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NAMES AND MINTMARKS AT THE MINT OF
DYRRHACHIUM (c.270-60/55 BC): A CASE STUDY
Abstract – e Dyrrhachium drachmas, struck by the city for about two centuries,
are an interesting coinage showing a remarkable system of control marks, whose
study permits to make hypotheses on the organization of the city’s mint. is system
of control marks will be the focus of this article. Two names appear on the obverse
and reverse of the coins and different symbols are also applied. ese control marks
will be examined in order to show their ﬔnction as well as the way they are related
to one another. e study of the coins proves that the two persons whose names
appear on coins play distinctive roles in the minting process and they have different
responsibilities. Also, symbols are linked to only one category of names. Some
important conclusions will be reached on the basis of the various observations made
on the coins, and a new schema for the organization of the mint will ﬔrthermore be
proposed.
T
his article examines the coins of dyrrhachium, more precisely
the drachma issues of the city. Located on the Eastern coast of the
Adriatic Sea, the city was founded as a colony of Corinth and Corcyra
by the end of the seventh century bc (ucydides, i, 24:2 ; Appian, Bellum
Civile, 2.39). Despite its early foundation, the city only struck its first coins by
the end of the fih century, though only few specimens of some Corinthian
type staters are known from its first issues. e attribution of these coins to
Dyrrhachium is made solely on the basis of the appearance of the letter epsilon
below the Pegasus. It has been suggested that it refers to Epidamnus, the
original name of the Greek colony (Kraay 1976, p. 84 ; Kagan 1998, p. 170).
It was only by the middle of the fourth century that the city started to mint
coins regularly. Its first staters were of the Corinthian type. Studies show they
were minted to respond to the appeal made by Corinth to her colonies to strike
coins to finance the Corinthian expeditions to Sicily, around 344 bc (Kraay
1976, p. 127-128). is coinage was soon abandoned to give way to a new type
of stater that follows the principal Corcyrean type. A cow suckling a calf and a
floral pattern are represented on the obverse and reverse of the coins, and the
legend ∆YP for Dyrrhachium, as well as a club on the reverse, are added to the
main type. Some smaller denominations were minted parallel to these staters :
the Heracles/Pegasus type, and a bronze denomination representing Heracles
on the obverse and an arch, a club, and a quiver on the reverse. is series was
__________________
* E : metaalbana@yahoo.com
rbn clviii (2012), p. 21-38.
22 names and mintmarks at dyrrhachium (ca. 270-60/55)
abandoned in about 270 bc (Gjongecaj 1998, p. 100-101) and replaced by
some new smaller denominations, of which the principal was the drachma.
is article will focus on a peculiar and remarkable aspect of the latter, its
system of control marks. e aim is to explain how these control marks were
linked to each other and to describe how they can help to understand the mint
organization. is will be done by presenting these control marks and the way
they relate to on another. Previous studies and hypotheses made with regard to
them will be discussed, whereupon the results of my own recent studies will be
explained, in order to propose a new explanation about the mint organization.
e drachmas of Dyrrhachium are of the Corcyrean type. ey depict a cow
suckling a calf on the obverse and a square floral pattern as well as the city’s
legend ∆YP on the reverse. ey weigh approximately 3.40 g (Picard & Gjon-
gecaj 2000, p. 137-138 y 2001, p. 248). Different hoards containing these coins
permit us to identify five different minting phases : 270-230/225, 230/225-168,
168-120/100, 120/100-80/70 and 80/70-60/55 bc [1]. e system of control marks
applied on the drachmas of Dyrrhachium consists of two names in the nomi-
native and in the genitive cases, respectively on the obverse and the reverse of
the coins. Initially, the obverse names were abbreviated and occasionally ren-
dered as a monogram. It was only from the second phase until the end of
production in the middle of the first century bc that all names are written in
ﬔll. Later on, probably by the end of the first quarter of the second century bc,
various symbols were added to the obverse of the coins. e same features are
to be seen on the half-drachmas minted by the city. ese bear the front half of
the cow on the obverse and a square floral pattern on the reverse. A name,
usually abbreviated (most probably because of the small surface of the blank),
is engraved on the obverse of the coins and a ﬔll name in the genitive case on
the reverse. In some cases other symbols appear as well on the obverses. It is
noteworthy that the obverse and reverse names on the half-drachmas as well as
the symbols appearing on them are the same as those on the drachmas. is
fact suggests that the same persons were in charge of the minting of the two
denominations. Moreover, this suggests that the two were contemporary.
