ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES B.Sc. SEMESTER 1
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES B.Sc. SEMESTER 1
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES B.Sc. SEMESTER 1
P.V.S.SOBHAN BABU
Electrical Appliances 2021
Note:
Inspite of many efforts taken to prepare the material without errors, some errors might have been crept
in accidentally. If found any, they may be informed through email (pvsssobhanbabulms@gmail.com) or
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ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
(SKILL DEVELOPMENT COURSE)
B.Sc.
Semester - 1
Study Material
P.V.S.Sobhan Babu,
M.Sc., B.Ed.,
Lecturer in Physics,
Govt. Degree College,
Rajampeta,
YSR Kadapa district,
Andhra Pradesh.
UNIT-I (6 hrs)
Direct current and alternating current,RMS and peak values, Power factor, Single phase and
three phase connections , Basics of House wiring , Star and delta connection , Electric shock,
First aid for electric shock, Overloading , Earthing and its necessity, Short circuiting , Fuses ,
MCB , ELCB, Insulation, Inverter, UPS
Principles of working, parts and servicing of Electric fan, Electric Iron box, Water heater;
Induction heater, Microwave oven; Refrigerator, Concept of illumination, Electric bulbs,
CFL, LED lights, Energy efficiency in electrical appliances, IS codes & IE codes.
CONTENTS
Page No.
UNIT I
1.1 Voltage 6
1.3 Resistance 6
1.4 Capacitance 7
1.5 Inductance 7
1.10 Galvanometer 10
1.11 Ammeter 10
1.12 Voltmeter 11
1.13 Multimeter 11
1.14 Transformers 13
Questions 17
UNIT – II
2.9 Overloading 29
2.12 Fuses 32
2.13 MCB 34
2.14 ELCB 35
2.15 Insulation 36
2.16 Inverter 37
2.17 UPS 38
Questions 39
UNIT – III
3.6 Refrigerator 55
3.9 CFL 59
Questions 67
UNIT – I
1.1 Voltage :
Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons
(current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do work such as illuminating a light.
The energy used by a charge of 1 coulomb in moving from one point to another point in an electric
field (circuit) is called as voltage.
The electric current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charges through the conductor.
If a charge q flows through the conductor in time t, then the current i in the conductor is given by
i = q/t
q = electric charge
t = time
1.3 Resistance :
The opposition to the electric current offered by a material is termed as ‘electrical resistance’.
Metallic nature is due to availability of electrons. Because of free electrons, metals become the best
conductors of electricity. They do not oppose flow of electric charges as much as the wood which
does not contain free electrons. Thus, the ‗opposition‘ to flow of charges by wood is more, in fact it is
infinite, compared to the opposition offered by a metal like copper.
Any conductor in a circuit to provide resistance is called ‗resistor‘ represented by letter R or with a
symbol ( ).
1.4 Capacitance :
The ability of the conductor to hold the charge is called as ‘the electrical capacity or capacitance’
of that conductor.
The capacitance of a conductor may be defined as the ratio of charge on it to its potential.
C = q/V
Here C = capacitance
q = electric charge
V = Potential
1.5 Inductance
Inductance is the tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose a change in the electric current
flowing through it.
The flow of electric current creates a magnetic field around the conductor.
Conductors are the materials or substances which allow electricity to pass through them .
They conduct electricity because they allow electrons to flow easily inside them from atom to atom.
Examples for conductors : All metals, graphite, human body, earth, moist air, impure water etc.
Insulators are the materials or substances which do not allow electricity to pass through them .
Examples for non-conductors or insulators : Pure water, non-metals(except graphite), nails, hairs,
wood, paper, plastic, rubber, glass etc.
The conductors have free electrons at ordinary temperature and insulators do not have them. These
free electrons are responsible for conduction of electric charge. Under ordinary conditions, these free
electrons have random movement and do not have a net directed motion along the conductor. If the
ends of a conductor are connected to a battery, an electric field is said to have established in the
conductor and free electrons get a resultant motion in the direction opposite to the field established.
The electric current (i) in a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference (V)
between its ends, at a constant temperature (T). This result was given by G.S.Ohm (1826) as a law
called Ohm’s law.
When a potential difference across a given conductor varies, the current in the c onductor also varies
proportionately. The Ohm‘s law gives the relation between potential difference (V) and current (i) for
a conductor at a constant temperature .
Vαi
V = Ri
Where R is the proportionality constant. This R is the electrical resistance of the conductor.
V1 = iR1
V2 = iR2
V = iR
In series connection,
V = V1 + V2 + V3
R = R1 + R2 + R3
Hence when a number of resistances are connected in series, the total resistance is equal to the sum
of the individual resistances.
Consider three resistors of resistances R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel across a battery of
potential V. The total current in the circuit i is divided into three parts. The current i1 flows through
R1 , i2 flows through R2 and i3 flows through R3. The ends are connected in between the same two
points, the voltage across each resistance is the same as V.
i1 = V/R1
i2 = V/R2
i3 = V/R3
i = V/R
But,
i = i1 + i2 + i3
Substituting the values i1 , i2 and i3 in the above equation, then
1.10 Galvanometer :
The galvanometer is an electromechanical measuring instrument used for detecting the presence of
small current or voltage and for measuring their magnitude in an electric circuit.
The galvanometer is mainly used in the bridges
and potentiometer where they indicate the null deflection or zero
current.
Galvanometer can be converted into ammeter by connecting a very
low resistance (shunt resistance) in parallel with the galvanometer.
1.11 Ammeter :
An ammeter (from ampere meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure either direct or
alternating current in an electric circuit.
Electric currents are measured in amperes (A). The ammeter is usually connected in series with the
circuit in which the current is to be measured.
These are classified into different types based on their applications which include the following.
(i)Moving Coil
(ii)Electrodynamic
(iii)Moving-iron
(iv)Hotwire
(v)Digital
(vi)Integrating
1.12 Voltmeter :
The voltmeter is a measuring instrument used for measuring the voltage or potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit.
1.13 Multimeter
Multimeters come in analog and digital versions and are useful for everything from simple tests, like
measuring battery voltage, to detect faults and complex diagnostics. They are one of the tools
preferred by electricians for troubleshooting electrical problems on motors, appliances, circuits, power
supplies and wiring systems.
