinder liner, serving as the inner wall and buses, cast iron cylinders that have excellent
of a cylinder, forms a sliding surface for the piston wear-resistant properties are only used for cylinder
rings while retaining the lubricant within. The most parts. Also, with the recent trend of lighter engines,
important function of cylinder liners is the excellent materials for engine blocks have been shifting from
characteristic as sliding surface and these four cast iron to aluminum alloys. However, as the sliding
necessary points. surface for the inner cylinder, the direct sliding
(1)High anti-galling properties motion of aluminum alloys has drawbacks in
(2)Less wear on the cylinder liner itself deformation during operation and wear-resistance.
(3)Less wear on the partner piston ring For that reason, cast iron cylinder liners are used in
(4)Less consumption of lubricant most cases.
6.5 Heat transfer 6.7 ENGINE APPLICATIONS OF DRY
The cylinder liner receives combustion heat CYLINDER LINERS
through the piston and piston rings and transmits the Cylinders liners are called several names in
heat to the coolant. industry. It can also be referred to as sleeves. Thus,
cylinder liners and cylinder sleeves are one and the
same thing.
The barrel or bore that the piston moves up
and down may be either integral with the engine
block, or be a completely replaceable separate item.
Most diesel engines come with replaceable cylinder
liners. The most common agricultural tractor with a
sleeveless or liner less engines are some of the Ford /
New Holland engines. Most of the other, including,
John Deere, Farmall, Allis Chalmers, IH, Case,
David Brown, Massey Ferguson, Perkins, Cummins
and Kubota are predominantly sleeved engines.
The primary advantage of using a cylinder
liner is that it will become damaged after the robust
Figure 6.1 Heat transfer process of movement and combustions that occurs in
it. At the top of the sleeve (in the combustion
6.6 Compression gas sealing
chamber) the temperature can be as much as 593
The cylinder liner prevents the compressed
degrees Celsius (1100 Fahrenheit). The piston
gas and combustion gas from escaping outside.
reciprocates in this cylinder liner at a speed of
approximately 1800-5000 rpm, depending on
Replaceable liners can be easily pressed out, and a
new liner be pressed in. There is portable equipment
to perform this pressing in and out right on the

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machine, without the need for transport to a machine 1. A good grade grey cast iron with
shop. However, the larger diesel engines will require homogenous and close grained structure,
removal from the machine and transport to the i.e., Perlitic and similar cast irons.
machine shop for full liner /sleeve replacement. 2. Nickel cast iron and Nickel chromium cast
Another advantage of using sleeves / liners iron
is that the engine block can be manufactured with 3. Nickel-chromium cast steel with
less expensive cast iron, while the liners are molybdenum in some cases.
manufactured with special alloys, making it tougher, The cast iron liners can be centrifugally cast. In
harder, and resistant to heat and wear. These added large engines, usually the cast steel cylinders are
alloys can have chromium, nickel, or molybdenum. used, but may be with cast iron liners. For air-craft
Engines with the bore directly into the engines, the liners are often turned of alloy steel
engine block, like Ford Tractor engines, are referred forgings to get very light cylinders.
to as “wet sleeves,” as the coolant circulated directly
onto it, being cooled by convection. The blocks with 7.2. LINER DISTORTION
are referred to as “dry sleeves” are cooled via Cylinders, cylinder blocks and liners should
conduction heat transfer. be designed so as to reduce the distortion to a
After the initial wear and tear or operation, minimum. The liner distortion can be produced due
the engine block itself is re-bored to a larger diameter to the following reasons:
to fit oversized pistons. With repeated re-boring, Due to temperature stresses: As indicated above,
there comes a time where re-boring has reached its a compressive stress is induced on the inside and a
limits, and a replacement cylinder liner has to be tensile stress is indeed on the outside of the wall. Any
bought and installed. Thus, a sleeveless engine can be defect in the casting on the liner wall will change the
made into a sleeves engine when necessary. stress distribution and the liner may go out of round.
Ford Tractor engines typically have liners Similarly any ribs or bosses on the outer wall of the
fitted with a ridge or flange at the top. This acts as an liner will impose local restraint on the liner wall, they
added sealing feature, separating the water jacket bring under tensile stresses. A circumferential rib will
from the combustion chamber and cylinder head try to distort the liner out of parallel while an axial rib
The sealing of the water jacket and from the will distort it out of round. Therefore ribs and bosses
cylinder head is also supported by using specially on the outer wall of the liner should be avoided as far
made o rings that can be fitted to the top and bottom as possible.
of the liner, depending on application and engine 1. Distortion may also occur due to the axial
design. expansion of the liner. Due to this reason,
7. QUALITIES OF A GOOD DRY CYLINDER one end should be left free.
LINER 2. Distortion is also caused by the gas pressure.
A good liner must possess the following qualities: 3. Distortion may also be caused by bolting on
 Strength to resist the gas pressure the cylinder head or any other part.
 Sufficiently hard to resist wear 4. Distortion due to fixing, especially at the
 Strength to resist the thermal stresses due to lower water joint. Here rubber rings are used
the heat flow through the liner wall. and it is not compressible, if it is pushed out
 Corrosion resisting. of shape, it must have room to move.
 Capable of taking a good bearing surface.
 It should by symmetrical in shape to avoid 7.4 COMPARISON OF DRY AND WET
unequal deflection due to gas load and CYLINDER LINERS:
unequal expansion due to thermal load. 1. Dry type liners may be provided either in the
 No distortion of the inner surface due to original design or even afterwards, whereas
restraining fixings. the wet type have to be included in the
original cylinder design.
7.1 MATERIALS DRY CYLINDER LINER 2. A leak proof joint between the cylinder
The liner material should be strong, hard and casting and the liner has to be provided in
corrosion resistant and produce a good bearing case of wet pipe, whereas there is no such
surface. The liner materials in order of preference requirement in the case of dry liners.
are: 3. A cylinder block with dry liners is generally
more robust than a block with wet liners.