Moneyers’ names. An obverse name can be associated with different
reverse names and vice versa ( fig. 1-5). It seems reasonable to suggest that the
issues having the same obverse and/or reverse names being repeated are subse-
quent or close in the chronological sequence of minting. It is also evident that
the coining of drachmas and half-drachmas in Dyrrhachium, as in other Greek
cities (Mørkholm 1984, p. 29-42; Thompson 1961, p. 546-599), was entrusted
to a group of people, whose duties are, as it will be shown ﬔrther on, specific
and different from each other. A careﬔl study of the obverse and reverse names
shows that, with the exception of two names (Filotas and Meniskos), in none of
__________________
[1] is chronology considers the previous works done on the subject (see Ceka 1965, p. 19-
29 ; Picard & Gjongecaj 2000, p. 137-160 y 2001, p. 246-248) and has been revised by
the author of this article in the context of her research upon the Dyrrhachium drachmas.
albana meta 23
the cases an obverse name appears on the reverse and vice versa. is obser-
vation is important and leads to the conclusion that the persons whose names
appear on coins belonged to two different social categories. Previous studies of
the drachmas of Dyrrhachium and Apollonia [2] have contributed to the theory
that the names on the coins’ reverse are to be identified with the ‘prytane’ of
the city elected every year (Maier 1908, p. 1-33; Ceka 1965, p. 46-53) or with
an annual magistrate in charge of the mint (Conovici 1985, p. 35-43; Petranyi
1994, p. 67-75; Giovannini 1978, p. 107). e main argument sustaining this
was the appearance of the names in the genitive case, leading to the supposi-
tion that they were the city’s eponymous magistrates (the thesis was first pro-
posed by F. Lenormant in the late 19t century ; see Lenormant 1879, p. 249).
Hasan Ceka supported the theory with other evidence, the appearance on tiles
of some names preceded by the preposition ἐπὶ (see Anamali 1957, p. 57),
which are also to be found on the reverse of the drachmas (Ceka 1965, p. 52).
Scholarship has shown that it was likely that any special magistracy was
created to oversee the minting of coins in Greek cities, and the persons in
charge for this process were elected ad hoc (Robert 1966, p. 83-88 y 1973,
p. 48; Hackens 1987, p.5; Fröhlich 2004, p. 217; Picard forthcoming; see
also de Callataÿ in this volume). e well-known decree of Sestos informs us
that two persons were appointed by the city for the striking of a new bronze
coinage and that these were prominent citizens (Robert 1973, p. 50). To re-
turn to the drachmas of Dyrrhachium, there is no reason to believe that there
was a particular magistracy involved. Moreover, there is no proof that the
names on the reverse of the coins are the magistrates of the city. No literary or
epigraphic evidence exists to suggest this. Furthermore, neither the writing of
the names in the genitive case, nor the common names on tiles and coins prove
that they are the magistrates either. It would be very hazardous to make such
assumptions merely on the basis of the coincidences of some names which, as a
matter of fact, are very common Greek names, like Philodamos, Philon, etc.
(see Anamali 1957, p. 31-62). e coins have provided a list of names in com-
mon for the drachmas of both cities, Dyrrhachium and Apollonia, but in none
of the cases do they indicate the same person [3]. Also, in our opinion, the
__________________
[2] Apollonia struck drachmas of the same type as Dyrrhachium and a monetary alliance
existed between the two cities. Moneyers’ names also appear on Apollonian drachmas. See
Ceka 1955, p. 32 y 1965, p. 61 ; Gjongecaj & Picard 1999, p. 92 y 1995, p. 177 y 2007,
p. 85-91. However, no link between the coinages has been found : the names on coins are
different and Apollonian drachmas have no symbols as on the Dyrrhachium ones.
[3] Our research showed that the names in common for the two cities either minted coins in
different periods or they appear only on the coins of one city and have been wrongly
attributed to both cities. is is because in most of the cases Ceka’s list of moneyers
(Ceka 1965, p. 140-152) assembled the names published by Maier, without having seen
the coins he was referring to. e existence of hybrid false drachmas (showing an ob-
verse typical for Apollonian drachmas and a reverse of Dyrrhachium ones ; see Sianu
1987, p. 209-219) is another explanation for this conﬔsion of the names in common for
the two cities.
24 names and mintmarks at dyrrhachium (ca. 270-60/55)
presence of names on the coins of Dyrrhachium should not be linked to any
liturgy, as proposed in some instances for other coinages (Thompson 1961,
p. 584-599 ; Gauthier 1975, p. 175-178).