Fig. 1.7 Digital multimeter Fig. 1.8 Analog multimeter Fig. 1.9 Multimeter test leads
Analog Multimeters
An analog multimeter is based on a microammeter (a device that measures current) and has a needle
that moves over a graduated scale. Analog multimeters are less expensive than their digital
counterparts but can be difficult for some users to read accurately. Also, they must be handled
carefully and can be damaged if they are dropped.
Analog multimeters typically are not as accurate as digital meters when used as a voltmeter. However,
analog multimeters are great for detecting slow voltage changes because user can watch the needle
moving over the scale. Analog testers are exceptional when set as ammeters, due to their low
resistance and high sensitivity, with scales down to 50µA (50 microamperes).
Digital Multimeters
Digital multimeters are the most commonly available type and include simple versions as well as
advanced designs for electronics engineers. In place of the moving needle and scale found on analog
meters, digital meters provide readings on an LCD screen. They tend to cost more than analog
multimeters, but the price difference is minimal among basic versions. Advanced testers are much
more expensive.
Digital multimeters typically are better than analog in the voltmeter function, due to the higher
resistance of digital. But for most users, the primary advantage of digital testers is the easy-to-read
and highly accurate digital readout.
Using a Multimeter
The basic functions and operations of a multimeter are similar for both digital and analog testers. The
tester has two leads—red and black—and three ports. The black lead plugs into the "common" port.
The red lead plugs into either of the other ports, depending on the desired function.
After plugging in the leads, user has to turn the knob in the centre of the tester to select the function
and appropriate range for the specific test. For example, when the knob is set to "20V DC," the tester
will detect DC (direct current) voltage up to 20 volts. To measure smaller voltages, user must set the
knob to the 2V or 200mV range.
To take a reading, user has to touch the bare metal pointed end of each lead to one of the terminals or
wires to be tested. The voltage (or other value) will read out on the tester. Multimeters are safe to use
on energized circuits and equipment, provided the voltage or current does not exceed the maximum
rating of the tester. Also, user must be careful never to touch the bare metal ends of the tester leads
during an energized test because user can receive an electrical shock.
Multimeter Functions
Multimeters are capable of many different readings, depending on the model. Basic testers measure
voltage, current and resistance and can be used to check continuity, a simple test to verify a complete
circuit. More advanced multimeters may test for all of the following values:
Accessories or special sensors can be attached to some multimeters for additional readings, such as:
Light level
Acidity
Alkalinity
Wind speed
Relative humidity
1.14 Transformers
A transformer is defined as a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit
to another through the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly used to increase
(step up) or decrease(step down) voltage levels between circuits.
Mutual induction between two or more windings (also known as coils) allows for electrical energy to
be transferred between circuits.
Vs = Secondary Volage
Vp = Primary Voltage
Ns = Number of windings in secondary coil
Np = Number of windings in Primary coil
Electrical energy may be defined as power(capacity) of the system to do work for a given time.
Electrical energy W= Pt
P= electric power
t= time
The electric power of an appliance is defined as the rate of consumption of electric energy or as its
rate of doing work.
P= W/t
t= time
The bigger units of electric power are kilowatt (kW) and megawatt (MW).
1 kWh = 1kW x 1 hr
= 1000 J/s x 3600 sec
=3600000 joule
Electric energy consumption is the form of energy consumption that uses electric energy. Electric
energy consumption is the actual energy demand made on existing electricity supply.
To calculate the consumption of an electrical appliance in kWh, the following three factors are
to be taken into account:
[number of hours’ use] X [number of days’ use] X ([capacity of appliance expressed in watt] /
1,000) = number of kWh
The capacity should be divided by 1,000 to convert the number of watts into the number of kilowatts.
This finally gives us the number of kWh (kilowatt hours).
A radio alarm is on all the time and therefore uses energy continuously.
Annual energy consumption of radio alarm: 24 x 365 x (10 watts / 1,000) = 87.6 kWh
1. Define resistance. Derive the equation for total resistance when the resistances are connected
in series.
2. Define resistance. Derive the equation for total resistance when the resistances are connected
in parallel.
3. Explain about multimeter.
4. Explain about transformers.
5. Define electric power. Explain about the consumption of electrical power with an example.
Unit II
2.1 Direct current and alternating current
Alternating current describes the flow of charge that changes direction periodically. As a result, the
voltage level also reverses along with the current. AC is used to deliver power to houses, office
buildings, etc.
AC can come in a number of forms, as long as the voltage and current are alternating. The most
common type of AC is the sine wave. The AC in most homes and offices have an oscillating voltage
that produces a sine wave. Other common forms of AC include the square wave and the triangle
wave. Square waves are often used in digital and switching electronics to test their operation.
Triangle waves are found in sound synthesis and are useful for testing linear electronics like
amplifiers.
Fig. 2.1 sine wave Fig. 2.2 square wave Fig. 2.3 Triangle wave
Applications
1. Home and office outlets are almost always AC.
2. AC is also capable of powering electric motors. This is useful for many large appliances like
dishwashers, refrigerators and so on, which run on AC.
DC sources provide a constant voltage over time. In reality, a battery will slowly lose its charge,
meaning that the voltage will drop as the battery is used.
Applications
The appliances which use DC supply are
Cell phones
Flat-screen TVs (AC goes into the TV, which is converted to DC)
Flashlights
Hybrid and electric vehicles
Peak Value
The maximum value attained by an alternating quantity during one cycle is called its Peak value. It
is also known as the maximum value or amplitude or crest value. The sinusoidal alternating quantity
obtains its peak value at 90 degrees as shown in the figure below.
The peak values of alternating voltage and current is represented by e m and im respectively.
R.M.S Value
The R.M.S value is defined as the square root of means of squares of instantaneous values.
Let i be the alternating current flowing through a resistor R for time t seconds, which produces the
same amount of heat as produced by the direct current. The base of one alteration is divided into n
equal parts so that each interval is of t/n seconds as shown in the figure below.
= R.M.S value
The ammeter records the RMS value of alternating current. The voltmeter records the root mean
square (R.M.S) value of alternating voltage. The domestic single-phase AC supply is 230 V, 50 hertz,
where 230 V is the R.M.S value of alternating voltage.
Power factor (PF) is the ratio of working(real) power, measured in kilowatts (kW), to
apparent power, measured in kilovolt amperes (kVA). Apparent power, also known as demand, is the
measure of the amount of power used to run machinery and equipment during a certain period.
In D.C., the voltage and current are in same phase and the total electrical power is given by:
Electrical power = Voltage across the element X Current through the element
The term power factor comes into the picture in AC circuits only.
