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    Transformer Protection Rev

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    The document discusses various types of transformer protection including: 1. Differential protection which protects against internal faults using biased differential relays and deals with issues like magnetizing inrush and tap changer operations. 2. Backup protection like REF, overcurrent and earth fault relays which provide time-graded protection against external faults. 3. Abnormal condition protection for overload, overfluxing, Buchholz relay, temperature indicators etc. to protect against operational issues. Detailed circuit configurations and operating principles are explained for different protection schemes.

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    Transformer Protection Rev

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    41 views33 pages
    The document discusses various types of transformer protection including: 1. Differential protection which protects against internal faults using biased differential relays and deals with issues like magnetizing inrush and tap changer operations. 2. Backup protection like REF, overcurrent and earth fault relays which provide time-graded protection against external faults. 3. Abnormal condition protection for overload, overfluxing, Buchholz relay, temperature indicators etc. to protect against operational issues. Detailed circuit configurations and operating principles are explained for different protection schemes.

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    The document discusses various types of transformer protection including: 1. Differential protection which protects against internal faults using biased differential relays and deals with issues like magnetizing inrush and tap changer operations. 2. Backup protection like REF, overcurrent and earth fault relays which provide time-graded protection against external faults. 3. Abnormal condition protection for overload, overfluxing, Buchholz relay, temperature indicators etc. to protect against operational issues. Detailed circuit configurations and operating principles are explained for different protection schemes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    41 views33 pages

    Transformer Protection Rev

    Uploaded by

    aaaa
    The document discusses various types of transformer protection including: 1. Differential protection which protects against internal faults using biased differential relays and deals with issues like magnetizing inrush and tap changer operations. 2. Backup protection like REF, overcurrent and earth fault relays which provide time-graded protection against external faults. 3. Abnormal condition protection for overload, overfluxing, Buchholz relay, temperature indicators etc. to protect against operational issues. Detailed circuit configurations and operating principles are explained for different protection schemes.

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    TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

    By
    Y. k. Pandharipande.
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    CLASSIFICATION

    1. Protection against El ectrical Faults


    Unit Protection (against I nternal Faults)
    uDifferential Protection.

    uREF Protection.

    Non-Unit Protection (agai nst unclear ed external faults)


    lIDMT O/C, E/F Rel ays.

    lDefinite Time O/C, E/F Rel ays.

    2.Protection against Abnormal Conditions


    l Over Load protection

    lOver Fluxing Protection

    3. Protective Devices (Non-electrical)


    lBuchholz (Main Tank / OLTC)

    lOil / Winding Temperature Indicators / Relays

    lPressure Release Valve

    lOil Level Gauges / Indicators


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTIAL RELAY – OPERATING PRINCIPLE


    Current Distribution (External Fault)

    Battery Analogy (External Fault)


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTIAL REL AY – OPERATING PRINCIPLE.

    Current Distribution ( Internal Fault)

    Battery Analogy (Internal Fault)


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTIAL RELAY – NEED FOR


    BIAS

    l Transformer ratio = 1 00/50KV


    l F.L. Current = 1 00A (on 100 KV side)
    = 200A (on 50 KV side)
    l Tap Range = (+/ -) 10%
    l % Impedance (Zt) = 10%
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTIAL RELAY – NEED FOR


    BIAS.

    Current Distribution on Load on Normal Tap


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION – NEED FOR


    BIAS

    CURRENT DISTRIBUTION ON LOAD ON + 10% TAP


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION – NEED FOR BI AS.

    CURRENT DISTRIBUTION ON T HROUGH F AULT ON + 10%T AP.


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTI AL RELAY – NEED FOR


    BIAS.

    l Diff. Pick-up = 15% (0.15A), Bias = 30% (Assumed)


    l Modified Diff. Pick-up due to Restraining Effect of Bias
    Id mod = 0.30 x (10+9)/2 + 0.15 = 2.85 + 0.15 = 3.0A.
    l Actual Diff. Current = 1.0A
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION – BIAS CHARACTERISTIC.


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION – MAGNETISING


    INRUSH.

    STEADY STATE
    l At zero volts, flux is “(-) ɸm” since flux in quadratu re with voltage.
    l Total flux change in half the v oltage cycle is “2ɸm” (-ɸm to +ɸm).
    SWITCHING AT VOLTAGE ZERO.
    l Initial flux zero as against (-) ɸm corresponding to stead y state.
    l Total flux changes from z ero to 2ɸm.
    l Flux doubling caus es extreme saturation of core.
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION - MAGNETISING


    INRUSH.

    l Magnetising Impedance drastically reduces due to core


    saturation causing heavy inrush current.
    l Inrush appears on excited winding (primary) without any
    balancing current on secondary and unstabilises differential
    protection.
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION – INRUSH


    STABILITY

    l Inrush current has predominant 2 nd harmonic content


    (typical value, upto 60% max. of Fundamental depending
    upon instant of switching).
    l Dominant 2 nd harmonic component is used to restrain the
    protection on inrush condition.
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

    BIASED DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION- INTERNAL CIRCUIT.


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION - CT CONNECTIONS.


