11

General
Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 5:
Representing Real – Life Situations
Using Exponential Functions
General Mathematics – Grade 11
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Exponential Functions
First Edition, 2020

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as
you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-test are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module, or if you need to
ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that
you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teachers are also provided
to the facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best
help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. Read
the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
representing real – life situations using exponential functions. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module presents the lessons in the following outline:

1. Definition of Exponential Expression

2. Description and examples of Exponential Function, Exponential Equation
and Exponential Inequalities
3. Exponential functions and their transformations
4. Exponential growth and decay
5. Compound interest
6. The natural exponential function

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define exponential function, exponential equation and exponential

inequalities.
2. Distinguish among exponential function, exponential equation and
exponential inequalities.
3. Know the concept of exponential functions,
4. Differentiate exponential growth and decay, and
5. Represent real - life situations using exponential functions.

3
 What I Know

Write on the answer sheet provided the letter of the correct answer.

For items 1 to 4, determine whether the given expression is an exponential function,

exponential equation, exponential inequality or none of these. Refer to the choices
below.
A. Exponential Function
B. Exponential Equation
C. Exponential Inequality
D. None of these

1. 𝑦 = 3𝑥
1
2. 4𝑥+1 >
64
3. 25𝑥−9 = 4𝑥
4. 5 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥

5. If a certain growth of bacteria depends upon the formula 𝑦 = 200(4𝑥 ), what is 𝑦

when 𝑥 = −2?
A. 23.5
B. 22.5
C. 12.5
D. 11.5

6. What is 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2−𝑥 if 𝑥 = −3 ?
A. 8
B. 6
1
C.
6
1
D.
8

7. A barangay has 1,000 individuals and its population doubles every 60 years.
What is the barangay’s population in 10 years?
A. 1,008
B. 1,020
C. 1,122
D. 1,182

8. The half-life of a substance is 400 years. What is the exponential model for
this situation if the initial amount is 200 mg?
400
1 𝑡
A. 𝑦 = 200 ( )
2
𝑡
1 400
B. 𝑦 = 200 ( )
2
𝑡
1 400
C. 𝑦 = 400 ( )
2
400
1 𝑡
D. 𝑦 = 400 ( )
2

4
9. Php 10,000 is invested at 2% compounded annually. What is the exponential
model for this situation?
A. 𝑦 = 10,000(2)𝑡
B. 𝑦 = 10,000(1.02)𝑡
C. 𝑦 = 10,000(0.2)𝑡
D. 𝑦 = 10,000(0.02)𝑡

10. Which of the situations can be modeled by an exponential function?

A. A radioactive substance decays after t units of time.
B. An amount deposited by Nheytan in Landbank of the Philippines
earns a compounded interest of 7.5% yearly.
C. A certain culture of bacteria doubles every an hour.
D. All of the above

11. What is f ( x) = 5 x if x = −2 ?
A. 25
B. 10
1
C.
5
1
D.
25

12. Myries invested P50,000 after graduation. If the average interest rate is 4.8%
compounded annually, what is the exponential model for the situation?
A. 𝐴 = 50,000(0.048)𝑡
B. 𝐴 = 50,000(1.048)𝑡
C. 𝐴 = 50,000(0.048)𝑡
D. 𝐴 = 50,000(1.048)𝑡

13. The half-life of a substance is 400 years. How much will remain after 600
years if the initial amount was 200 grams?
A. 70.71 grams
B. 68.49 grams
C. 63.97 grams
D. 59.07 grams

14. A certain culture of bacteria grows in number according to the function

N = 25t (in thousands). After one hour how many bacteria are there?
A. 2
B. 7
C. 10
D. 25

15. The population of the Philippines can be approximated by the function

P(x) = 20,000,000e0.0251x (0  x  40) where x is the number of years since 1955
(e.g. x = 0 at 1955). Use this model to approximate the Philippine population
during the 1985. Round off answer to the nearest thousand. (Hint: use a
scientific calculator).
A. 42,467,211
B. 44,762,121
C. 46,117,422
D. 47,211,426

5
 Lesson
Representing Real-Life Situations

1 Using Exponential Functions

Exponential functions occur in various real world situations. Exponential

functions are used to model real-life situations such as population growth,
radioactive decay, carbon dating, growth of an epidemic, loan interest rates, and
investments.