In AC circuit, when the entire circuit consisting of a resistor, inductor and capacitor is considered,
there exists some phase difference between the source voltage and current.
The cosine of this phase difference is called electrical power factor. If the phase difference is θ, then
the power factor
This factor (-1 < cos θ < 1 ) represents the fraction of the total power that is used to do the useful
work. The other fraction of electrical power is stored in the form of magnetic energy or electrostatic
energy in the inductor and capacitor respectively.
Total electrical power = Voltage across the element X Current through the element = VI
This is also called as apparent power. It is denoted by ‗S‘. Its unit is VA (Volt Amp).
A fraction of this total electrical power which does useful work is called active power or real power. It
is denoted by ‗P‘.
The other fraction of power is called reactive power. Reactive power does no useful work, but it is
required for the active work to be done. It is denoted by ‗Q‘.
SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEM
A s ingle-phas e setup requires two wires. One should be a power wire or phase wire and the other
should be neutral wire. The power wire carries the current. The neutral wire returns it.
A single-phase setup:
The three-phase system has four wires. Three are phase wires and one is neutral wire. A three-
phase system can be set up as a single-phase, but reverse cannot be done.
3. Number of wire. Require two wires for Requires four wires for completing
completing the circuit. the circuit.
4. Voltage Carry 230V Carry 415V
5. Phase Name Split phase No other name
6. Power Transfer Minimum Maximum
Capability
7. Network Simple Complicated
8. Power Failure Occurs Do not occur
9. Loss Maximum Minimum
10. Efficiency Less High
11. Economical Less More
12. Uses For home appliances. In large industries and for running
heavy loads.
While setting up the wiring in a new home, some basics are to be followed to keep the house hazard-
free.
(i) The Mains Electric Supply to House: The main electric supply to any house comprises a three-
core wiring system – the live, neutral and earth. ...
(ii) The Right Wire for the Right Use: ...
(iii) Insulated wires, a must:
• The main electric supply to any house comprises a three-core wiring system – the live, neutral and
earth.
• The brown or red active (live) wire brings in the current, blue neutral wire takes current back and the
green or yellow, earth wire is joined to a metal plate installed deep within the earth.
• Electricity is supplied to circuits of 15amp for appliances of high power rating and 5amp for those
with low power rating.
• The selection of wires must be compatible with the power usage of an appliance.
• Wires are made of copper or aluminium and are a single conductor of electricity.
• A wire can be solid or stranded.
• A solid wire is appropriate for higher frequencies.
• Stranded wires are used for flexibility.
• Insulating wires is an important preventive hence using insulating wires like Heat Resistant Wire
(HR), Fire Resistant Wire (FR) & Low Smoke Wires (FRLS) help to withstand fires and prevent other
electric hazards.
All wiring in a new house should conform to the latest safety standards. Using ISI-certified wires and
cables is the most sensible decision for a safe and happy home.
Never connect wires outside of electrical junction boxes. If there is no box, add one and
connect the wires inside it.
Remember the three-inch minimum on wire length. Don‘t cut the wires to short. If it is done,
six-inch extension is to be added.
Never leave sheathing unprotected between frames, as in a ceiling installation. Staple it to a
2×2 or use metal conduit if the wire runs along the wall.
Avoid loose switches or loosely connected outlets.
Never install a three-slot receptacle without a ground wire.
Don‘t recess an electrical box behind a wall surface. Instead, add a wall extension.
Secure cable with a clamp so wire insulation doesn‘t cut or fray.
The three phase system will have better and higher efficiency compared to the single phase system.
In three phase circuit, connections can be given in two types:
1. Star connection
2. Delta connection
Star Connection
Delta Connection
The difference between the Star and Delta Connection are given below in the tabulated form.
1. Basic Definition The terminals of the three The three branches of the network
branches are connected to a are connected in such a way that it
common point. The network forms a closed loop known as Delta
formed is known as Star Connection
Connection
2. Connection of The starting and the finishing The end of each coil is connected to
terminals point that is the similar ends of the starting point of the other coil
the three coils are connected that means the opposite terminals of
together the coils are connected together.
3. Neutral point Neutral or the star point exists in Neutral point does not exist in the
the star connection. delta connection.
4. Relation between Line current is equal to the Phase Line current is equal to root three
line and phase current. times of the Phase Current.
current
5. Relation between Line voltage is equal to root three Line voltage is equal to the Phase
line and phase times of the Phase Voltage voltage.
voltage
6. Speed The Speed of the star connected The Speed of the delta connected
motors is slow as they receive motors is high because each phase
1/√3 of the voltage. gets the total of the line voltage.
7. Phase voltage Phase voltage is low as 1/√3 times Phase voltage is equal to the line
of the line voltage. voltage.
8. Number of turns Requires less number of turns Requires large number of turns.
9. Insulation level Insulation required is low. High insulation is required.
10. Network Type Mainly used in the Power Used in the Power Distribution
Transmission networks. networks.
11. Received voltage In Star Connection each winding In delta connection each winding
receive 230 volts receives 414 volts.
12. Type of system Both Three phase four wire and Three phase four wire system can be
three phase three wire system can derived in Delta connection.
be derived in star connection.
When an electrical current touches or flows through the body, it is known as an electric shock. It can
happen wherever there is live electricity. The effects of electric shock range from none at all to severe
injury and death.
An electric shock occurs when an electrical current passes from a live outlet to a part of the body.
There are four main types of injuries that result from electrical contact:
Flash: A flash injury typically causes superficial burns. They occur as a result of an arc flash,
which is a type of electrical explosion. The current does not penetrate the skin.
Flame: These injuries occur when an arc flash causes a person‘s clothes to ignite. The current
may or may not pass the skin.
Lightning: These involve short but high voltage electrical energy. The current flows through
a person‘s body.
True: The person becomes a part of the circuit and the electricity enters and exits the body.
Shocks from touching electrical outlets or from small appliances in the home rarely cause serious
injury. However, prolonged contact may cause harm.
The let-go threshold is the level where a person‘s muscles contract meaning that they are unable to let
go of the electrical source until someone safely removes it. This table shows the body‘s response to
different intensities of current, measured in milliamps (mA):
Things to remember
Several factors can affect how serious injury from electric shock is, including:
Prevention
The best way to prevent electrical injuries is to cover all outlets, make sure all wires are properly
insulated, tuck wires away from child's reach and provide adult supervision whenever children are
in an area with potential electrical hazards. Small appliances are a special hazard around bathtubs
or pools.
