Earth and Life Science Learning Activity Sheets Quarter 1 - Week 3A: The Earth's Internal Heat First Edition, 2021

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Earth and Life Science

Learning Activity Sheets
Quarter 1 – Week 3A: The Earth’s Internal Heat
First Edition, 2021
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Development Team of the Learners Activity Sheets

Writer: Elma Joy O. Jopia
Editors: Kevin Hope Z. Salvaňa
Relyn D. Raza
Abraham Masendo
Marilyn Villareal
Jennyvi H. Papellero
Tamarah Harel M. Consigna
Rainer P. Sularte
Lay-out Reviewer: Relyn D. Raza
Tamarah Harel M. Consigna
Rainer P. Sularte
Management Team: Minerva T. Albis, Ph.D., Schools Division Superintendent
Dr. Hector De N. Macalalag, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Lorna P. Gayol, CID Chief
Lelani R. Abutay. LR Manager
Abraham L. Masendo, Science Education Program Supervisor
Kevin Hope Z. Salvaňa, Regional Science Coordinator
Author: Elma Joy O. Jopia

School: Sta.Fe National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
Email add: elmajoy.jopia@deped.gov.ph Page 1
WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
Earth and Life Sciences, Quarter 1, Week 3A
THE EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT
Name: ___________________________________________ Grade Level/Section:
Most Essential Learning Competency:

Describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from. (S11/12ES-Ib-14)
Specific Objectives:
After going through this learning activity sheets, you are expected to:
1. identify the parts and function of Earth’s interior;

2. differentiate primordial heat from radiogenic heat as sources of Earth’s
internal heat
3. illustrate the redistribution of earth’s internal heat; and
4. relate internal sources of heat to human activities.
Time Allotment: 2 hours
Key Concepts
If we think of a volcano, we know Earth must be hot inside. The heat inside
the Earth moves continents builds mountains and causes earthquakes(Salandanan
et al., 2016).Where does all this heat inside Earth come from? You probably asked
this question before.
What’s Inside the Earth?
Like all terrestrial planets, the Earth’s interior is differentiated. This means
that its internal structure consists of layers arranged like the skin of the onion,
“peel back one, and you find another” which is distinguished by its chemical and
geological properties, as well as vast differences in temperature and pressure. The
Earth is composed of three distinct layers, crust, mantle and core. The hottest layer
is the core that produces heat.
In addition, the bowels of the Earth closely resemble a giant thermal power
station, powered by convection currents that heat the surface. At the very center of
this giant factory we have the solid inner core and the molten outer core. The solid
inner core differs from molten outer core is mainly due to the relative melting
points of the different layers and the increase in temperature and pressure as
depth increases.

The outer core- made from iron and
nickel in liquid form, heatedly largely
by radioactive decay, this liquid
churns in huge, turbulent currents.
The mantle- the thickest layer,

made mostly of iron, magnesium and
silicon, it is dense, hot and semi-
solid. Near its upper edges (between
about 100-200 km) underground, its
temperature reaches the melting
point of rock. Thus, it forms a layer
of partially melted rock-
asthenosphere (weak, hot, slippery
part of the mantle and it is what
Figure1.The Layers of the Earth Earth’s tectonic plates ride upon and
Source https://www.sciencenewsforstudents. slide across). The mantle’s outermost
org/article/expaliner-earth-layer-layer/amp zone is relatively cool and rigid and
The crust – extremely thin, cold and brittle behaves more like the crust above.
compared to what lies below it. Along with the Together, this uppermost and the
upper zone of mantle, the crust is broken into crust are known as lithosphere
pieces (tectonic plates)
The inner core-extremely dense which made up
of solid iron, intensely hot (almost as hot as the
surface of the sun) that keeps the outer core as
liquid, pressures here are immense
Mantle convection (hotter molten
rocks rises and cooler molten rocks
sinks) is the result of heat transfer
from the core to the base of the
lower mantle and it occurs at rates
of centimeters per year. It is an
essential feature to the movement
of tectonic plate because the heat
builds up pressure underneath the
crust (Tectonic plates). As they
become unstable, they push against
each other (subduction) and rise
upwards or one goes under the
other.
Figure 2. The Mantle Convection
Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Mantle_convection

