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info
L

FI
ti -r) Understanding
tr
H
rl
U
J Quadrilaterals
Understanding tJre L,esson
" Plane surfaces ald plane curves. o Kinds of quadrilateral: Trapezium, kite and
. Polygons and their classification. parallelograms.
o Interior and exterior ofa closed curve. . Elements of a parallelogram.
. Convex and Concave Polygons. . Angles and diagonals of a parallelogram.
. Regular and irregular polygons. . Special parallelograms: Rhombus, Rectangles,
o Angle sum property. Squares.
o Sum of the measure of exterior angles of a
polygon.

Conceptual Facts
" Polygon: A simple closed curve made up ofonly line segments is called a polygon.
o Examples of Folygons:

(i) Triangle (ir) Quadrilateral

(iii) Pentagon (iu) Hexagon

Convex and concave polygons

(r) (ii

Convex polygons
Concave polygone
Regu-lar and irregular polygons
(r)
Gi)

Iregular polygons
Regular polygons

u
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Angle sum property: The sum of three angles o1 g ffiengle is 180'. In AABC, C
/A+ ZB+ ZC =180".
Sum of all the ext€rior angles of a polygon is 360'. In the given polygon ABCDE,
exterior angles Z7 + 22 + ZB + 24 + Z6 = 360".
D B
E

Kind of Quadrilaterals:
(i) Parallelogra-; C Properties
I (a) Opposite angles are equal
(b) Opposite sides are equal
B (c) Diagonals bisect each other
C
(ii) Rhombus: (a) AII sides are equal
(b) Opposite angles are equal
".o," (c) Diagonels bisest each other at 90"

B
c
(lii) Rectalgle: (o) It is a parallelogram having each angle of 90'
(b) Opposite sides are equal
(c) Diagonals are equal
A B
C
(iu) Square: (a) All sides are equal
,a (b) Each angle is of90'
(c) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other at 90"
B
B
(u) Kite: (o) Diagonals are perpendicular to each otltet
(b) One ofthe tliagonals bisects the other
A ---T--- C
(c) mlA=mlCbttmlB+mZD

D
c
(ui) Tlapezium: A pair of opposite sides is parallel to each Qthrrr

EX.ERCiSE 3.1
Ql. Given here are some figures.

(4) (6) (6)

(1) o) (3)

(7) (8)

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Classifr each ofabove figure on the basis of the Q3. What is the sum of the measures of the angles
following: of a convex quadrilateral ? Will this property
(a) Simple curve (6) Simple closed cuwe hold if the quadrilateral is not convex? (Make a
(c) Polygon (d) Convex polygon non-convex quadrilateral and veriSl)
(e) Concave polygon Sol. In the given figure, we have a quadrilateral
Sol. (a) Simple curve: (1), (2), (5), (6) and (7) ABCD. Join AC diagonal which divides the
(b) Simple closed curve: (1), (2), (5), (6) and (Z) quadrilateral into two triaagles ABC and ADC.
(c) Polygon: (1) and (2) D c
(d) Convex polygon: (2)
(e) Concave polygon: (1)
Q2. How many diagonals does each ofthe foUowing
have? B
(o) A convex quadrilateral
(b) A regular hexagon
(c) A triangle A
Sol. (a) In Fig. (i) ABCD is a D
In AABC, Z3+ 24 + ZG = 199...15
convex quadrilateral (engle slm property)
which has two In AADC,
diagonals AC and BD.
(&) In Fig. (ii) ABCDEF is
Zl+ Z2+ Z5 = l8O' ...(ii)
B
a regular hexagon o (angle sum property)
which has ning diag6nals AE, AD, AC, BF,
Adrll.g, (i) and (ij)
BE, BD, CF, CE and DF. Zl + Z3 + 22 + 24 + 15 + 26 = 180. + 180.
ED = ZA+ZC+ZD+ZB=36O"
Hence, the sum ofall the angles of a convex
quadrilateral = 360'.
F c f,et us draw a non-convex quadrilateral. yes,
this property also holds true for a tron-convex
quadrilateral.
Ur,
B
C
(c) In Fig. (iir) ABC is a
triangle which has no
diagonal. A

B
A (iin B
Q4' Examine the table. (Each figure is divided into triangles aad the sum ofthe
angles reduced liom that)
Figure