Symbols. Symbols are always depicted on the obverse of the coins. e
coins show that symbols on the Dyrrhachium drachmas are linked to the na-
mes on the reverse. us, a reverse name is associated with one or more precise
symbols which are repeated as many times as the reverse name is used, even
though the obverse names they are associated with are different. For example,
the reverse name Lysion is always associated with one symbol : a cornucopia.
is moneyer is related to three different obverse names ( fig. 3-5). We can
exclude here the possibility that these symbols are some kind of ‘honour mark’
of the persons whose names appeared on the reverse, as proposed by some
authors (Gauthier 1975, p. 175). ere is certainly no doubt that the appear-
ance of the names and the symbols on coins is intentional, but none of the
categories appears because of the preference of individual moneyers to put
their names or signs on coins. In fact, in most of the cases the presence of
names and symbols or any other mark on coins is linked to a system of control
created by the cities in order to have power over the production of their own
coinages, as well as to recognise the responsible of the issues in case of any
falsification (Picard 1987, p. 11 y 1988, p. 260).
It is to be noticed that the appearance of the symbols on the Dyrrhachium
drachmas is gradual. ey appear by the middle of the second phase and
during the latter they are not always present on the coins. It is only from the
third phase of drachmas, so aer the 70s of the second century bc, that sym-
bols appear regularly on the obverse of the coins. It is important to emphasize
that there is an evident improvement in the design of symbols from their first
appearance to the issues of the third phase. e first symbols were produced in
very low relief making them sometimes difficult to distinguish. eir gradual
appearance might also be due to this stylistic improvement.
By the end of the third phase (168-120 bc), until the middle of the first cen-
tury, the use of symbols multiplied. Usually two symbols, but in some cases
even three, are engraved on the obverse of the drachmas ( fig. 6-7). is feature
is not present for the half-drachmas, probably because their blank surface is
considerably smaller than that of the drachmas. However, the number of
symbols used on the latter is not progressively increased, which means that it
can be different for two successive issues. us, the use of three symbols for
one issue does not imply the use of the same number in the following.
It is interesting to note that the period when the symbols are multiplied is
characterized by the increase of the quantity of the issues. During the years
120-60/55 the Dyrrhachium and Apollonia drachmas circulated throughout the
Balkans (Gjongecaj & Picard 2005, p. 139-154), especially in the territories
of modern Bulgaria and Romania (Conovici 1986, p. 76). More than 12,000
drachmas of both cities have been found in these territories (Glodariu 1971,
albana meta 25
p. 77). ose of Dyrrhachium are four times more numerous than those of
Apollonia [4] (Poenaru & bordea 1983, p. 233). e massive circulation of the
drachmas in these territories where the coins of Dyrrhachium were not spread
before, as well as the composition of the Balkan hoards, have led to the sug-
gestion that these issues were minted to finance the Roman military campaigns
in this region (Meta, forthcoming). Most of the issues from the Balkan hoards
are characterized by the presence of more than one symbol. is coincidence
between the multiplication of the symbols and the increase in coin production
is of particular interest. Most probably, the intensification of the issues required
a more ‘sophisticated’ system of control to make forgery more difficult, by
making it easier to identify bad coinage. Apparently this was realized by the
multiplication of the number of symbols on coins. Further, the Balkan hoards
show that local imitations of the Dyrrhachium drachmas were produced and
interestingly they circulated together with the original coins minted by the city
itself with no distinction from them. Apparently, their Balkan users did not
mind if the drachmas were a production of a local tribe or issued by the
Dyrrhachium mint. On the contrary, in the other territories where the drach-
mas of the city circulated, that is in Dyrrhachium itself, in Apollonia and
especially in the Illyrian hinterland, imitations were apparently not accepted.
e fact that no Balkan imitation has been found in the Albanian hoards of the
same period affirms this. e multiplication of the mintmarks (symbols) on the
coins from Dyrrhachium could also be a measure to distinguish this category
from the Balkan imitations and to guarantee the non-Balkan users of the
drachma, who apparently continued to use them until the end of their pro-
duction (four hoards comprising drachmas of the last phase of Dyrrhachium
have been found in Albania; see Ceka 1966, p. 3-36; Picard & Gjongecaj
2000, p. 145-148) of the authenticity of the coins.