Why Is Earth Hot Inside?
The interior of Earth is very hot for two main reasons:
1. The heat from when the planet formed (Primordial Heat) which came from
the following sources:
a. Accretion energy
Accretion of material during the formation of planets is likely one of the
largest sources of heat. The accretion heat is the energy accumulated
during the burial of heat by impacts as the planet grows through the
accretion of planetisimals (a combination of the word “plant” and
“infinitesimal”) and they are considered as fundamental building blocks of
terrestrial planets and the core of giant planets). In other words, it is the
heat generated by the conversion of kinetic energy of impacting bodies to
thermal energy.
b. Adiabatic compression
As more particles accreted in planet those at the center squashed by
growing gravitational load
c. Core formation energy
Core formation is the biggest differentiation event in the life of any
terrestrial planet. Settling of Fe to center of Earth converts potential
energy of iron into heat energy.
d. Decay of short-lived radioisotopes
Short-lived radioisotopes are those with half-lives measured in millions of
years (Ma) or fewer. Typically, we don’t expect to encounter these in the
modern solar system because only undetectable traces of them will
remain from the time of their formation in supernova or previous star
prior to the formation of the solar system. 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, 41Ca, 53Mn, 60Fe,
107Pd, and 129I are examples of short-lived radioisotopes. These are thought
to have been a major source of heat driving planetary differentiation in

early solar system.
2. The heat from the decay of radioactive elements (Radiogenic Heat),
particularly the long-lived radioisotopes
a. Long-lived radioisotopes
Those radioisotopes with half-lives measured in hundreds of millions or
billions of years (Ga). Present in the modern world in detectable quantities.
Some long-lived radioisotopes are 235U, 238U, 40K, 232Th which considered as
first source decay produced more heat early in Earth’s history than it does
today.
About 50% of the heat given off by the Earth’s is generated by the radioactive
decay of elements such as Uranium and Thorium and their decay products.
Geophysicists believe that heat flows from Earth’s interior into space at a rate of
about 44 x 1012 W (Johnston, 2011).

Production of Heat within the Earth
over time by radioactive decay of
Uranium, Thorium and Potassium
Heat production has decreased over

time as the abundance of
radioactive atoms has decreased.
Figure 3. Production of Heat

Source: Steven Earle (2015) CC BY 4.0 view source modified after Arevalo et.al. (2009)
Geothermal Gradient
- is the rate of temperature change with respect to increasing depth in earth’s
interior
- Based on the geotherm curve,

it can be deduced that the
mantle is considerably hotter
than the crust, and the core is
much hotter than the mantle.
-
Core-mantle boundary:
3,700°C
Inner-core – outer-core
boundary: 5,000°C
Earth’s center: 6,400°C±600°C
Figure 4. The Geothermal Gradient

Source: http:// www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol100/lectures/10.html)
-Temperature gradient in the crust is ˜25°C

-Some areas exhibit a much higher gradient as a result of a greater concentration
of heat at relatively shallow depths. These areas (areas of anomalously high
temperature gradient) are exploited for geothermal energy.

-If temperature was simply a linear function of depth (linear relationship), we
should expect that at depths below 100 km (the average thickness of the
lithosphere), temperature could reach as much as 2500°C. Partial melting of rocks
can occur at this temperature yet we know that, except for the outer core, the rest
of the Earth is essentially solid. Most of the rocks beneath the surface of the Earth
are solid due to the fact that the geothermal gradient drops sharply a short
distance into the earth and that increasing confining pressure with depth
counteracts the effect of increasing temperature.
-Temperature gradient at the mantle: between 0.5°C/km to 1°C/km.
How the Earth’s Internal Heat Is Redistributed?
Both sources of heat whether primordial or radiogenic undergo heat transfer

and it plays an important role to the continuous changes and development of our
planet. The heat from Earth’s interior is distributed through the simultaneous
processes of convection and conduction.
Conduction governs the thermal conditions in almost entire solid portions of the
earth. It is defined as the process by which heat energy is transmitted through
collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules. It is responsible for the heat
transfer from earth’s core and radiation from the sun to the surface.
Convection governs the heat transport in the fluid outer core and the mantle. It
involves transfer of heat by the movement of mass, which is more efficient means of
heat transport in the Earth compared to pure conduction. Convection dominates
the thermal conditions in the zone where large quantities of fluids (molten rocks)
exist. Convection occurs at the mantle but not between the core and mantle or even
between the asthenosphere and lithosphere (except at sea-floor spreadingzones).The
only heat transfer mechanism in these transition zones is through conduction.
Figure 5. Diagram illustrating how heat is transferred in the Earth’s interior