Some things can be counted by multiplying continually. Recall the concept

of geometric sequence (or progression) studied in Grade 10 in which each term
after the first is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a non-zero constant
called the common ratio.
Symbolically, if a is the first term and r is the common ratio, then
a, ar, ar 2 , ar 3 ,... forms a geometric sequence.
For example, bacteria reproduce by splitting, doubling the number of
bacterial cells. If there are 7 cells and a doctor is examining the bacteria, after a
certain time, there will be 14 cells…then 28… then 56, etc. The terms 7, 14, 28,
56, … can be written in factored form or exponential form as shown in the table
below:

What’s In

Term In Factored Form In Exponential Form

a1 = 7 7 7  20
a2 = 14 7 2 7  21
a3 = 28 7  2 2 7  22
a4 = 56 7  2 2 2 7  23
  

This means that if there are 7 bacteria initially and doubles after a certain
time, then there will be 7(2)
n −1
after n units of time.

In general, given the first term a1 and the common ratio is r of a geometric
n −1
sequence, then the nth term of the sequence is an = a1r .

6
 What’s New

To help you understand exponential functions, do the following activity.

Materials: One 2-meter of string, a pair of scissors

(a) At step 0, there is 1 string.

(b) At step 1, fold the string into two equal parts and then cut at the middle.
How many strings of equal length do you have? Enter your answer in the
table below.

(c) At step 2, again fold each of the strings equally and then cut. How many
strings of equal length do you have? Enter your answer in the table
below.

(d) Continue the process until the table is completely filled-up.

Step
Number of Strings
Questions:

(a) What pattern can be observed from the data?

(b) Define a formula for the number of strings as a function of the step
number.

Answers:

Step 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of Strings 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

It can be observed that as the step number increases by 1, the number of

strings doubles. If n is the number of strings and s is the step number, then n( s ) = 2 s
.

Notes to the Teacher

Folding a paper and determine the relationship between the number
of folds and the number of regions or areas formed is another good
activity that illustrates exponential function.

7
 What is It

Definition: An exponential expression is an expression of the form 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃𝒙−𝒄 + 𝒅

,where (𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏).

The definitions of exponential equations, inequalities and functions are shown below.

Exponential Exponential Exponential Function

Equation Inequality
Definition An equation involving An inequality Function of the form
exponential involving exponential 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 (𝒃 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1).
expressions expressions

Example 2 1 52𝑥 − 5𝑥+1 ≤ 0 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (1 ⋅ 8)𝑥 or

72𝑥−𝑥 =
343 𝑦 = (1 ⋅ 8) 𝑥

An exponential equation or inequality can be solved for all 𝑥 values that satisfy
the equation or inequality. An exponential function expresses a relationship between
two variables (such as 𝑥and 𝑦), and can be represented by a table of values or a
graph.

Solved Examples
Determine whether the given is an exponential function, an exponential equation,
an exponential inequality, or none of these.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 (Answer: None of these)

1 𝑥
2. 2 ≥ ( ) (Answer: Exponential Inequality)
2

3. 74𝑥 = 𝑦 (Answer: Exponential Function)

4. 4(100𝑥−2 ) = 500 (Answer: Exponential Equation)
5. 7 < 49𝑥+3 (Answer: Exponential Inequality)
6. 𝑦 = 0.5𝑥 (Answer: Exponential Function)

8
 f ( x) = b x
Definition

An exponential function with the base b is a function of the form or

where b  0 , b  1 .

The base 𝑏 is restricted to positive real numbers to ensure that f (x ) is always

a real number. Also, base 𝑏 cannot be equal to 1, for if 𝑏 = 1 , then 𝑓(𝑥) = 1, and it
will be a constant function.