    STAR / STAR TRANSFORMER
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

    DIFFERENTI AL PROTECTION – CT CONNECTIONS.


    DELTA / STAR TRANSFORMER (Dy11)
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION – STAR / STAR


    TRANSFORMER

    Instability With ST AR CONNECTED CTs On Up -stream Earth Fault.


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION – STAR / STAR


    TRANSFORMER.

    Delta / Delta CTs filter Zero Seq. Current & ensure Stability.
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    REF
    PROTECTION

    Current Distribution on External Earth Fault.


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    REF
    PROTECTION

    Current Distribution on Single Phase load.


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    REF
    PROTECTION

    Current distribution on Internal Fault.


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    REF
    PROTECTION

    Current distribution on Internal Fault.


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    STABILISING RESISTOR
    SETTING CRIET ERIA

    l If B-ɸ CT fully active while


    NCT fully saturates, m aximum
    Voltage across Relay Branch
    (Vs) = If/n (Rct + 2Rl) .
    l If Relay current setting is “Is”
    and Ohmic burden is “Zr”,
    Stab. Resistor Setting (Rs)
    = Vs/Is – Zr Ohms.
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    BACKUP PROTECTION

    INFLUENCING F ACTORS

    l Vector Group

    l Infeed conditions (Single or both end infeeds)

    l Type of Neutral Earthing


    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    BACKUP
    PROTECTION

    LEGEND
    l 50 – High Set Inst. O/C Re lay ( Delta side S.C. protection)
    l 64 – REF Protection (Delt a side REF protection)
    l 51 – IDMT O/C Rela y (time graded b ackup for down -stream S.C.)
    l 51N – IDMT E/F Relay (time graded b ackup for do wn-stream E/F)
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    BACKUP PROTECTION
    E/F PROTECTION ON DELTA
    SIDE.

    l Delta side E/F relay inherently immune to Star side earth


    faults but can respond to Delta winding earth faults. Hence
    sensitive, high speed E/F relay (64) in High Impedance mode
    can be used on Delta side.
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

    BACKUP
    PROTECTION

    LEGEND
    l 50 – High Set Inst. O/C Re lay (Primary Star side S.C.)
    l 51- IDMT O/C Relay (time graded ba ckup for dow n-stream S.C.)
    l 67N – Directional IDM T E/F Relay (backup toT FR/down-stream E/F.)
    l 51N–IDMT E/F relay (time graded ba ckup against down-stream E/F)
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    BACKUP E/F PROTECTION- STAR / STAR


    TRANSFORMER

    l Directional IDMT E/F rela y (67N) looking tow ards


    transformer do not respond to up -stream E/F due to
    current out-flow from TFR terminal into Grid, thus
    requiring co -ordination w ith down-stream E/F
    protections onl y.
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    OVER LOAD
    PROTECTION
    1. Definite Time Over Load Relay

    l Definite Time O/C rela y used for Alarm.

    l Set above permissible over load w ith small time


    delay(say 5 seconds)

    l Relay should have adjustable current setting, time dela y


    (built-in or external) and high reset ratio.

    l Some times, extended tripping is provided w ith


    additional time dela y.
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    OVER LOAD
    PROTECTION
    2. Thermal Over Load Relay
    l Set to match over load w ithstand of transformer.
    l Pre-trip Alarm with lower pick-up threshold.
    l Operating time for trip (t)
    t = T. ln {(I/K.In)² – (I pre/K.In)² / (I/K.In)²- 1}
    Where
    I = Over Load current.
    K.In = Max. Permissible Load Current.
    I pre = Load current prior to Over Load.
    T = Thermal Time Constant (minutes)
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

    OVER FLUX ING


    PROTECTION
    INDEX OF OVER FLUXING
    V α Φ.f, Hence Φα V/f
    l Tandem variations in voltage & frequency most
    likely to occur in case of Generator Transformer
    during startup or coasting down (due to AVR
    malfunction or manual control) requiring Over
    Fluxing Protection.

    l It is necessary for Grid TFRs as well, under certain


    conditions (e.g. TFR fed by long transmission line
    subjected to high voltage due to Ferranti Effect
    when off-loaded).
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    OVER FLUXING
    PROTECTION
    1. Definite Time Over fluxing rela y.
    l Adjustable V/f setting (t ypically 1 – 1.5 of 110V / 50Hz).
    l Adustable trip time dela y (typically 10 – 120S)
    l Pre-trip Alarm (fixed or variable dela y)
    2. IDMT Over Fluxing Rela y
    l Adustable V/f setting.
    l Inverse time characteristic to match w ith TFR with-stand
    characteristic.
    l Pre-trip Alarm and accelerated trip for severe over
    fluxing condition.
    TRANSFORMER PROTECTI ON

    BACKUP EARTH
    FAULT
    PROTECTION
    - NCT operated
    Standby E/F
    Relay responds to
    internal earth
    faults as w ell,
    besides providing
    backup against
    external faults.
    - Stand by E/F relay
    offers better
    sensitivity since
    NCT ratio not tied
    up with load and
    lower ratio, based
    on E/F infeeds, is
    possible.

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