Source: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/EarthSci/people/lidunka/GEOL2014/ Geophysics8%20-%20-
Thermal%20evolution/Heat.htm

Earth’s heat flow transport occurs by
conduction, mantle convection,
hydrothermal convection and volcanic
advection. Earth’s internal heat flow to
the surface is thought to be 80% due to
mantle convection, with the remaining
heat originating in the Earth’s crust,
] with about 1% due to volcanic activity,
earthquakes and mountain building.
Thus, approximately 99% of Earth’s
internal heat loss at the surface is by
conduction through the crust and by
mantle convection is the dominant control
on heat transport from deep within the
Earth.
Figure 6.Heat Transfer Mechanism within the

Earth along with the % amount of heat flow in
each layer
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org./wiki/Earth’s_internal
heat_budget
Activity 1: “Tell Me”

Objective: Identify the parts and function of Earth’s interior.
What you need: pen and paper
What to do: Write the names of the different interior layers of the Earth along with
their properties and brief description.
Source: https://www.sceincefacts.net/layers-of-the-earth-worksheet
Guide Question: What happens to the temperature as depth increases in earth’s
interior?

Activity 2: “Which of Which”
Objective: Differentiate primordial heat from radiogenic heat as source of Earth’s
internal heat.
What you need: pen and paper
What to do: Identify the sources of internal heat by writing RH for radiogenic heat
and PH for primordial heat.
____1. release of thermal energy as a result of spontaneous nuclear disintegration

____2. processes involved in the mantle convection
____3. release of accreational energy
____4. internal heat accumulated by dissipation of planet
____5. presence of different isotopes of heat producing element in the mantle and
crust
Source: De Jesus,C.Earth and Life Science Module 8,First Edition, Department of Education,2020,
Region 1V-A,Philippines
Activity 3: “Illustrate and Explain”

Objective: Illustrate the redistribution of earth’s internal heat.
What you need: pencil, pen and paper
What to do: Illustrate the example indicated in the given scenario in the box where
conduction and convection are applied. Then, relate it to the processes occurring in
the Earth’s internal heat.
Scenario 1: Chocolate candy in your hand will eventually melt as the heat from
your body is released and makes it melted.
Explanation:
______________________________________________________ Illustration
______________________________________________________
Scenario 2: A heater in the hot air balloon heats the air. The air inside is trapped
causing the balloon to rise.
Explanation:
_______________________________________________________ Illustration
_______________________________________________________

Rubric in Writing Explanation:
5- Ideas are expressed scientifically consistent with the concepts and has no
misconception.
4- Ideas are expressed scientifically consistent with the concepts but with minimal
misconception
3-Ideas are expressed scientifically but contain several misconceptions
2- Ideas are poorly expressed scientifically
0- Ideas are vague and not precise
0- No discussion
(Note: Score has to be multiplied by two)
Reflection
What to do: Read the passage carefully.
Earthquake jolt and shake us. Volcanoes erupt, shooting ash and hot gases
into the atmosphere and pouring molten rock over the land. Great mountain ranges
gradually inch upward, over the course of millennia. Earth’s geosphere is
constantly moving and changing, and the energy for all that movement comes from
Earth’s internal heat (Understanding Global Change, 2021).
We all knew that Taal Volcano latest eruption happened last January 12,
2020 and it displaced more than 376,000 people from surrounding towns. Based
on the report from NASA, the damage brought by the eruption extended beyond
plant life. Large numbers of livestock and pets were also left behind when tens of
thousands of people evacuated. Ash even affected the fish-mainly the tilapia and
milkfish-being raised in thousands of aquaculture pens in Taal Lake. According to
the Taal Lake Aquaculture Alliance, Inc., about 30% of the fish cages in the lake
were destroyed during the eruption and to keep the remaining fish alive farmers
appealed the authorities to allow them to feed and harvest the fish to support their
living during lockdowns. Consider yourself as one of the authorities, would you
allow the people to get near in still-active-volcano? Why? You may present your
answer in creative way, e.g. using infographic, slogan, poster, 4-line poem, essay, 4-
line song or any presentation at your preference.
Rubric
5- Ideas expressed scientifically consistent with the concepts and has no
misconception.
4- Ideas expressed scientifically consistent with the concepts but with minimal
misconception
3- Ideas expressed scientifically but contains several misconception
2- Ideas are poorly expressed scientifically
1- Ideas are vague and not precise
0-No discussion
(Note: Score has to be multiplied by two)