Example 1. Complete a table of values for x = −3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2 and 3 for the

x
1
exponential functions y =   , y = 10 , and y = (0.8) .
x x

 3
Solution:

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x
1 1 1 1
y =  27 9 3 1
 3 3 9 27
1 1 1
y = 10x 1 10 100 1000
1000 100 10
y = (0.8)
x
1.953125 1.5625 1.25 1 0.8 0.64 0.512

1
Example 2. If f ( x) = 3 , evaluate f ( 2), f ( −2), f  , f (0.4 ) and f ( ) .
x

2
Solution:

f (2) = 32 = 9

1 1
f ( −2) = 3 − 2 = =
32 9

1
1
f   = 32 = 3
2
2
f (0.4 ) = 3 0.4
= 3 = 5 32 = 5 9
5

Since   3.14159 is irrational, the rules for rational exponents are not
applicable. We define 3 using rational numbers: f ( ) = 3 can be approximated by
 

33.14 . A better approximation is 33.14159 . Intuitively, one can obtain any level of

accuracy for 3 by considering sufficiently more decimal places of  .
Mathematically, it can be proved that these approximations approach a unique

value, which we define to be 3 .

9
 Definition

Let b be a positive number not equal to 1. A transformation of an exponential

function with base b is a function of the form

f ( x) = a  b x −c + d .

where a , c and d are real numbers.

There are many real-life situations that can be represented using exponential
functions and their transformations. Some of them are population growth,
exponential decay, and compound interest.

Population Growth
On several instances, scientists will start with a certain number of bacteria or
animals and watch how the population grows. For example, if the population doubles
every 3 days, then this can be represented as an exponential function.

Example 3. Let t = time in hours . At t = 0 , there were initially 20 bacteria. Suppose

y = y0 (2)
t /T that the bacteria doubles every 100 hours. Give an exponential model for the
bacteria as a function of t .

Solution:

Initially, At t = 0, Number of bacteria = 20

At t = 100, Number of bacteria = 20  2
At t = 200, Number of bacteria = 20  2 2
At t = 400, Number of bacteria = 20  23

An exponential model for this situation is y = 20(2 )100 .

t

Exponential Model for Population Growth

Suppose a quantity y doubles every T units of time. If y 0 is the initial amount,

then the quantity y after t units of time is given by

10
Radioactive Decay
The disintegration of substances is another situation that shows exponential
change. Each hour, a fraction of the atoms of a radioactive substance randomly
changes into different atoms, i.e. they decay.

Definition
The half-life of a substance is the time it takes for half of the substance to decay.

Example 4. Suppose that the half-life of a certain radioactive substance is 10 days

and there are 10 g initially. (a) Determine the amount of substance remaining after
30 days, and (b) give an exponential model for the amount of remaining substance.

Solution: We use the fact that the mass is halved every 10 days (from the definition
of half-life). Let t = time in days . Thus, we have

Initially, At t = 0, Amount of substance = 10g

1
At t = 10, Amount of substance = 10  = 5 g
2
2
1
At t = 20, Amount of substance = 10  = 2.5 g
2
3
1
At t = 30, Amount of substance = 10  = 1.25g
2
(a) The amount of substance remaining after 30 days is 1.25g .
t
 1 10
(b) An exponential model for this situation is y = 10  .
2

Exponential Model for Radioactive Decay

If the half-life of a substance is T units, and y 0 is the amount of the substance

corresponding to t = 0 , then the amount y of substance remaining after t units of

time is given by

11
Compounded Interest
A starting amount of money (called the principal) can be invested at a certain
interest rate that is earned at the end of a given period of time (such as one year). If
the interest rate is compounded, the interest earned at the end of the period is added
to the principal, and this new amount will earn interest in the next period. The same
process is repeated for each succeeding period: interest previously earned will also
earn interest in the next period.

Example 5. Mrs. Dela Cruz invested Php 100,000.00 in a company that offers 6%
interest compounded annually. Define an exponential model for this situation. How
much will this investment be worth at the end of each year for the next five years?