Side 3 4 5 6
Angle sum 180' 2 x 180" = (4-2) x 180' 3x180'=(5-2)x180' 4 x 180'= (6 2) x 180"
-
What cal you say about the angle sum ofa convex
lrclygon with number ofsides?
(d) 7 (6) 8 (c) 10 (d) n
Sol. From the above table, we conclude that the sum (6) Number of sides = 8
of all the angles of a polygon of side .z' Angle sum = (8 - 2) x 180"
=(z-2)x180' =6x180.=1080"
(a) Number of sides 7 (c) Number of sides = 10
=
Anglessum = (7-2) x 180. = b x 180" = 900. Angle s,'m = (10 - 2) x 180.
=8x180.=1440"
36 MATHEMATICS-VIII

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(d) Number of sides = z (d) Angle sum ofa regular pentagon = 540'
Angle sum = (rl - !) x 180' t t+t+r+i+x=540"
Q5. What is a regular polygon? [All angles ofa regular
State the name ofa regular polygon of pentagon are equal]
(i) 3 sides (ii) 4 sides (jjj) 6 sides 5t = 540"
Sol. A polygon with equal sides and equal angles is
=
. 640 _.
called a regular polygon. -_- _ -r08'
l)
Q7. (a) Find r +y +z
(i) Equilateral triangle

(ii) Square (b)Findr+y+z+u

z

(iil) Regular hexagon

Q6. Find the angle measure r in the following w 129" 8O

figures: t
(a) (b)
Sol. (a) la + 30'+ 90'= 180' [Angle sum property]
130'
1
+ Za + 720' = l8O"
(c) (d)

a, z B
r
+ Za = l8O" - 120'= 60'
Sol. (a) Angle sum ofa quadrilateral = 360'
Now, y=780"-a (Iingar pair)
= 50'+ 130'+ 120'+.r = 360o = 180'- 60'
300' + r = 360'
= '' r = l2O"
:. x= 360"-300'=60' and, z + 30. = 180. llinear pairl
(b) Angle sum ofa quadrilateral = 360" :. z= 180'-30'= 160'
= r +70' + 60'+ 90'= 360' also,r + 90'= 180' ll,inear pair]
I'.' r80'- 90" = 90"1 .'. x= 180'-90'=90'
Thusr +y +z = 90' + 120' + 150" = 360'
= t +220" = 360"
b\ Zr + 120" + 80' + 60" = 360'
.'. r=360'-220"=740"
[Angle sum property of
(c) Angle sum ofa pentagon = 540' a quadrilaterall
+ 30' +.r + 110' + 120' +r = 540'
C
["' 180' - 70'= 110";
180"-60'=120"1 60
+2x+260"=54O"
:+ ?.r = 540" - 260"
+ 2x
D r
=280'
... i= ?p
2 =
rao"
120"
,
B
A

UNDERSTANDING QUADRILATERALS 37

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lr+260'=360' 2.}3x=! =z=p=q = r?Why?

.. Zr = 360'- 260' = 100' 3. What is the measure of each?
Now r + 120' = f80" (Linsar pair)
(i) exterior a-ngle (ii) interior angle
.. x= 180'- 120'= 60'
4. Repeat this activity for th.e cases of
y + 80" = 180' (Linear pair)
180'- 80' = 100' (i) a regular octagon
z + 60" = 180" (r.inear pair) (ii) a regular 20-gon
.. z = 180'-60'= 120' Sol. l. We know that, sum ofthe measure ofexterior
w=l8O'-Zr angles ofa polygon = 360'
= 180. - 100. = 80. .'- mz-r + mzy + mzz + mzp
(Iingar pair)
+ mZq + mZr = 360"
.. x+y+z+u
2. Since the given figure is a regular polygon.
= 60' + 100' + 120' + 80"
.'. m.Za = ml! = mzz
= 360"
= mzp = mzq = mzr
Tny TxEsE (Faoe 43) 3. (i) Since the sum ofall exterior angles = 360"

Q. Take a regular hexagon given below .'. Measure of each exterior angle
=360'+6=60'
(il) Surr of all interior angles of a regular
polygon of sides 6 = (6 - 2) x 180'
q =4x180"=720"
Z
.'. Measure of each interior angle
1. What is the sum of the measures of its =720"+6=720.
exterior angles:, y, z, p, q, r? 4. Since it is an activity. Try yourself.