Answer Key
Reference for Learners:
Alfonso, V,, Dizon, EA,Jr., Zoraida S.,Listanco, E., Abon, C,.Earth Science Teaching
Guide for senior High School, Commision on Higher
Education,2016,Quezon City,Philippines
Breuer,D., Moore W.B., in Treatise on Geophysics, 2007
Carlson, D. H. et al, Physical Geology Earth Revealed, 2011, p 47 and
http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol100/ lectures/10.htm
Lawson, D. et.al (2001). “Chapter 2:Plate tectonics”. Mantle convection in the earth
and planets.Cambridge University Press. pp.16
Web Sources
“Adiabatic Compression”. Accessed on June 18,2021. Rertrieved from
http’//www.mindat.org/glossary/adiabatic_compression

“Geothermal Gradient”.Accessed on June 18, 2021. Retrieved from
http://eneygyeducation.ca/enclyclopedia/Geothrmal_gradient
Image Sources
Figure 1. Layers of the Earth- A cut-away of Earth’s Layers reveals how thin the
crust is when compared to the lower layers. Accessed June 19,
2021.Retrieved from https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/
article/expaliner-earth-layer-layer/amp
Figure 2.Mantle Convection.Accessed June 19, 2021.Retrieved from

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_convection
Figure 3.Production of Heat within the Earth over time by radioactive decay of
Uranium, Thorium and Potassium.Accessed June 20, 2021.Retrieved
from Source: Steven Earle (2015) CC BY 4.0 view source modified after
Arevaloa et.al. (2009)
Figure 4.Gepthermal gradient. Accessed June 21, 2021.Retrieved from

http:// www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol100/lectures/10.html)
Figure 5. Diagram illustrating how heat is transferred in the earth’s interior.

Accessed June 21,2021. Retrieved from
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/EarthSci/people/lidunka/GEOL2014/Geophysics8
%20-%20-Thermal%20evolution/Heat.htm
Figure 6.Heat Transfer Mechanism within the Earth along with the % amount
of heat flow in each layer.AccessedJune 22, 2021.Retrieved
fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org./wiki/Earth’s_internal heat_budget


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COPYRIGHT PAGE FOR UNIFIED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

Earth and Life Science

First Edition, 2021

Development Team of the Learners Activity Sheets

Author: Elma Joy O. Jopia

THE EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT

Name: ___________________________________________ Grade Level/Section:

Most Essential Learning Competency:

1. identify the parts and function of Earth’s interior;

Time Allotment: 2 hours

What’s Inside the Earth?

Author: Elma Joy O. Jopia

The mantle- the thickest layer,

Author: Elma Joy O. Jopia

The interior of Earth is very hot for two main reasons:

to have been a major source of heat driving planetary differentiation in

Author: Elma Joy O. Jopia

Heat production has decreased over

Figure 3. Production of Heat

- Based on the geotherm curve,

Figure 4. The Geothermal Gradient

-Temperature gradient in the crust is ˜25°C

Author: Elma Joy O. Jopia

How the Earth’s Internal Heat Is Redistributed?

Both sources of heat whether primordial or radiogenic undergo heat transfer

Figure 5. Diagram illustrating how heat is transferred in the Earth’s interior

Author: Elma Joy O. Jopia

Figure 6.Heat Transfer Mechanism within the

Activity 1: “Tell Me”

Author: Elma Joy O. Jopia

____1. release of thermal energy as a result of spontaneous nuclear disintegration

Activity 3: “Illustrate and Explain”

Author: Elma Joy O. Jopia

Author: Elma Joy O. Jopia

Reference for Learners:

Author: Elma Joy O. Jopia

Figure 2.Mantle Convection.Accessed June 19, 2021.Retrieved from

Figure 4.Gepthermal gradient. Accessed June 21, 2021.Retrieved from

Figure 5. Diagram illustrating how heat is transferred in the earth’s interior.

Author: Elma Joy O. Jopia

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