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4. In case of a cylinder block with siamesed

adjacent cylinder bores (i.e., without any Pro-ENGINEER can be packaged in
coolant passage between the adjacent bores different versions to suit our needs, from Pro-
for reducing the overall cylinder length), only ENGINEER Foundation XE, to Advanced XE
dry liners can be used. Package and Enterprise XE Package, Pro-
5. In case of wet liners, the casting of cylinder ENGINEER Foundation XE Package brings together
block is very much simplified a broad base of functionality. From robust part
6. Better cylinder cooling is ensured in the case modeling to advanced surfacing, powerful assembly
of wet liners because the coolant is in direct modeling and simulation, our needs will be met with
contact with the liner in this case. Besides this scaleable solution. Flex3C and Flex Advantage
better outside surface finish and more Build on this base offering extended functionality of
uniform wall thickness of the wet liner choosing.
improves both the heat conduction and the
uniformity of cylinder cooling. 8.2 DIFFERENT MODULES IN PRO-
7. Dry type cannot be finished finally before they ENGINEER
are fitted to the cylinder block because of the  PART DESIGN
shrinkage stresses produced, whereas wet type  ASSEMBLY
can be finished before fitting.  DRAWING
8. For perfect contact between the liner and the  SHEETMETAL
block casting in case of dry liners, very accurate
machining of both the block and the outer liner
surfaces is required, whereas no such necessity
is there for wet liners.

8. INTRODUCTION TO PRO-ENGINEER
Pro-ENGINEER Wildfire is the standard in
3D product design, featuring industry-leading
productivity tools that promote best practices in
design while ensuring compliance with industry and
company standards. Integrated Pro-Engineer /
CAD/CAM/CAE solutions allow to design faster Fig 8.1 Dry Cylinder Liner Without Fin
than ever, while maximizing innovation and quality
to ultimately create exceptional products.
Customer requirements may change and
time pressures may continue to mount, but product
design needs remain the same - regardless of project's
scope, need the powerful, easy-to-use, affordable
solution that Pro-ENGINEER provides.
8.1 PRO-ENGINEER WILDFIRE BENEFITS
•Unsurpassed geometry creation capabilities
allow superior product differentiation and
manufacturability
•Fully integrated applications allow us to
develop everything from concept to manufacturing Fig. 8.2 Cylinder Liner With Fin (Inside Cylinder)
within one application 9. INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS
•Automatic propagation of design changes ANSYS is general-purpose finite element
to all downstream deliverables allows you to design analysis (FEA) software package. Finite Element
with confidence Analysis is a numerical method of deconstructing a
•Complete virtual simulation capabilities complex system into very small pieces (of user-
enable to improve product performance and exceed designated size) called elements. The software
product quality goals implements equations that govern the behaviour of
•Automated generation of associative these elements and solves them all; creating a
tooling design, assembly instructions, and machine comprehensive explanation of how the system acts as
code allow for maximum production efficiency a whole. These results then can be presented in
tabulated, or graphical forms. This type of analysis is