Furthermore, the coins show that some stylistic details are linked to the re-
verse names. us, the issue with the reverse name Kleitorios shows a reverse
square with curved lines rather elongated [5], even though the obverse names
can be different ( fig. 8-10). In some cases, some of the obverse design details
also change with the changing of the reverse names, more precisely some
details of the cow suckling calf type, like the dimensions of the calf, the arch of
its neck, the shape of the cow’s tail, and the representation of the cow’s body,
are sometimes differently designed. is phenomenon is once more mostly
observed for the series minted during the last two phases, from 120-60/55 bc.
e explanation for this distinction between the phases should be found in the
style’s improvement. e first two phases show a clear improvement of the
design: the calf and the cow are very schematic in the first issues and become
well executed during the following ones. In other words, the first phases of
__________________
[4] e same ratio is to be noticed in the Albanian hoards.
[5] is shape of the reverse square is frequent on the Apollonia drachmas and rare on the
Dyrrhachium ones.
26 names and mintmarks at dyrrhachium (ca. 270-60/55)
drachmas testify to a kind of trial of the design and the engraving. Once the
style has been established and the engraving of the dies well mastered it
became easier to ‘play’ with the details of the design, such as the engraving of a
curbed or linear tail, a long arched or a small elegant neck, etc. In addition,
the intensification of the rhythm of coin production during the last two phases
made perhaps necessary the elaboration of the design element’s differentiation
as a way to distinguish the reverse moneyers from one another. Also, we should
not exclude the possibility that the remarkable stylistic similarities between the
issues having the same reverse names may be due to the same engravers pro-
ducing the dies. e close succession of the issues suggests that the engravers
(even when they are different) are rigorously following the design of the pre-
vious dies.
We must also mention the way an obverse name is written in some cases,
either in a single line or in two lines, depending on the reverse name they are
associated with. For example, the name of the obverse moneyer Philostratos is
written in one single line when it is associated with the reverse name Klei-
torios, but his name is divided in two when in association with the reverse
moneyer Damen ( fig. 11-12). e same phenomenon is observed with the
obverse name Eyktemon, whose issue with the reverse names Kleitorios,
Phaniskos, Menekkas, Amyntas, Damages, is written in one single line above
the cow. Differently from these issues, the association of Eyktemon with the
reverse name Damen shows his name written in two lines. In other cases, the
association of a reverse name with different obverse names can change the way
the reverse names are engraved on the reverse.
Die links. During research on the drachmas, several interesting obverse
die links came to light. Before the appearance of symbols on the obverse of the
coins, there are two cases in which different reverse names use the same
obverse die. e appearance of symbols on the obverse usually avoids the use of
an obverse die by different reverse moneyers, each of them using different
symbols. However, some exceptions are to be seen. In some few cases, the
same obverse die is used for the issues of two different reverse names. For
example, the issues of the obverse moneyer Maxatas with the two moneyers
Aristarkos and Parmeniskos use as symbols, respectively, a corn ear and the
head of Helios ( fig. 13-14). It is curious to discover that in one occasion the
series Maxatas/Aristarkos uses a die with the head of Helios as a symbol ( fig.
15), just like the one of Maxatas/Parmeniskos. ere is no doubt that the two
reverse moneyers have shared the same die. What is also curious is that the
other dies used for the series Makatas/Aristarkos have as a symbol the corn ear.
ere are more examples showing the same phenomenon. In a few other cases
reverse die links are found. us, the obverse moneyers Maxatas and Erodotos
have shared one reverse die of the moneyer Parmeniskos. Also, eodotos and
Kleon have shared a reverse die of Falakrion.
albana meta 27
Further observations. e study of the hoards containing the Dyrrha-
chium drachmas shows that contemporary hoards include issues bearing the
same obverse names. is is noticed at all periods of production of the drach-
mas (Picard & Gjongecaj 2000, p. 149) and is particularly evident among the
issues contained in Balkan hoards. Table 1 shows the distribution of the issues
contained in hoards of the last phase. Most of these hoards are contemporary
and they are mostly composed of the issues of Philon, Xenon and Meniskos,
moneyers of the last phase. Sometimes the issues of the same reverse names
can be found in non contemporary hoards. is is the case of the reverse name
Damen whose issues are included in two different categories of hoards: 1) the
group of hoards dated around 120-80/70 bc (issues with the obverse moneyers
Antioxos, Eyktemon, Philostratos, Perigenes, Dazios, Ktetos, Zopyros, Mo-
nounios, Phereneikos) – 2) the hoards with the last emissions of drachmas
dated around 80/70-60/55 bc (issues bearing the obverse name Xenon). e
stylistic similarities of the coins of this moneyer are remarkable. is obser-
vation, as well as the presence of the same symbols on all the issues, regardless
of the obverse names, suggests that the name Damen of all the issues identifies
the same person. is distribution of the issues of the same reverse names in
non-contemporary hoards, leads to the conclusion that the issues can be traced
by the obverse names.