1. Place hands on one on top of the other in the middle of the chest. Using the body weight, push
down hard and fast and administer compressions 2 inches deep. The aim is to deliver 100
compressions per 60 seconds.
2. Deliver rescue breaths. To do this, make sure the person‘s mouth is clear, tilt their head back,
lift the chin, pinch their nose closed and blow into the person‘s mouth to make the chest rise.
Perform two rescue breaths and continue compressions.
3. Repeat the process until help arrives, or the person begins breathing.
Fig. 2.10 separate the victim from the power source Fig.2.11 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
2.9 Overloading
Overloading of an electric circuit means when current flows in a circuit it becomes more than the
capacity of components in the circuit to resist the current. When too much current passes through
electric wires, an electric overload occurs. This results heat in the wire and the wire gets melted
moreover it increases the risk of fire.
There is a key difference between short circuit and overloading that is;
When the neutral and the live wire come in contact with each other the short circuit takes
place where as when the number of equipment connected to one socket the overloading takes
place
Overloading signs:
Continued overload can result from defective motors, overloaded equipment or too many loads on
one circuit. Such overloads are destructive and must be cut off by protective devices as soon as
possible before they damage the circuit.
Earthing
Earthing is one of the main factor in electrical systems to protect the humans from getting electric
shock. Earthing is used in almost every equipment.
Earthing is system in which the part of the equipment is connected to the earth with the help of
the wires or cables. Earthing is also known as the grounding system.
Mostly Galvanised iron (G.I) strips are used for the earthing. Earthing
protects the humans from getting electric shock from the leakage current
and when a live wire or cable comes in the contact of the body of the
equipment or from the short circuit current.
Fig.2.12 Earthing
Why earthing is important in electrical systems
Earthing can be done by electrically connecting the respective parts in the installation to some system
of electrical conductors or electrodes placed near the soil or below the ground level. The earthing mat
or electrode under the ground level have flat iron riser through which all the non-current-carrying
metallic parts of the equipment are connected.
When the fault occurs, the fault current from the equipment flows through the earthing system to the
earth and thereby protect the equipment from the fault current. At the time of the fault, the earth mat
conductors rise to the voltage which is equal to the resistance of the earth mat multiplied by a ground
fault.
A short circuit is a low resistance path for an electric current to flow between two conductors
supplying electrical power.
Since the volume of current flow is huge this may cause the electrical power source to get damaged,
sometimes permanently. If ever a fuse in the circuit, it will act as a protection device and blow out
thus opening the circuit and preventing any further damage.
Short circuiting can occur either in a DC or AC circuit and is equally dangerous in both the cases.
Short circuit can produce very high temperatures that is mainly due to the fact that a large amount of
current flows through the circuit generating the heat.
Let us take a small example, if a 9v battery is shorted then the battery will be discharged very quickly
and will heat up due to the large current flow. Similarly, if a charged capacitor is short circuited the
resulting high current flow and the huge power dissipation will cause the wire to explode.
A short circuit is usually caused by broken insulation in wire which gets in contact with other wire
where it shouldn‘t happen or sometime it can also occur due to improper wiring or overloading. So,
the short circuit can be avoided all together.
Unplug any electrical appliance which is not in use. This is probably the easiest method to
prevent short circuit especially at home.
Install protection devices like fuses which blow out when the current exceeds the safe limit for
which it was designed for thus preventing any damage which could come along.
Install magneto-thermal switches. These magneto-thermal switches are special type of
switches which will act in case there is a power surge in the circuit by monitoring the current
load continuously.
Have grounded outlets for the all the appliances at home. This will help to prevent short
circuit especially when a person is connecting them to devices that develop an internal short
circuit.
2.12 Fuses
A fuse is an electrical device, which is used to protect circuits from over current, overload and
make sure the protection of the circuit. There are many types of fuses, but the function of all these
fuses is the same.
The primary use of an electric fuse is to protect electrical equipment from excessive current and to
prevent short circuits or mismatched loads. Electrical fuses play the role of miniature circuit breakers.
Apart from protecting equipment, they are also used as safety measures to prevent any safety hazards
to humans.
Function of Fuse
In the field of electrical engineering, a fuse is a device that provides over-current protection to the
functional electrical circuit. Here, a few major functions of the fuse are listed below :
Acts as a barrier between the electric circuit and the human body
Prevents device failure due to faulty circuit operation
Prevents short-circuits
Prevents overload and blackouts
Prevents damage that is caused due to mismatched loads
The markings on the fuse carry information such as the Ampere rating,
voltage rating and interruption rating.
Types of Fuses
Different types of fuses are available in the market and they are classified on the basis of different
aspects. But mainly, fuses can be divided into two categories based on the input supply as follows:
AC fuses
DC fuses
2.13 MCB
It automatically switches OFF electrical circuit during any abnormal condition in the electrical
network such as overload and short circuit conditions.
Advantages:
MCB has several advantages over the Fuse:
1. MCB is more sensitive to current than Fuse.
It detects any abnormality in the current flow and automatically switches off the electrical circuit.
2. In case of MCB, the faulty zone of electrical circuit can be easily identified.
Faulty circuit trips to the off position. On the other hand, in case of a Fuse, the complete fuse wire
needs to be checked by opening the fuse grip for confirming the faulty zone.
3. With MCB, it is very simple to resume the supply.
Just need to push the knob of MCB back to the ON position. But in case of a fuse, the entire fuse wire
needs to be replaced.
2.14 ELCB
ELCB stands for Earth leakage circuit breaker, It is one kind of safety device used in electrical
installations to prevent shock. The main advantage of the Earth leakage circuit breaker is to stop
damage to humans and animals due to the electric shock.
Advantages of ELCB:
Disadvantages of ELCB:
If the electrical installation earth rod is placed close to another earth of a building, then a high
earth leakage current from other buildings can raise the local ground potential and cause a
voltage difference across the two earth, again tripping the ELCB.
ELCBs introduce additional resistance and an additional point of failure into enough voltage
to cause it to trip.
2.15 Insulation
Insulation is an important non-conductive material that surrounds and protects the individual
wires or cables that make up a cable assembly.
Some types of wire insulation are used to resist electric current in electrical applications. Other types
of insulation are used in dielectric applications for radio frequency cables. Insulation further prevents
current from contact with other conductors, resists electrical leakage and offers protection from all
environmental conditions. Depending on the application, insulation generally is from plastic,
fluoropolymers or rubber materials.