Q1. Find r in the following figures (b) Here Zy = tAD" - 90' = 99'
(o) (b)
126. z

r25. 70" 0
T u

Sol. (o) We know that the sum of all the exterior and Zz =90" (giveo)
angles of a polygon = 360. .'. r + y + 60' + z + 70' = 360'
.. 125" + 125'+r=360' ['.. Snrn ofall the exterior angles
ofa polygon = 360'l
250'+:=360. , + 90' + 60' + 90' + 70. = 360.
r+310'=360'
126" .. x =360"-310'=50'
Hence : = 50'
Q2. Find the measure of each exterior angle of a
reguJar polygon of
r25. (i) 9 sides (ii) 15 sides
r=360"-250"=110 Sol. (j) We know the sum of all the exterior angles
Hence t = ll0' of polygon = 360'

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.'. Measure of each angle of 9 sided regr:lar .. Measure of each interior angle
polygon (z-2)x180"

=360"
g = ao"' (z-2)x180'
n

(iii) Sum ofa]I the exterior angles ofa polygon = n

=22"
360" > ].SOn-2x]8O=22n
.'. Measure ofeach angle of 15 sided regular ) 78On-22n =360
polygon
+ 1582 = 360
360.
= l5 =24"
360 180
n = =
Q3. How many sides does a regular polygon have if "' z9158
not a whole nunber.
the measure of an exterior angle is 24"?
Since numher ofsides cannot be in fractions.
Sol. Sum of all exterior angles of a regular polygon .'. It is not possible for a regular polygon to
= 360' have its interior angle = 22'.
.'. Number of sides Q6. (o) Wbat is the minimnrn interior angle possible
360" for a rcguJar polygon? Why?
- measure of an angle (b) What is the msrimum exterior engle possible
360' for a regular polygon?
= 24 = th Sol. (o) Snm ofall interior angles ofa regular polygon
- ofside z
Hence, the number of sides = 15
=(z-2)x180.
Q4. How many sides does a regular polygon have if .'. Measure of each interior angle
each of its interior angles is 165"?
(z_2)x180"
Sol, t et z be the nunber ofsides ofa regular polygon.
n
.'. Sum of all interior angles
For minimum possible interior angle
=(z-2)x180" (z-2)x180'
and, measure ofits each angle >0
n
(z-2)x180'
n a n>2
(z-2)x180 .'. lhe minimum measure the angle of an
(given)
So = 165 equilateral triaagle (n = 3) = 60'.
n
=> lSOn -2x 180 = 1662 (b) From part (o) we can conclude that the
+ 1802 - 360 = 1652 me=imrrm exterior angle ofa rcgular polygon
_ 169. _ 69" 120..
1802 - 165z = 360 =
=
+ 152 = 360
Tnv Tuese (Paee 4f
360
:. n= = 24. Q. Take two identical set squares with angles 30'
- - 60' - 90' and place them adjacently to form
Hence, the number of sides = 24 a parallelogram as shown in figure' Does this
Q6. (o) Is it possible to have a regular polygon with help you to veriff the above property?
measure of each exterior angle c is 22o?
(b) Can it be an interior angle of a regular
polygon? WhY?
Sol. (o) Since, the sum ofall the exterior angles ofa
regular polygon = 360' which is not divisible
by 22".
.'. It is not possible that a regular polygon
must have its exterior ang)e 22'.
(b ) Sum ofall interior angles ofa regular polygon
ofside z
=(z-2)x180" Sol. It is an activity. You can try yourself.

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EXERCISE 3.3
Ql. Given a parallelogram ABCD. Complete each =+z + 100' = 180'
statement along with the deffnition or prop€rty :. z = 180'- 100'= 80"
used.
ZA -- ZC [Opposite angles of a llcnl
(r)AD
(ii) zDcB
=- .'. * = 80'
Hence.r = 80',y = 100'andz = 80'
(ri,) oc = _ (rr) PQRS is a parallelogram.
(iu) nZDAB + nZCDA= _
S
D

A B PQ
Sol. (i) AD = BC .. ZP + lS = la0'
[Opposite sides ofa parallelogram are equal] [A{lacent a-ngles of parallelogram]
(ii) ZDCB = ZDAB [Opposite angles of a + z+50'= 180'
parallelogram are equall .'. r, = r80'- 50" = 130.
(,ri) oc = oA Now, ZP = ZR [Opposite angles are
[Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each equal]
otherl :+ .t =y + y = 130"
(io) nIDAB + wICDA 180.[Adacent angleg Also, !=z lAlternate angles]
= .'.
of a parallelogram are supplementarlrl z = 130'
Hence, t = 130',y = 130' andz = 130.
Q2 . Consider the following parallelograms. Find the
(jjj) ABCD is a rhombus.
values of the unknownsx,y,z.
[... Diagonals intersect at 90"]
c

(, B
-"b\
o<----Ph--ao\u
(it)
YiY,/ -r'
A
.. z=90"
Now in AOCB,
(iil) (iu\ r +y + 30'= 180.
(Angle sum property)
:+ 90" +y + 30'= 180'
:+ y+1200=180"
.'. Y= 180'- 120'= 60'
(iv)
Sol. (j) ABCD is a parallelogram.
! =z (Alternate angles)
;. z=6O"
D Hence,.r = 90",y = 60' and z = 60..
c
(iu) ABCD is a parallelogram