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typically used for the design and optimization of a Specific Heat – 895 J/kg k
system far too complex to analyze by hand. Systems Density - 0.0000027kg/mm3
that may fit into this category are too complex due to Structural ANALYSIS
their geometry, scale, or governing equations. For Cylinder Liner – Cast Iron
ANSYS is the standard FEA teaching tool
within the Mechanical Engineering Department at
many colleges. ANSYS is also used in Civil and
Electrical Engineering, as well as the Physics and
Chemistry departments.
ANSYS provides a cost-effective way to
explore the performance of products or processes in a
virtual environment. This type of product
development is termed virtual prototyping.
9.1 STEPS INVOLVED IN ANSYS
In general, a finite element solution can be
broken into the following these categories.
1. Preprocessing module: Defining the problem
The major steps in preprocessing are given below Fig 10.2 Displacement
defining key points /lines/areas/volumes
- define element type and material /geometric
/properties - mesh lines/areas/volumes/are required
The amount of detail required will depend on the
dimensionality of the analysis (i.e. 1D, 2D, axis,
symmetric)
2. Solution processor module: assigning the loads
,constraints and solving. Here we specify the loads
(point or pressure), constraints (translation,
rotational) and finally solve the resulting set of
equations.
10. Coupled field analysis of cylinder liner coated
and uncoated materials
I. UNCOATED DRY CYLINDER LINER
Surface of dry Cylinder Liner
Fig 10.3 Von Mises Stress

Fig. 10.1. Surface of dry Cylinder Liner

For dry Cylinder Liner – Cast Iron
Element Type: solid 20 nodes 90
Material Properties: Thermal Conductivity –
25.2W/mk
Specific Heat – 506 J/kg k
Density - 0.00000719kg/mm3 Fig 10.4 Strain
For Fin – Aluminum Alloy 6101
Element Type: Solid 20 node 90
Material Properties: Thermal Conductivity – II. COATED DRY CYLINDER LINER
220W/mk

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(A). CYLINDER LINER COATED WITH

CERAMIC (PSZ)
Surface of Cylinder Liner
( B).CYLINDER LINER COATED WITH
NICKELCHROME ALLOY STEEL
Surface of Cylinder Liner

Fig 10.5. Surface of Cylinder Liner

Fig 10.8 Surface of Cylinder Liner

Fig 10.6.Temperature

Fig 10.9 Thermal flux

RESULTS
This chapter deals with the discussion of
results on temperature distribution and comparison of
the performance of various uncoated and coated dry
cylinder liner materials .

Fig 10.7 Thermal gradient

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Displacement Von Mises Strain Nodal Thermal Thermal Flux

(mm) Stress Temperature Gradient (W/mm2)
(N/mm2) (K) (K/mm)

Without 0.042317 51.716 0.805e-3 558 7.586 0.458192

Coating

PSZ Coating 0.045538 41.875 0.722e-3 558 34.545 0.282513

Al2O3 0.032518 38.31 0.473e-3 558 19.223 0.480566
-3
Nickel 0.035057 49.772 0.488 e 558 22.924 0.416832
Chrome
Coating

CONCLUSION

After comparing the results, the best coated [6] M.A. Marioni et al., J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
cylinder dry liner for this type of diesel engine can 290-291, 35 (2005).
be suggested. In this cylinder liners with coating
materials used, PSZ coating, Al2O3, Nickel [7] R.D. James, R. Tickle, M. Wuttig, Mater Sci
Eng A 273-275, 320 (1999).
Chrome materials. In this these three materials
best material is Al2O3 . [8] 9. M.J. Dapino, Struct. Eng. Mech. 17, 303
(2004).
REFERNCES
AUTHOR’S PROFILES:
[1] Brain, Marshall. "HowStuffWorks "Basic
Engine Parts"". HowStuffWorks, Inc.
Retrieved 3 May 2012. M. ANAND KUMAR
currently pursuing his M.Tech in Thermal
[2] Kennett, Pat (June 1986). "The Cummins Engineering in Kakinada Institute of Technology and
Beat". TRUCK (London, UK: FF Publishing Sciences, Divili, Andra pradesh, India affiliated to
Ltd): 54 JNTUK University.

[3] "Internal Combustion Engine". The Gale A.A.V.PRASAD RAO

Presently working as Associate professor
Encyclopedia of Science. Gale Group
in Kakinada Institute of Technology and Sciences,
via Research. Retrieved 3 May 2012. Divili, Andra pradesh India.

[4] Kennedy, Rankin (1912 edition of 1905

book.). The De Dion-Bouton Engine and Cars. J HARI NARAYANA RAO
The Book of Modern Engines and Power Research Scholar, Completed his. M.Tech
Generators. London: Caxton. pp. 78–89 from JNTU-k University, Kakinada and B.Tech
from svvsn engineering College, ongole. His
[5] I. Suorsa, E. Pagounis, K. Ullakko, J. Magn. fields of interest include Non Conventional
Magn. Mater. 272-276, 2029 (2004). Energy Sources, Advanced welding Techniques
and robotics.

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