THERMOPLASTIC: A material which will soften, flow, or distort when subjected to sufficient heat
and pressure. These compounds are heated and extruded over conductor. Likewise, the insulation on
the finished product can be re-melted or soften if exposed to heat.
Easy to manufacture
Normally less expensive
No cure required
Will melt when subjected to heat
Can be extruded in very thin walls
THERMOSETTI NG: A material which will not soften, flow, or distort when subjected to heat and
pressure. Once extruded over conductor, these compounds will not re-melt, however, they can be
burnt or deteriorate due to heat.
2.16 Inverter
The inverter is not a power generator, because it does not produce electrical energy. The inverter
converts one form of electrical energy into another form of electrical energy. Therefore, it is a power
converter, not a power generator.
The device that has the opposite function of inverter is the Rectifier. The rectifier is used to convert
the AC power into DC power.
The input of the inverter is a stable DC power source like a battery. The input voltage depends on the
design and the applications.
For smaller consumer and commercial inverters, which work on the rechargeable lead-acid
battery, it works on 12V DC.
For the home energy system, common voltages are 24V, 36V or 48V.
For solar PV panels, the input voltage is in between 200V and 400V.
For an electrical vehicle, the input voltage is in between 300V and 450V.
For the HVDC transmission line, the input voltage is hundreds or thousands of volts.
Types of Inverters
The inverters are classified according to the output waveform, according to the source of supply and
according to type of source.
According to the output waveform, the inverters are classified into three types;
When the cost is considered, the modified sine wave inverter is a best choice among all other types of
inverters.
According to a source of input, the inverters are classified into two types;
The output of the inverter is AC power and there are two types of AC power; single-phase and three-
phase. According to output power, inverters can be classified into two types;
Single-phase Inverters
Three-phase Inverters
Applications
An uninterrupted power supply(UPS) supplies AC power with the help of an inverter and
battery combination.
Speed Control of Electric Motor: An inverter is designed to produce a variable output voltage.
By controlling the output voltage of the inverters, the speed of an electric motor can be
controlled.
In the compressor of refrigerator and air-conditioner: In the simple inverters, the single-speed
compressor switches on and off periodically. But, in inverters of compressor, VFD (variable
frequency drive) is used to control the speed of compressor motor and according to this
control of cooling is done.
Solar: Output of solar PV panels is DC. So, this is to be converted it to AC, for that inverters
are used.
HVDC transmission line: For bulk power transmission, the HVDC transmission line has more
advantages than the HVAC transmission line. In this transmission network, power generated
in AC and convert in DC with the help of a rectifier and transmit this DC power for long-
distance. The inverters used to convert the power into AC at the receiving end of the
transmission line.
2.17 UPS
UNIT – III
An electric ceiling fan is a rotatory electrical device mounted vertically on the ceiling that provides
continuous air that our skin can feel when it is in operation. This electric ceiling fan rotates and
distributes the air downward in all directions of the room.
The normal local ceiling fan uses a high amount of power from 45 watts to 70 watts.
The working principle of the electric fan is based on the law of electromagnetic induction.
The electric fan has a motor that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
First, the capacitor of the ceiling fan torques up the electric motor, thereby causing it to start and run.
As the electrical current reaches the motor, it enters coils of wire that are wrapped around a metal
base. When this current passes through the wire, it creates a magnetic field which further exerts force
in a clockwise motion. In this way, the electric energy is converted into mechanical energy and causes
the motor coils to spin. The blades attached to the motor also start gaining motion with the spinning of
the coils.
1. Capacitor
2. Stator and its winding
3. Axle or Shaft
4. Rotor
5. Bearings
6. Fan blades
7. Housing
8. Conducting wire
1. Capacitor
Start capacitor is used in electric fans. Capacitors store energy and this
stored energy is used to rotate the fan from rest state. This capacitor
increases electric fan motor torque and allows motor to rotate rapidly.
This capacitor remains into circuit until only the electric fan reaches
predetermined speed, This predetermined speed is usually the 75% of
the full speed of fan and when fan reaches the predetermined speed this
capacitor is taken out of the circuit and will again be incorporated into
circuit when fan comes at rest state.
Fig.3.3 Capacitor
Stator winding is simply the stationary winding in the electric fan motor winding. Stator winding
means thousands of turns of conducting wire on any non conducting structure like a coil. This
winding has very low resistance. Main purpose of stator winding is to convert electric current into
magnetic field.
Two types of winding are wounded on stator one is auxiliary winding and the other main winding. It
also has another name, starting winding and running winding. The auxiliary winding is wounded on
the slots and the main winding is wound on teeth.
3. Axle or shaft
Axle or Shaft is the metallic rod mostly made up of mild steel. Axle is connected from ceiling to fan
housing. It stays at rest motion while bearings supporting the housing over it rotates. It also has
arrangement for transfer of current to the stator windings.
Half of the vertical rod is an exterior part and the remaining parts are
considered interior part. The shaft will come to the centre of the stator. It is a
non-rotatable part of the ceiling fan because it holds the stator.
4. Rotor
Rotor in the electric motor is the permanent magnetic in the shape of half circles. Usually 2 pcs of
Magnets are used in Electric fan but this can change to 3 pcs or to single pc depending upon size and
capacity of electric fan. There is a small air gap between the stator and the rotor helpful for free
rotation or running.
5. Bearings
Ball bearings are used in the electric fan. As shown in the picture, 2 bearings which are link between
housing and axle gives the rotary motion to the housing.
6. Fan blades
7. Housing
Housing is the outer part of the electric fan which carries stator, rotor and drive shaft bearing
assembly on inside and blades on outer sides.
8. Conducing wire
A conducting wire is made of copper. A ceiling fan has two conducting wires- phase wire and
neutral wire. A 240V AC supply flow through theses conducting wires. Phase wire is connected with
running winding and the neutral winding is connected to the auxiliary winding.
An electric iron is a household appliance used to remove creases or wrinkles of the clothes by the
combination of heat and pressure. After turning it on, a flat triangular soleplate is pressed on the clothes
to make them smooth and flat.
Electric iron box works on the principle of conversion of electric energy into heat energy.
When a current is passed through the heating element which is placed between the sole plate and
pressure plate, the element gets heated up and transfers its heat to the sole plate through conduction and
in-turn the sole plate also gets heated up. Now to remove the wrinkles in clothing, heat and pressure are
to be applied. Heat is formed due to the coil and when the clothes are pressed with iron, the wrinkles
are removed. For maintaining the optimum temperature, a thermostat is used along with pilot lamp
which serves as an indicator.