ere is another observation to examine. Several of the reverse names
appearing on the drachmas are to be found on the reverse of the bronze coins
of Dyrrhachium. A hoard found in Lleshan, in central Albania, brought to
light 2,561 bronze coins of Dyrrhachium. Its publication showed that most of
the reverse names appearing on these bronze coins are the same with the
reverse names of the drachmas (Gjongecaj 2007, p. 110-111 y 2009, p. 116). It
is to be mentioned that some of the names in common for the two metals
appear in all the different bronze denominations minted till the middle of the
first century bc.
Organisation of the mint and the role of individuals. It is evident
from the above observations that the two individuals whose names appear on
the Dyrrhachium drachmas exercised different duties. Some previous studies,
as was mentioned at the beginning of this article, support the theory of the re-
verse names being an annual magistrate who generally oversees the issue. e-
se studies create the chronology of the issues on the basis of two suppositions:
first, that drachmas were produced in the city annually, and second, that the
number of the reverse names would give the total number of years during which
they have been produced (Petranyi 2006, p. 263-264; Giovannini 1978,
p. 110-113). ese chronologies of the issues (Conovici 1985, p. 59-74 y 1986,
p. 69-88 y 1989, p. 21-22 y 1991, p. 49-67; Petranyi 1994, p. 72 y 1996, p. 3-18
y 2008, p. 73-80) were widely examined in the context of my research on the
drachmas and the numerous following problems were detected.
28 names and mintmarks at dyrrhachium (ca. 270-60/55)
MENIΣKOΣ
MENIΣKOΣ
MENIΣKOΣ
MENIΣKOΣ
MENIΣKOΣ
MENIΣKOΣ
MENIΣKOΣ
MENIΣKOΣ
ΣΙΛΑΝΟΣ
ΞΕΝΩΝ
ΞΕΝΩΝ
ΞΕΝΩΝ
ΞΕΝΩΝ
ΞΕΝΩΝ
ΞΕΝΩΝ
ΦΙΛΩΝ
ΦΙΛΩΝ
ΦΙΛΩΝ
ΦΙΛΩΝ
ΦΙΛΩΝ
Obverse
names
ΦΙΛΟ∆ΑMOY
ΦΙΛΟ∆ΑΜΟΥ
ΧΑΡΟΠΙΝΟΥ
ΑΓΑΘΙΩΝΟΣ
ΑΓΑΘΙΩΝΟΣ
ΑΡΙΣΤΗΝΟΣ
ΑΡΙΣΤHΝΟΣ
ΚΑΛΛΩΝΟΣ
∆ΙΟΝΥΣΙΟΥ
ΜΕΝΙΣΚΟΥ
ΑΡΧΙΠΠΟΥ
ΦΑΝΙΣΚΟΥ
NIKYΛΛΟΥ
∆ΑΜΗΝΟΣ
∆ΑΜΗΝΟΣ
ΛΥΚΙΣΚΟΥ
ΦΙΛΩNOΣ
ΦΙΛΩΤΑ
ΠΥΡΒΑ
ΦΙΛΛΙΑ
Reverse
names
Bessarabie
Dragesti
Hilib
Grozesti
Capreni
Dolj
Panade
Resca
Panciu
Sacalasau
Simleul S. iv
Simleul S. v
Sintimreu ii
Suhaia
Tasad
Teliu
Tileagd
Tisa
Vasad
Videle
Viisoara
Voivodeni
Zimnicea
Chitorani
Derna Sus
B. Marghita
Tirana 1
Tirana 2
Gjonme
Shkodra
Rupci
Table 1 – Distribution of the last phase issues in the Balkan Hoards
albana meta 29
Firstly, the coins show a very irregular rhythm of production, which exclu-
des the annual minting of drachmas. e graph below shows the approximate
number of the issues of drachmas known until now for each phase. It is evi-
dent that the number of issues struck for the first two phases is lower than that
of the following ones. It reaches its peak during the period 120/100-80/70
which is the period of the Balkan circulation of the drachmas. e last phase is
shorter than the others and is characterised by only four issues which are the
best represented in terms of quantity of coins in both Balkan and Albanian
hoards. It is incontestable that the city has not minted coins yearly, the rhythm
of production being irregular and depending especially on the silver available.