A B C
'. ZB= ZD [Opposite angles ofa
parallelogram are equall
'. ZD= 100'+ y= 100" B
ZA + ZB = l8O' [A{acent angles ofa .. ZA + ZB = 78O"
Parallelogre rn 4p (A{'acent angles of a parallelogram
supplementaryl are supplementary)

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:+ r+80'= 180' Q4. Draw a rough figure ofa quadrilateral that is

.'. t= 180'-80'= 100' not a parallelogram but has exactly two opposite
Now, ZD = ZB [Opposite angles of a l]gml angles of equal measure.
Sol. ABCD is a mugh figure of a quatlrilateral in
- Y=80" which mZA= m ZC but it is not a parallelogram.
Also, z= ZB =80" It is a kit€.
(Alternate angles) B
Hence.r = 100',y = 80" and z = 80'
(u) ABCD is a parallelogram.
D ^(\/ \.
C
\/
\/
\/
D
.'. ZD = ZB Q5. The measures of two adjacent angles of a
lOpposite angles of a ll9rl parallelogram are in the ratio 3 : 2. Find
" Y = L72' the measure of each of the angles of the
: +y + 40'= 180' parallelogram.
[Angle sun property] Sol. l,et ABCD is parallelogrgm such that
*+112"+40'=180' mZB: mZC =3:2
C
r+152'=180'
:=180'-152=28"
z=t=28"
(Alternate angles)
Hence x = 28", y = 112", z = ?.8". Let mZB=k" ondmZC =?.x"
Q3. Can a quadrilateral ABCD be a parallelogram mZB+mZC=180"
if (Suo of a{acent angles = 180')
(i\ tD + ZB = 180"? .'. Bz + 2.x = l8O"
(rr) AB = DC = 8 cm, AD = 4 cm and BC = 4.4 5r = 180
cm? 180
(iii) ZA = 70" al'd. ZC = 65"?
:. x=-=36"
Sol. (i) For ZD + ZB = 180, quadrilateral ABCD mav Thus, ZB =3 x 36 = 108"
be a parallelogram iffollowing conditions are ZC=2x36'=72'
also fu]filled. ZB=ZD=L08'
(o) The sum of measures of a{iacent angles and 1A= ZC = 72"
should be 180". Hence, the meaaures of the angles of the
(b) Opposite e.'gles should also be of same parallelogram are lO8" ,72' , 108' and 72".
measureg Q6. Two adacent angles of a parallelogram have
equal measure. Find the measure ofeach ofthe
So, ABCD can be but need not be a
angles of the parallelog?am.
parallelogram.
(ii) Given: AB = DC = 8 cm, AD = 4 cm, BC = SoI. Let ABCD be a parallelogram in which
ZA= ZB
4.4 cm CD
In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal.
Here AD * BC
Thus, ABCD cannot be a parallelogram.
(iii) ZA = 70" and lC = 65"
Sitce ZA* ZC AB
Opposite angles of quadrilateral are not We ImowZA + ZB = la0"
equal.
[$,'m of a{acent angles = 180'l
Hence, ABCD is not a parallelogram. .'. ZA + ZA = l8O"

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2ZA = 180" =) y +7 =20

... 180"
ZA= _ =90o
:t y=20-7 =13
Also, ON = 9P
Thus, tA= ZC =90' x+y=L6
and ZB= ZD =90' =
:+ r+13=16
[Opposite angles ofa parallelogr"- are equal]
Q7. The adjacent figure HOPE is a parallelogram.
.'. ,=16-13=3
Find the angle measures r, y aad z. State the Hence, r = 3 cm andy = 13 cm.
properties you use to find them.
Qe. U
P
r)
ip
IC L
70' In the above figure both RISK and CLUE are
H
o parallelograms. Find the value ofr.
Sol. Zv = 40" (AJternate angles)
Sol. Here RISK and CLUE are two parallelograms.
Zz + 40' = 70. (Exterior angle property)
.'. Zz = 70" - 40' = 30'
z = ZEPH (Alternate angle)
h^EPH aro
Zt + 40" + Z2 = lBO" (Adjacent angles)
Zt+4O"+30'=180' R
IC L
Zt+70"=180'
ZL = ZL = 70' (Opposite angles of
.'. Lc = 180'- 70' = 110.
a parallelogram)
Hence.r = 110',y = 4[' and z = 30..
tK+22=L8O'
Q8. The following figures GUNS and RUNS are
parallelograms. Find : and y. (Lengths are Sum of ad'acent angles is 180.
in cm) L2O'+ t2 = 78O"
(D 26 y (ii) S .'. 22 = 180" - 120. -- 60.
30 In AOES,
18
$.
>9.'- 2 Z.a + Zl + 22 = lBO" (Angle sum property)
U
G
-1 R U + Zz + 70" + 60. = 180.
Sol. (r) GU = SN (Opposite sides ofa
- Z.r + 130. = 180.
parallelogram) .'. Z.x. = r80'- 130. = 80.
U -7=26 Hence .r = 50'
= 3y=26+7
+ 3y =21
Ql0. Explain how this figure is a trapezium. Which
ofits two sides are paratlel?
_ zt" _" N M
It
Similarly, cS = tlN
3r= 18