1. Handle
2. Sole plate
3. Cover Plate
4. Pressure Plate
5. Pilot Lamp
6. Heating Element
7. Thermostat
8. Capacitor
1. Handle
The handle of an electric iron is made with plastic or wood. The reason is that
these materials are insulators, current doesn‘t pass through them, so person
who touch the handle while ironing would be saved to get shocked. It is
attached to the cover plate with the aid of screws.
Fig.3.7 Handle
2. Sole plate
Soleplate, also called the hot plate, is the thick and flat triangular shaped surface
made of aluminum that forms the base over which the electric iron is built up.
Aluminium allows corrosion not to occur. It is polished, layered with a non-stick
material making it stainless. It is the part of an electric iron which comes in contact
with clothes while ironing. The base plate holds the pressure plate and cover plate
in position.
3. Cover Plate
The cover plate is made of thin sheet of iron. It is placed on top of the base plate
and it covers all the internal parts of the iron. The handle and connector are only
attached to the cover plate.
The pilot lamp is housed on the cover plate of the electric iron. One end of the pilot lamp is connected
to supply, while the other end is connected to the heating element. A shunt resistance is provided
across the pilot lamp which assists in providing a voltage drop. The shunt is designed to provide a
voltage drop of 2-5 volts.
6. Heating Element
In an electric iron, the heating element is present between the sole plate
and pressure plate. It is pressed hard between the two plates. The heating
element consists of nichrome wire wound around a sheet of mica. The
two ends of the nichrome wire are connected to the contact strips. The
contact strips are connected to the terminals of the iron box.
Fig.3.11 Heating elements
7. Thermostat
The thermostat in iron box makes use of bimetallic strip. This bimetallic strip is made up of two
different types of metals (Brass and iron) with different coefficient of
expansion bonded together. Therefore, in the presence of heat, the
bimetallic strip expands differently. The metallic strip is connected to
a contact spring through small pins.
Fig.3.13 (a) when the iron is at normal temperature (b) When the iron becomes too hot
8. Capacitor
The thermostat helps in maintaining the temperature within limits. But frequent making and breaking
of circuit damages the contact points and it may also result in interference with radio reception. To
avoid this, a capacitor of certain range is connected across the two contact points.
Automatic electric irons are more common as compared to non-automatic due to their safety benefits.
The electric heaters used to heat up water are called electric water heater.
The very basic principle in an electric water heater is simply the conversion of electrical energy into
heat through the use of heating element(s) to raise the temperature of water to a certain degree.
Geyser Heater
The water tank is fitted with heating element(s) to raise the temperature of water to a certain degree
inside the tank.
3. Heat-out pipe
The hot water rises in the tank and is moved throughout the tank through the heat-out pipe.
4.Thermostat
The heating elements are controlled by thermostat. The function of the thermostat is to set the
temperature to a certain value so that water is not heated above that value.
This valve is arranged for relief of pressure and temperature inside the tank.
The hot water comes out from drain valve or outlet pipe.
7. Insulation
The tank is normally covered with some insulating material and entire assembly is enclosed inside a
metal casing which can be hanged on the wall or wherever required.
8. Anode rod
The sacrificial anode is used to protect the tank from corrosion by sacrificing itself and helps to
prolong the life of the tank.
9. Power supply
The water is heated by heating elements when the power supply is ON.
To open up the induction cooktop, eight self-tapping head screws had to be removed. Once these
were out, the plastic shell separated into two pieces. The first piece, the top, includes the user
interface and associated electronics. The bottom piece is the glass cook top.
Circuit board 1
These UI (user interface) electronics allow the user to control the cooktop. The UI electronics are
comprised of a circuit board with all of the UI elements on it. The board is populated with seven
5mm red LED lights, six tactile buttons and a seven segment display. The board does have footprints
for two additional tactile buttons and two more LEDs.
Fig.3.20 The user interface PCB Fig.3.21 The 1628 LED driver
On the back of the board is there a 1628 LED driver. The 1628
LED driver is manufactured by multiple companies and does a lot
more than just control LEDs. The 1628 driver converts serial data
into individual LED controls and allows for the scanning of
buttons. This driver is in a SOP 28 package and is soldered to the
rear of the one-layer PCB.
The PCB has a few other passive components located on the top.
These components perform a logic level conversion using a voltage
divider network and help filter the signals.
Fig.3.22 The component side of the UI PCB
Circuit board 2
The AC power coming into this circuit board is split into two paths.
There is a higher-power path that powers the induction coil and a lower-
power path that powers control electronics.
2. Induction coil
The key part of the induction cooktop is the coil. The coil in this induction cooktop measures is
comprised of 21 turns of Litz wire. The multi-conductior Litz wire is used to reduce the skin effect.
Fig.3.28 Induction coil Fig.3.29 The Litz wire Fig.3.30 A close look at the coil
The microwave oven is a household appliance that has revolutionized modern home kitchens. It is
designed to cook food quickly by using special electromagnetic radiation that heats objects from
within.
When the task is initiated, current enters the magnetron assembly and heats a filament inside it. This
acts as a cathode and once heated, it releases electrons.
1. Inside the strong metal box, there is a microwave generator called a magnetron. When user
start cooking, the magnetron takes electricity from the power outlet and converts it into high-
powered electromagnetic waves at a frequency of 2.24 gigahertz and a wavelength of 12.2
centimeters
2. The magnetron blasts these waves into the food compartment through a channel called a wave
guide.
3. The food sits on a turntable, spinning slowly round so the microwaves cook it evenly.
4. The microwaves bounce back and forth off the reflective metal walls of the food
compartment, just like light bounces off a mirror. When the microwaves reach the food itself,
they don't simply bounce off. Just as radio waves can pass straight through the walls of oven
compartment, so microwaves penetrate inside the food. As they travel through it, they make
the molecules inside it vibrate more quickly.
5. Vibrating molecules have heat so, the faster the molecules vibrate, the hotter the food
becomes. Thus the microwaves pass their energy onto the molecules in the food, rapidly
heating it up.
1. Magnetron Assembly
2. Waveguide
3. Transformer
4. Cooling Fan (Stirrer)
5. Control Panel
6. Door
7. Case
8. Turn table
1. Magnetron Assembly
2. Waveguide
3. Transformer
Fig.3.36 Transformer
As heating occurs in the microwave, it is necessary to have a system in place that ensures
the components do not overheat.For that reason, microwave ovens come with a cooling fan.