50
40
30
20
10
0
270-230/225 bc 230/225-168 bc 168-120/100 bc 120/100-80/70 bc 80/70-60/55 bc
Graph 1 – Number of issues for each phase
Furthermore, these successions of issues established on the basis of the re-
verse names have considered only the fourth and fih phases contained in the
Balkan hoards. No study has been done on the other phases and on the hoards
found in Albania. Also, the proposed lists are not complete even for the two
phases taken into consideration. Only the combinations of names on the ob-
verse and on the reverse included in the Balkan hoards have been taken into
account, ignoring the fact that other associations of these names are known
(see the list of moneyers appearing on drachmas of Dyrrhachium in cigime,
p. 124-128). As a result, many reverse names (e.g. Aristomenes, Aristarkos,
Arimnastos, Aristomakos, Eortaios, Menekrates, Nebriskos, Parmeniskos etc.)
appear on the reverse of the drachmas of these phases and are not listed. Con-
sequently, the number of reverse moneyers is higher than that cited. Finally,
the two lists ignore completely the obverse names appearing on the coins. A
30 names and mintmarks at dyrrhachium (ca. 270-60/55)
complete list of the reverse names and all their associations with different ob-
verse names would show that the repetitions of the latter are very irregular and
inexplicable. ese missing elements have led to the construction of a chrono-
logy which is incomplete and moreover hides the problems deriving from it.
As these chronologies presented various problems, an attempt has been
made to create a new chronological sequence of the issues on the basis of the
reverse names (presuming that the latter are responsible for the issues, excluding
of course their being the eponymous or whatever kind of magistrate). is
again entails various problems. Firstly, it became apparent that the only way to
list the issues was by following the repetitions of the obverse names (as an
obverse name is associated to different reverse names, then numerous reverse
names can be associated with the same obverse name). is was because, while
the symbols and some stylistic details change with the reverse names, none of
these elements was helpﬔl to precisely fix the succession of the issues within
each phase, as element changes are neither gradual nor regular. us, close
issues found in contemporary hoards may have a different number of symbols.
is means that an issue with three symbols can be followed by another with
only one symbol. For example, the reverse moneyers Amyntas, Menekka and
Kleitorios appear associated with more or less the same obverse names. is
observation suggests that the three participated in the minting of close or
perhaps even subsequent issues. However, the number of symbols each of them
uses is very different : two for Amyntas, one for Menekka and two symbols and
a monogram [6] for Kleitorios. e absence of a certain rule applied from one
issue to the other makes the number of symbols used for the issue an irrelevant
criterion for the succession of the issues. e same phenomenon is noticed for
the stylistic elements. us, the designation of a calf with a long head or a
curved tail is not sufficient to find the place of the issue in the chronological
sequence, so long as these details change continuously and in an irregular way.
e attempt to see the reverse names as the officials in charge of the mint
presented another problem. An obverse name is repeated far too many times.
us, the obverse name Aristodamos is associated with twelve reverse names,
which in this case means that he was in charge for twelve different issues. e
moneyer Mnasen is engaged with eight issues. Both of them struck coins
during the second phase. As the production rhythm is neither annual nor
regular, it can be admitted that the moneyers Aristodamos and Mnasen were
in charge as technicians for more than respectively 12 and 8 years. Similar
results are obtained for each phase. It is reasonable to suggest that technicians
stay in the mint longer (see de Callataÿ in this volume), however, this time
would have been limited.
__________________
[6] e issues of Kleitorios are the only ones having a monogram in exergue, the latter being
very current on the Apollonia drachmas.
albana meta 31
e sequence obtained showed that, especially for the issues of the last two
phases of drachmas, there is no way in fact to distinguish which of the issues
belongs to which phase because the distribution of the coins in the hoards can
be traced only by the obverse names. Also, the other problem with this se-
quence is that it shows no distinction in terms of frequency of minting
between these two periods. is does not fit with the pattern of the Balkan
hoards. e latter show a clear distinction between the issues of the period
120-80/70 and those of the last phase, 80/70-60/55 bc. e hoards of the first
period are fewer than those of the following period and they comprise a long
sequence of issues represented by only a few coins. e Dieci hoard (igch 594 ;
Sianu 1980, p. 109-111) is a pure example of that: it is composed of 35 issues
each represented by a few coins. On the contrary, the last phase is character-
ized by the presence of many hoards, all mainly including only four emissions,
those of the obverse moneyers Silanos, Philon, Xenon and Meniskos (again
here the identification of the issue can be done only by the obverse name).