... x= )a- =a
Hence, r = 6 cm ald/ = 9 cm
t K L

(ii) Since, the diago- N

Sol. lM+ lL= 100" + 80. = 180"
nals ofa parallelo-
"3o .xi .v '.' ZM and ZL are the adacent angles.
gran bisect each tr. and sum ofad'acent interior angles is 180.
^"9 2
other .. KL is parallel to NM
... ou _- os U
Hence KLMN is a trapezium.

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if Sol. Given that Zq= ]-30'and ZR = 90'

Qll. Find mZC in below figure AB llDC
Sol. Given that aS il DC
SP tt ne (siven)

.. mZB + mZC = 18O" (Sum ofadacent .'. ZP + ZQ = f80' (Adjacent angles)

angles of a parallelogram = ZP + 130'= 180'
is 180') ZP = 180'- 130'= 50'
=
D
and, ZS+ ZR= 180' (Adacent angles)
a ZS + 90" = 180'
.'. ZS = ta0" - 99' = 90"
Alternate Method:
zQ = 130', tR = 9O"
l2O'+mZC=780"
.'. mtC = 180'- 120' = 60' and ZS = 90'
Hence mZC = 60" We know that

Q12. Find the measure of ZP and zS if SP ll RQ in ZP + ZQ+ ZR+ Zq = 360"

figure, is there any other method to find mZY?) (Angle sum property of quadrilateral)
R ZP+13O"+90'+90'=360'
ZP+310'=360'
:. ZP = raO" - 316'= 50'
Hence mZP = 50"

EXERCISE 3.4
State whether Tlue or False. (ii) Square is a parallelogram due to the
Ql.
(o) All rectangles are squarea. following pmperties:
(a) Opposite sides are equal and parallel.
(b) AII rhombuses are parallelograms.
(b) Opposite angles are equal.
(c) AII squares are rhombuses and also
rectangles.
(iii) Square is a rhombus because its all sides are
(d) All squares are not parallelograms. equal and opposite sides are parallel.
(iu) Square is a rectalgle because its opposite
(e) All kites are rhombuses.
sides are equal and has equal diagonal.
All rhombuses are kites.
(/')
(61) All parallelograms are trapeziums. Q4. Neme the quadrilaterals whose diagonals
(i) bisect each other
(ft) All squares are traPeziums.
(ii) are perpendicular bisectors of each other
Sol. (o) False (b) True (c) True
(iii) are equal
(d) False (e) False f) True
Sol. (i) Parallelogram, rectangle, square and
G) True (D) True
rhombus
Q2. Identify all the quadrilaterals tJ:at have (ii) Square and rhombus
(o) four sides of equal length
(jii) Rectangle and square
(b) four right angles
Sol. (o) Squares and rhombuses. Q5. Explain why a rectangle is a convex quadrilateral'
(b) Rectangles and squares'
Sol. In a rectangle, both of its diagonal lie in its
interior. Hence, it is a convex quadrilateral.
Q3. Explain how a square is
(i) a quadrilateral (ii) a parallelogr"' Q6, ABC is a right-angled triangle and O is the
midpoint ofthe side opposite to the right angle.
(iii) a rhombus (iu) a rectangle
Explain why O is equidistant from A, B and C.
Sol. (i) Square is a quailrilateral because it is closed (The dotted lines are tlrawn adilitionally to help
with four line seguents. you).

UNDERSTANDING QUADRILATERALS
43

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D Sol. Since, the right-angled tria-ngle ABC mahes a

rectalgle ABCD by the dotted lines.
Therefore OA = OB = OC = ODlDiaSonaIs of a
rectangle are equal and bisect each otherl
B c
Hence, O is equidistant fiom A, B and C.