Cooling fan is used to dissipate the heat generated by the microwave‘s components as do most
electronics do.
5. Control Panel
This is the main component that users interact with. From here, one can set the duration, the level of
intensity with which user want to cook the food and even the operation user want to do, whether it is
grilling, defrosting or microwaving a meal.
6. Door
Most microwave ovens will have a glass door to see the food inside. The function of the door is to
keep the microwaves inside the cavity of the device where the food is. Also, the door is used to put
food inside the device.
7. Case
This makes up the body of the device. The case‘s purpose is to protect the microwave‘s components
from damage and the elements like dust and excessive moisture. Additionally, it helps protect the user
from harmful escaping microwaves during operation.
8. Turn table
3.6 Refrigerator
1. Cool refrigerant is passed around food items kept inside the fridge.
2. Refrigerant absorbs heat from the food items.
3. Refrigerant transfers the absorbed heat to the relatively cooler surroundings outside.
Fig.3.37 Refrigerator
Working of Refrigerator
The refrigeration cycle starts and ends with the compressor. The refrigerant flows into
the Compressor where it is compressed and pressurised. At this point, the refrigerant is a hot gas. The
refrigerant is then pushed to the Condenser which turns the vapour into liquid and absorbs some of the
heat. The refrigerant then proceeds to the Expansion Valve where it expands, losing pressure and heat.
The refrigerant coming out of the expansion valve is cold and slow due to the loss of pressure. It
enters the Evaporator in a liquid state where the exchange of heat takes place thus cooling the load
inside the refrigerator. As the gas cools down the load, it absorbs the heat which turns it into a gas.
The gas is then pushed back into the Compressor where it can start the cycle again.
During the refrigeration cycle, a build-up of ice around the evaporator may occur. Both commercial
fridges and freezers will combat this build-up with some form of defrost system.
1. Compressor
2. Refrigerant
3. Condenser
4. Expansion valve
(or capillary tube)
5. Evaporator
6. Thermostat
(or temperature control device)
1. Compressor
Fig.3.40 Compressor
2. Refrigerant
3. Condenser
The condenser consists of a coiled set of tubes with external fins and is
located at the rear of the refrigerator. It helps in the liquefaction of the
gaseous refrigerant by absorbing its heat and subsequently expelling it
to the surroundings. As the heat of the refrigerant is removed, the
temperature of refrigerant drops to condensation temperature. So, the
state of refrigerant changes from vapour to liquid. Fig.3.41 Condenser coils
with external fins
This cooling process then shifts to the expansion valve, which is a thin set of copper tubes. The
expansion valve lowers the liquid refrigerant‘s temperature and pressure dramatically, caus ing about
half of it to evaporate. This refrigerant repeatedly evaporating at extremely low temperatures is that
creates the cool temperatures inside the refrigerator.
5. Evaporator
The evaporator absorbs heat from the stuff kept inside and as result of this heat, the liquid refrigerant
turns to vapour. The cooling process ends at the evaporator. The compressor takes vapour to start
process of the next cycle.
To control the temperature inside the refrigerator there is the thermostat, whose sensor is connected to
the evaporator. The thermostat setting can be done by the round knob inside the refrigerator
compartment. When the set temperature is reached inside the refrigerator the thermostat stops the
electric supply to the compressor and compressor stops and when the temperature falls below certain
level it restarts the supply to the compressor.
Illumination
Illumination is the distribution of light on any surface. The purpose of all lighting is to produce
illumination.
Lumen
Lumen is the measurement of light emitted by a lamp. As reference, a 100-watt incandescent lamp
emits about 1600 lumens.
Footcandle
The incandescent bulb or lamp is a source of electric light that works by incandescence, which is the
emission of light caused by heating the filament. They are made in an extremely wide range of sizes,
wattages and voltages.
An incandescent bulb works on the principle of incandescence, a general term meaning light
produced by heat. In an incandescent type of bulb, an electric current is passed through a thin metal
filament, heating the filament until it glows and produces light.
1. Glass bulb
2. Inert gas (gas filling)
3. Tungsten filament
4. Contact wire (goes to foot)
5. Contact wire (goes to base)
6. Support wires
7. Glass mount/support
8. Base contact wire
9. Screw threads
10. Insulation
11. Electrical foot contact
3.9 CFL
The term ‗CFL‘ stands for Compact Fluorescent Lamp. It is also known as compact fluorescent light,
energy-saving light and compact fluorescent tube.
The principle of CFL is the conversion of electrical energy into light energy.
The electrons that are bound to mercury atoms are excited to states where they will radiate ultraviolet
light as they return to a lower energy level. This emitted ultraviolet light is converted into visible light
as it strikes the fluorescent coating as well as into heat when absorbed by other materials.
CFL COMPONENTS
1. Cover
2. Coil glass tube
3. Phosphor coating
4. Mercury vapour,
5. Electrodes
6. Ballast
7. Ballast cover
8. Base
Fig.3.46 CFL
1. Cover - Compact fluorescent bulbs sometimes have a cover to hide the glass tubes and give
the bulb a more traditional shape.
2. Coil glass tube - is the medium through which light producing gases and mercury travel.
3. Phosphor coating - is found inside the coiled glass tube and help convert the energy to
visible light.
4. Mercury and other gasses - inside the lamp reach in excited state and produce energy.
5. Electrodes - direct the current through the lamp
6. The ballast - regulates the electric current and voltage into the lamp and powers the lamp.
7. Ballast cover – covers the ballast.
8. The base - serves as a conductor of electricity.
Working of CFL
In a CFL, an electric current is driven through a tube containing argon and a small amount
of mercury vapour. This generates invisible ultraviolet light that excites a fluorescent coating
(called phosphor) on the inside of the tube, which then emits visible light.
LED stands for light emitting diode – A solid-state lighting (SSL) device. It is called as solid-
state lighting becaus e unlike incandescent and fluorescent lighting technologies, there are no
gases involved in LEDs. Instead, energy is passed through a semic onductor (usually a solid
chemical element or compound that can conduct electric ity), lighting up the LED light
bulb. A LED light is formed when bringing P-Type (+) and N-T ype (-) semic onductors
together that form a PN J unction.
1. LED Chip
2. Driver (or) Circuit
3. Heat sink
4. Optic Lens
5. Housing
6. Base
2. Driver
The driver then regulates the input current. The c ircuit board, als o referred to as the driver,
takes energy from the socket and tells the LEDs to turn on and off, dim and sometimes even
change colour. LED drivers are s imilar to ballasts in fluorescent lamps. LED drivers also
protect LEDs from voltage or current fluctuations. A change in voltage could caus e a change
in the c urrent being s upplied to the LEDs.