ese issues are the most frequent and numerous in hoards. eir analysis
shows that the number of dies used for them is indeed very considerable. e
die link study I have undertaken for the constitution of the corpus of the
Dyrrhachium drachmas showed that over 292 obverse dies have been used for
striking a total of about 440 coins belonging to these four issues.
e other problem noticed concerns the common names appearing on
bronze and silver coins. e chronological sequence of the bronze issues is dif-
ferent from that of the drachmas. Of course, it might be suggested that the
same persons may have been in charge for the different metals in different
years. Nevertheless, the distance between them should be reasonable.
ese contradictory results led to the development of another explanation
about the organization of the mint in Dyrrhachium. For this, the opposite
supposition was made, to consider the obverse names as the responsible of the
issue. is theory was successﬔlly applied to the drachmas of Apollonia and a
similar schema was proposed for Dyrrhachium. In this case, an obverse name
shares his duty with a number of persons possessing the technical skills ne-
cessary for the minting of coins. eir names appear on the reverse of the
coins. A chronological succession was achieved on the basis of the coins’ distri-
bution in the hoards, the stylistic elements, as well as the repetitions of the
reverse names. It seemed logical to admit that issues with the same reverse
names and similar stylistic details are subsequent or close. On this basis, it was
possible to identify the issues of each phase and, where possible, to establish
their chronological succession. Each obverse name is associated with a group
of different reverse names, of which some are repeated in the following or
close issues. It is noticed that these repetitions are more frequent during the
period of the drachmas’ Balkan circulation. is is in perfect accordance with
the data received from the hoards showing a high quantity of issues being
struck during that period. Curiously, the names are repeated from five to seven
32 names and mintmarks at dyrrhachium (ca. 270-60/55)
times (exceptions are possible), the majority, however, being repeated less.
Sometimes, they are repeated in a group, which means that two or three
reverse names are to be found again in successive or close issues. In general,
the repetitions of the names make more sense. Further, the chronology ob-
tained is also in accordance with the rhythm of production. It is evident from
the hoards that the first two phases have fewer issues. ey become more fre-
quent during the third phase, reach their highest number during the period
120-80/70 bc, and are few but very abundant during the last phase. e succes-
sion obtained shows the same pattern. Graph 1 shows clearly this distinction of
the production rhythm.
It was surprising to discover that there is a concordance between the num-
ber of reverse names participating in the minting of one issue and the number
of the obverse dies used for the issue. In other words, the increase of the
number of the reverse moneyers participating in the minting of one issue is
accompanied by an increase of the number of the dies used for the latter. Cer-
tainly, there is no formula to calculate this increase or this relationship. e
number of dies for each issue depends on the demand for coins and especially
on the silver available for the issue. However, it is incontestable that the more
people engaged to strike coins, the more obverse dies have been used for the
issue and the greater the abundance of the issue. Moreover, the number of the
obverse dies used for an issue is in accordance with the data on that issue ob-
tained by the hoards (it is the case of those issues contained in the hoards). For
example, the coins of the obverse moneyer Aristodamos are the best repre-
sented in the hoards of Jubica and Bakërr (see Picard & Gjongecaj 2000,
p. 144 y 2001, p. 234-235). e number of reverse moneyers producing this
issue is higher than that of the other issues of the same phase. At the same
time, this moneyer has used the highest number of obverse dies for this phase.
Also, it seems that the number of dies used for each association of an obverse
name with a reverse name depends on the obverse name. us three different
issues having the same reverse name have used a different number of obverses
dies, each depending on the obverse name. is observation shows clearly that
an issue can be defined and distinguished only by the obverse names and that
they are responsible for the issue.