LearningMoreQ&A
l. Veny Snonr Ar.rswen (VSA) QuEsnots Q4. The angles ofa quadrilateral are in the ratio of
Ql, In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. 2:3 :5: 8. Find the measure ofeach algle.
Find :r. Sol. Sum of all interior angles of a quadrilateral
5r-1 = 360"
Let the angles of the quadrilateral be 2r", 3:.,
5:' and &'.
.'. 2t+32+5r+ 8r=360'
A 3r+5 B :+ f8, = 360'
Sol. AB=DC [Opposite sides ofa parallelogram] (f'0
.. 3z+5=5r-f a= * :.> x=20"
" )4
Hence the angles arc2 x 2O = 40.,3 x 20 = 60.,
+ -2r= -6 .-. x=B 5 x 20 = 100' and 8 x 20 = 160.
Q2. ln the given figure find I + y + z.
Find the measure of an interior angle of
Q5. a
regular polygon of 9 sides.
r
Sol. Measure ofan interior angle ofa regular polygon
(z-2)x180'
T
ofz sides =
n
z For z = 9, we have
Sol. We know that the sum ofall the exterior algles (9-2)x180' 7x180"
ofa polygon = 360.
99
:. t+y +z=360"
Q3. In the given figure, find r. =7 x 20" = t4O"
Hence, the angle is 140..
c Q6. Length and breadth ofa rectangular wire are
9 cm and 7 cm resSrcctively. If the wire is bent
into a square, find the length of iLs side.
Sol. Perimeter of the rectangle

B
=2 length + breadth]
=219 +71 =2x16=BZcm.
Sol. ZA + ZB + ZC = 7g0 [Angle s,m property]
7cm
.'. (, + 10)'+ (& + 5)'+ (2, + 1b). = 180.
+ r+ l0 + 3.r +S+2.r+ 1E = 1gO
9cm
R€ctangle
Square

= 6r+30= 180
Now perimeter of the square
= &= 180 - g0
= Perin:eter of rectangle
=) 6r= 180-30 =32cm,
- 6:= 150 o,la
.'. Side of the sq uare u+ = I cm.
... a= )86,ru
'4 =
g =zs Hence, the length ofside ofsquare = 8 cm

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Q7. I-n the given figure ABCD, find the value of .r. Sol, ZA+ ZD = 180" (Ad'acent angles)
725" + ZD = l8O"
C
= ZD=18O"-125'
-
:=55'
A
/j\ = zC lOpposite qngles of
a parallelograml
LZ6o=y+66o
Sol. S.,m ofall the exterior angles ofa polygon = 360' :+ y = 125" -56"
.'.z +70" +80'+ 70' = 360' + Y=69"
:+ x +220'=360" Zz + Zy = l8O" (A4iacent angles)
.'. r= 360'-220"=140' .'. Zz + 69' = 180'
Q8. In the parallelogram given alongside if =) Zz=180"-69"=lll"
mzq = 1700, fi.nd all the other angles. Hence the angles x = 55",! = 69' and z = 111'
R Qrf . Find r in the following figure.
(NCERT Eremplar)
E
90'
a
Sol. Given mzq = lLOo
Then mZS = lLO"
A
(Opposite angles are equal)
1 u
Since ZP and lQ are supplementary.
B
ThenmZP+mZQ=180'
+ mZP + 110" = 180'
.'. mZP = 180' - 110' = 70'
Sol. In the given figur.e ll + 90' = 180' (linear pair)
mtP mZR=70" Z1 = 90"
=
(Opposite angles) Now, sum ofexterior angles ofa polygon is 360',
Hence rnZP = 70, mlR = 70' therefore, r + 60' + 90" + 90' + 40' = 360'
and mlS = llO" r+280'=360'
Q9. In the given figure, ABCD is a rhombus. Find .r = 80'
the values of.r, y and z.
C ll. Sronr Ar,rswen (SA) QuesrtoNs
z' Q12. In the given parallelogram ABCD, find the value
72 .'.
9r" 13 cm
ofr andy.
b\ c
B (3r+3
SoI. AB=BC (Sides ofa rhombus)
.'. ,= 13cm. 3v" (21
Since the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each B
other
..- Sol. lA+ ZB= 180' (A{iacent angles)
z =5ardy=12
ffence, .r = 13 cm, y = 12 cm and z = 5 cm.
3y+2y-5= 180'
Q10. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. =) 5y-6= r80'
Find *, y and z . -) W= 180 + 5'
E 5t= 186'
B
=
.'. )a6" +
y= -------
b
Y =37'
Now lA. = ZC [Opposite angles of
a parallelograml

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3Y=3r+3
+ 3x37=3r+3 .- x=,8 4