LEDs are des igned to run on low voltage (12-24V), but many c an run on higher voltages
(120-277V).
3. Heat Sink
The Heat Sink draws the heat away from the LED Chip.
The heat s ink is the piece of metal the LED chips s it on. Heat needs to be conducted away
from the LED and then cooled somehow – this is where the heat s ink comes in. They provide
the path for heat to travel from the LED light s ource to outside elements.
4. Optic lens
The Optic is also a big component of an LED lamp, which has multi-level optics.
Due to the brightness of LEDs, an optic lens is used to distribute the light evenly. This helps
the LED have the look and feel of traditional light bulbs. This piece is also us ually made of
plas tic to reduce the risk of s hattering.
5. Hous ing
The c ircuit board heats up when energy passes through it, making it necessary for heat -
conductive hous ing. This hous ing component is usually made with aluminum. The hous ing
w ill s till be w arm to the touch, but not as hot as halogen, incandescent or fluorescent lighting.
6. Bas e
LEDs are des igned as a direct replacement for existing light bulbs. They can als o be found
w ith any base that traditional bulbs are available in. T he re are many types of lamp bases:
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal to reduce the amount of
energy required to provide products and services and can also reduce effects of air pollution. For
example, installing light-emitting diode bulbs, fluorescent lighting, or natural skylight
windows reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared to
using traditional incandescent light bulbs. Improvements in energy efficiency are generally achieved
by adopting a more efficient technology or production processor by application of commonly
accepted methods to reduce energy losses.
IS codes
In the field of electrical engineering, engineers and other professionals get exposed to electricity
indirectly during generation, transportation, installation and usage. Such conditions might cause
hazards if accurate safety measures are not taken.
To promote the safety and the right usage of equipment, there are certain rules and regulations
formulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). BIS follows the following five principles −
Safety
Ease of use and adaptability
Simple technology
Value for money products
Energy efficiency and environment
BIS has published the following code of practice for public safety standards in order to promote the
right to information, transparency and accountability in a proper manner to the public.
IS − 732 (1989)
Section − Electrical Installation
Application − Design of installation, selection and erection of equipment, inspection and
testing of wiring system
IS − 3043 (1987)
Section − Electrical Installation
Application − Design, installation and calculation of Earthing system
IS − 3070 (1993)
Section − Electro technical: Surge Arresters
Application − Identification, ratings, classification and testing procedure of Arrester
Let us now consider other important codes of practice established by BIS for the purpose of
electrification. The codes are listed in the table below –
IE Codes
The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is the world's leading organization that prepares
and publishes globally relevant International Standards for the whole energy chain, including all
electrical, electronic and related technologies, devices and systems. The IEC also supports all forms of
conformity assessment and administers four Conformity Assessment Systems that certify that
components, equipment and systems used in homes, offices, healthcare facilities, public spaces,
transportation, manufacturing, explosive environments and energy generation conform to them.
IEC work covers a vast range of technologies: power generation (including all renewable energy
sources), transmission, distribution, Smart Grid, batteries, home appliances, office and medical
equipment, all public and private transportation, semiconductors, fibre optics, nanotechnology,
multimedia, information technology and more. It also addresses safety, EMC, performance and the
environment.
MODEL PAPER – 1
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
(SKILL DEVELOPMENT COURSE)
SEMESTER – 1
Max. marks : 50 Time : 1: 30 hrs (90 minutes)
Section - A (4 X 5 M = 20 Marks)
Answer any four questions. Each answer carries 5 marks.
Section - B (3 X 10 M = 30 Marks)
Answer any three questions. Each answer carries 10 marks.
9. Define resistance. Derive the equation for resultant resistance when the resistances are
connected in series.
10. Explain the basics of house wiring.
11. Explain in detail about ELCB.
12. Explain the parts and working of an electric water heater.
13. Explain about an electric bulb.
MODEL PAPER – 2
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
(SKILL DEVELOPMENT COURSE)
SEMESTER – 1
Max. marks : 50 Time : 1: 30 hrs (90 minutes)
Section - A (4 X 5 M = 20 Marks)
Answer any four questions. Each answer carries 5 marks.
Section - B (3 X 10 M = 30 Marks)
Answer any three questions. Each answer carries 10 marks.
9. Define resistance. Derive the equation for resultant resistance when the resistances are
connected in parallel.
10. Explain about an electric shock. Mention any five methods of first aid.
11. Explain the working of fuses in electrical circuits.
12. Explain the parts and working of an electric fan.
13. Explain about LED lights.
MODEL PAPER – 3
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
(SKILL DEVELOPMENT COURSE)
SEMESTER – 1
Max. marks : 50 Time : 1: 30 hrs (90 minutes)
Section - A (4 X 5 M = 20 Marks)
Answer any four questions. Each answer carries 5 marks.
Section - B (3 X 10 M = 30 Marks)
Answer any three questions. Each answer carries 10 marks.
MODEL PAPER – 4
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
(SKILL DEVELOPMENT COURSE)
SEMESTER – 1
Max. marks : 50 Time : 1: 30 hrs (90 minutes)
Section - A (4 X 5 M = 20 Marks)
Answer any four questions. Each answer carries 5 marks.
Section - B (3 X 10 M = 30 Marks)
Answer any three questions. Each answer carries 10 marks.
MODEL PAPER – 5
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
(SKILL DEVELOPMENT COURSE)
SEMESTER – 1
Max. marks : 50 Time : 1: 30 hrs (90 minutes)
Section - A (4 X 5 M = 20 Marks)
Answer any four questions. Each answer carries 5 marks.
Section - B (3 X 10 M = 30 Marks)
Answer any three questions. Each answer carries 10 marks.
9. Define electric power. Explain about the consumption of electrical power with an example.
10. Explain about an electric shock. Mention any five methods of first aid.
11. Explain about inverter.
12. Explain the parts and working of an electric fan.
13. Explain the parts and working of Refrigerator.
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
(SKILL DEVELOPMENT COURSE)
AP B.Sc.
CBCS Semester - 1
Study Material
P.V.S.Sobhan Babu,
M.Sc., B.Ed.,
Lecturer in Physics,
Govt. Degree College,
Rajampeta, YSR Kadapa district.
Email : pvssobhanbabulms@gmail.com
Mobile No. 09492514696