What is then the ﬔnction of those who signed the reverse of the coins by
their names ? Are they simple technicians with the necessary skills to work the
metal, as it was proposed for Apollonia ? e appearances of their names on
the coins, their attachment to some stylistic details, their association with the
symbols, as well as their appearance on the bronze denominations suggest that
they played an important role in the minting of the issue. It would be difficult
to see simple technicians in charge of all these responsibilities. For all these
reasons, it seemed reasonable to identify them with the mint masters. e
character of the mint master fits well with the tasks exercised by them. It is not
surprising to see a mint master being engaged for the striking of a few close
albana meta 33
emissions. He owns a workshop where to mint the coins, and can hire the
necessary people who have the skills to work the metal, bronze included. On
the other hand, his association with one/few specific symbols would make him
responsible for the coins produced in his mint. e attempt to distinguish
them from one another would make more sense if they worked for the minting
of one issue under the direction of the same person elected by the city to be the
responsible for the minting of the coins. e repetitions of the reverse names
for different issues could be explained by the fact that the various mint masters
could have been engaged for the minting of successive issues. ey have the
necessary skills to ﬔlfil this work and have already given proof of their
“loyalty” to the whole city at their first minting, so there would be no surprise
to see a mint master being in charge of the minting process for more than one
issue. It is also worth reminding that the repetitions of the reverse names be-
come more frequent during the third and fourth phases when the production
rhythm is more intense. e high frequency of the issues for a relatively short
period made perhaps more evident the need to distinguish them from each
other by the use of different symbols and a specific style. e few cases of the
use of the same obverse die by different reverse names may prove that these
coins are contemporary. On the other hand, the use of the same reverse dies
for two different issues (minted by two different responsible persons – obverse
names) is explained by the use of the same die for more than one year (Mørk-
holm 1982, p. 211 y 1983, p. 11-23). ese die links have been very helpﬔl in
recognising subsequent issues.
It is very difficult to know the details of the mint organization and how
these mint masters were hired. Recent studies show that moneyers dealing
with the technical aspects of the minting (‘monétaires métallurgistes’) have two
main duties : the production of the blanks for which a certain accounting is
necessary for the transformation of the metal into blanks, and the striking of
the coins (Picard, forthcoming). Probably the person elected by the city for
the minting of the coins dealt with finding the necessary silver for the issue,
hiring the mint masters and guaranteeing the whole process. e number of
assigned mint masters probably depended on the quantity of silver provided.
ere is no way of knowing if all the mint masters working for an issue were
assigned at the same time or if some of them started first and others were
called up once another quantity of silver was provided. Also, it may be possible
that in some cases a responsible moneyer (person appearing on the obverse)
might have been in charge for the coin production more than once. However,
these cases should have been very limited.
e proposal to identify the reverse names with the mint masters brings us
automatically to the conclusion that silver and bronze denominations in
Dyrrhachium were produced in the same mints. As a matter of fact, recent
experiments show that the minting of the two demands different technical
skills and that the persons hired for the minting of the two metals were diffe-
34 names and mintmarks at dyrrhachium (ca. 270-60/55)
rent (Faucher et alii 2009, p. 61). is affirmation does not present a problem
for the organization of the mint proposed here, as the mint masters were not
the persons who struck the coins. ey looked aer the whole process of mint-
ing in their workshop. e fact that the two metals were minted at the same
place does not imply either their being minted by the same technicians, nor
their being contemporary. e issues of the two metals, having the same
reverse names, may have been minted at different moments of the year or even
in different years, if not at a very great distance from one another. It is also
probable that the persons elected by the city for the minting of the silver and
bronze issues are different (‘les commissaires politiques’, see Picard forth-
coming). However, there is no clear rule concerning this matter, each city ap-
parently having its own mint organization. It is necessary to make a few more
remarks. It is ﬔndamental to make here a clear distinction between the mint
masters and the die engravers, the two categories being different. It seems also
improbable to regard the mint masters as any kind of artists as it has been
proposed for other coinages (Cahn 1999, p. 103-107). Furthermore, the die
engraving and the minting of the coins are certainly done in different places
(Picard forthcoming).
In conclusion, it can be assumed that the Dyrrhachium drachmas were
minted by a group of people of which one is the person appointed by the city to
be in charge for the issue. His name appears on the obverse of the coins. He
exercises his duty with the help of a number of mint masters who care about
and guarantee that the technical work of the minting is done properly. eir
names appear on the reverse of the coins and each of them is associated with
one or more symbols. In some of these workshops the bronze denominations
are also produced. e mint masters sign the latter with their name. Probably,
the technicians striking silver and bronze coins were different.
albana meta 35
corpora
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cours de M. Hatzopoulos & O. Masson, École française d’Athènes 1997, p. 124-128.
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38 names and mintmarks at dyrrhachium (ca. 270-60/55)
plate
Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3
Ceka 45 Ceka 38 Ceka 37
Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 6
Ceka 294 unpub ->ww Albania 2631 Ceka 306
Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Ceka 174
Ceka 193 Ceka 454
Ceka 373 Fig. 10 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 Ceka 430
Ceka 431
Ceka 303 Fig. 13 Fig. 14 Fig. 15 Ceka 303
Ceka 312