= 111=3r+3 Sinilarly OB = OD
fu+4=2y+73
= 108 -- 3, 5Y -2r =13-4
=
3t =9
... x= 4g x=86" =
Hence, r = 36'andy = 37'.
=.>
.. . /-
q
.._ _"
3 -"
Q13. ABCD is a rhombus with ZABC = 126', find the Hence,.r = 4 andy = 3
measure of ZACD.
Q16. Write true and false against each of the given
c statements.
(o) Diagonals ofa rhombus are equal. _
(b) Diagonals ofa rectangles are equal. _
(c) Kite is a parallelogram. _
(d) Sum of the ilterior angles of a triangle is
B
Sol. .ABC= ZADC
180.. _
(e) Trapezium is a parallelogram
(Opposite angles ofa rhombus)
f) Sum ofall the exterior angles ofa polygon is
... tADC = 126" 360'. _
1 (g) Diagonals of a rectangle are perpendicular
ZODC =
2
lx
ZADC
to each other. _
(Diagonal of rhombus bisects (i) Triangle is possible with angles 60., 80. and
the respective angles) 100'. _
1 (i) In a parallelogram, the opposite sides are
= - x 126' = 68"
equal.
.: ZDOC = 90' Sol. (a) False (b) True (c) False
('.' Diagonale of a rhombus (d) True (e) False
bisect each other at 90') - f) True
(A) False (ft) False (r) True
.. In AOCD,
Q16. The sides AB and CD of a quadrilateral ABCD
ZOCD + ZODC + ZDOC = r80. are extended to poinls P and Q respectively. Is
(Angle sum property) .ZADQ + ICBP = tA + ZC? Give reason.
.. ZOCD + 63" + 90. = 180. (I{CERT Etemplar)
ZOCD+153'=180" Sol. Join AC, then
ZOCD=180'-163'=27" 4CBP = 4BCA + ZBAC
Hence ZOCD or ZACD = 27" and ZADQ = ZACD + ZDAC
Ql4. Find the values ofr and y in the following (Exterior angles of triangles)
parallelogram.
D
D a C

A P
B
Therefore,
Sol. Since, the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect /CBP + zN)Q = ZBCA + zBAC + zACD
each other.
+ ZDAC
.'. oA = oc
= (ZBCA + ZACD)
.t+8=16-r + (ZBAC + ZDAC\
x+r=LG-8 = ZC+ ZA
2x=8

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Hrcnen OnoEn Trrrrcro Sru-r-s (HOTS) Quesrrors Qf8. If AM and CN are perpendiculars on the
diagonal BD of a parallelogram ABCD, Is AAMD
Ql7. The diagonpl ofa rectangle is thrice its smaller ' ACNB? Give reason. (NCERT Exemplar)
side. Find the ratio ofiLs sides. =
Sol. Let * cm
A-D -- Sol. A D
.. diagonal BD = 3r cm
In right-angled triangle DAB,
AD2+AB2=BD2
(Using ftrthagoras Theorem)
a2+AB2=(k)2 c In triargles AMD and CNB,
- 12+ AB2 = 9a2 AD=BC (opposite sides of
:+ r
AB2=9a2-* parallelogram)
+ AB2 = 822 B ZTJIIB=ZCNB=90'
.. AB =
^l8t = z.t-zr ZADM = ZNBC (AD ll BC and BD is
.. Required ratio ofAB : AD transversal. )
(AAS)
= 2.12x :x= 2Ji:7 So, AAMD
=
ACNB

Test Yourself
Mumpre Cnorce QuesrroHs (MCQs) Q5, In the given figure, tJre value ofr is
Ql. ABCD is a parallelogram. The value of r is
(a) 170' (b) r90' (c) 90' (d) 100'
A
D c

B x

A B
c
b\ 70" (b) 80'
Q6. Ifthe angles ofa quatlrilateral arez', (2r + l3)',
(c) 60' (d) 100' (3r + 10)' and (z - 6)', fird:.
Q2. The measure of three angles of a quadrilateral Q7. In the given figure, the bisectors of /Aatd, ZB
are 39", 141' and 67'. The fourth angle is meet at a point P. If ZC = 96' and ZD = 3O",
(o) 113' (b) 103' find ZAPB.
(c) 131' (d) 133'
c
Q3, The measure of ZADC is

@t *
z). B

Q8. One side of a parallelogram is greater than

9D"
the other by 25 cm. If the perimeter of the
[* parallelogre'" is 150 cm, find the length of all
sides of the parallelogram.
(2n
*e) Qe. Which ofthe following groups ofangles forms a
quatlrilateral? Give reason.
(a) 45",75", 110', 90'
b) 37' (b) 47" (c) 133' (A $" (b) 125" , 180' ,25" , 40"
Q4. The angles of a quailrilateral are in the ratio (c) 95', 115", 60', 90'
2 : 3 : 5 : 8. Ttre smallest angle is:
(o) 60' (b) 40' (c) 50" (d) 20" Ql0. In a quadrilateral ABCD, ZA = 65' an d ZB = 85" .
lf ZC' ZD = 5 : 6, find angles C and D.

UNDERSTANDING QUADRILATERALS 47

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Qll. What is the sum ofthe angles ofa convex polSrgon Q16. ln rectangle PAIR" find ZARI, ZRMI and ZPMA
whose number of sides are (o) 10 (b) 8 (NCERT Erzmplar)
Q12. Find the value ofr in each ofthe following cases: P R
o
o
6l
R

T , A
35"
I
(D
a (r) B
Q17. Fill in the blankq:
Q13. In the given trapezium PQRS, ST and RT are (i)The sum of the adjacent angles of a
the bisectors of ZPSR and ZSRQ respectively. parallelogram is _.
Find ZPQR.
R
(ii) The diagonals of a rectangle each
other.
(iii) The diagonals ofa rhombus bisect each other
-
at _.
a (iu) A pair of opposite sides of a trapezium is
Q14. Find the value of r, y and z in the following
figure.
(u) The sum of all the angles ofa polygon of8
L sides is _.
(ui) The stm ofall the exterior angles ofa polygon
d is
z
(uii) In a square ABCD if AC = (7.r - 2) cm and
Q15. In rectangle READ, find ZEAR, ZRAD and BD = 111, - 10) cm, then r = _.
ZROD (NCER? Eremplar)
R D (uiii) The two diagonals of a kite are not _.
(l.r) The sum ofall interior angles ofa pentagon
is equal to _.
(r) The diagonals of an isosceles trapezium are

ANSWERS
r. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 12. (i) t20' (i, 1r0" lJ. 110'
4. (b) 5. (o) 14. x =30.,y = 110.,2 = 30.
6. 49 7. 63 r5. 30.,60", 120. 16. 55., 70., 70.
8. 25 cm, 50 cm, 25 cm, 50 cm 17. (i) r80' (jj) bisect (iii) 90.
(iu) parallel (u) 1080" (ui) 360'
9. (c) 10. 100'and 120' (uii) 2 (uifi) equal (i.x,) 540"
tt. (a) 74l'0 (b) 1080' (:) equal

lnternal Assessment
Qf . Which of the following is a true statement? Q2. In a right algled AABC, the hypotenuse AC =
(o) The diagonals ofa rhombus are equal. 4.6 cm, find BD, where D is mid-point of AC.
(b) The diagonals ofa square are equal. @) 3.2 cm
A
(c) The diagonals ofa parallelogram bisect each
other at 90'.
(b) 2.3 cm (e
(d) fire diagonals ofa rectangle are perpendicular (c) 4.6 cm
to each other. (d) 3.5 cm
B c
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Q3. One angle of a parallelogram is 3 times its Q10. Complete the following puzzle.
adjacent angle. Find all the angles of the 2
parallelogram. *
Q4. In a quadrilateral, sum of the three angles is o
equal to twice the fourth angle. Find the fourth 6
4
angle. v t
The measure ofan angle ofa regular polygon is U D R
Q5.
108". Find the number of sides of the polygon.
Q6. Fill in the blrnLs:
(i) The greatest angle of triangle is less than E

(ii) One of the acute angle of a right angled

triangle is 30", then the measure of other
acute angle is
(iii) In an isosceles trapezium, a pair ofopposite
sides is parallel and the pair of other two
sides is -. Finft;
(iu) The sum of the measures of exterior angles 1. A figure enclosed by a number ofline segments
of a oolvson is is called
-. of a rhombus are right angles
(u) If all angles 2. has all its sides equal.
then it is a 3. The sum-.of all interior algles of a is
360'.
Q7. One side of a rectangle ls Z ]2 ti-e" the other. -
If its perimeter-.is 98 cm, find its sides.
4. Opposite sides ofa are equal.
-
Q8. In a rectangile ABCD, diagonals AC and BD meet 5. The sum of- angles ofa parallelogram is
at O. If OA = 2r + 7 and OD = 3r - 5, findr. 180'.
-
Q9. In the given figure ABCD is b
D 6. A pair ofopposite sides ofa are parallel
a rhombus, find the value of to each other.
(a - b).
-
A B

ANSWERS
r. (b) 2. (b) r0. (1) POLYGON
3. 45" 135" 45" 135' (2) R}IOMBUS
4. L20" 5. 5 (3) QUADRII,ATERAL
6. (i) 180' (,' 60' (iri) equal (4) PARALLELOGRAM
(iu)360' (u) square (5) ADJACEI{T
7. 14 cm,35 cm a. 12 9. 43' (6) TRAPEZII'M

UNDERSTANDING QUADRILATERALS 49

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