Solution: Let t be the time in years. Then we have:

Initially, At t = 0, Amount of investment = 100,000
At t = 1, Amount of investment = 100,000 + 100,000(0.06)
= 100,000(1 + 0.06)
= Php 106,000
At t = 2, Amount of investment = 100,000 (1 + 0.06)
= 100,000(1 + 0.06) + 100,000(1 + 0.06)(0.06)
= 100,000(1 + 0.06)(1 + 0.06)
= 100,000(1 + 0.06)
2

= Php 112,360
At t = 3, Amount of investment = 100,000 (1 + 0.06)2
= 100,000(1 + 0.06) + 100,000(1 + 0.06) (0.06)
2 2

= 100,000(1 + 0.06) (1 + 0.06)

2

= 100,000(1 + 0.06)
3

= Php 119,101.60
Following the pattern, we can simply solve a certain amount of
investment at t period of time.

At t = 4, Amount of investment = 100,000 (1 + 0.06)4

 Php 126,247.70
At t = 5, Amount of investment = 100,000 (1 + 0.06)5
 Php 133,822.56

An exponential model for this situation is A = 100,000(1 + 0.06) or simply

t

A = 100,000(1.06) .
t

12
 Exponential Model for Compounded Interest

If a principal P is invested at an annual rate of r , compounded annually, then the

amount after t years is given by

Example 6. Referring to Example 5, is it possible for Mrs. Dela Cruz to double her
money in 8 years? 10 years?

Solution: Using the exponential model A = 100,000(1.06) , we substitute t = 8 and

t

t = 10 :
If t = 8 , A = 100,000(1.06)  Php 159,384.81.
8

If t = 10 , A = 100,000(1.06)  Php 179,084.77

10

Since Mrs. Dela Cruz money still has NOT reached Php 200,000 after 10 years, then
she has not doubled her money during this time.

The Natural Exponential Function

Some situations can be modeled using the exponential function with base e ,
an irrational number whose value is approximately 2.71828. At this point, we will
just rely on the scientific calculator to obtain further decimal expansion of e .

Definition

The natural exponential function is a function defined by

for all x real numbers.

Example 7. A radioactive substance is decaying according to the function

y = 500e −0.02t , where y milligram is the amount present in t years from now. How
much will be left after 10 years?

Solution: Substitute t = 10 to the given function. Using a scientific calculator, we

have y = 500e −0.2  409 .

13
 What’s More

Activity 1 Exponential Function Defined

Determine whether the given is an exponential function, an exponential equation,
an exponential inequality, or none of these.

1. 49𝑥 = 72

2. 3 < 9𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 81𝑥

4. 3(15𝑥) = 45

5. 3 ≥ 9𝑥−1

6. 𝑦 = 1.25𝑥

Activity 2 Evaluation of Exponential Function

Given the exponential functions, complete the table of values for x = −2, − 1, 0, 1, 2

x −2 −1 0 1 2
y = 0.1 x

y = 3x
x
2
y = 
5

Activity 3 Exponential Models

Give the exponential model for the following situations:
1. At time t = 0 , 500 bacteria are in a petri dish, and this amount triples every
15 days.
2. The half-life of a substance is 400 years. Initially, there are 100 g of
substance.
3. Suppose that a couple invested Php 50,000 in an account when their child
was born, to prepare for the child’s college education. The average interest
rate is 4.4 % compounded annually.

14
 What I Have Learned

Choose the term(s), phrases or expressions inside the box to complete the
following sentences.

decay of radioactive substances Transformation

f ( x)y==bbx x compound interest offered by banks Half-life

natural exponential function population growth

1. An exponential function with the base b is a function of the form ___________

where b  0 , b  1 .
2. Let b be a positive number not equal to 1. A __________of an exponential
function with base b is a function of the form f ( x) = a  b x −c + d .
3. Common situations that lead to exponential relationships are
___________________-, _______________-, and _________________.
4. The exponential model of a quantity y which doubles every T units of time
given y 0 initial amount and t units of time passed is _________.
5. A radioactive substance decays or undergoes a change in its elements after a
period of time. ______________ is the time until only half of the original amount
remains unchanged. It is modeled by the equation __________________ where
the y is the amount of substance remaining after t units of time, T units
of time is the half-life of the substance, and y 0 is the amount of the substance
corresponding to t = 0 .
6. If an amount P is invested at an interest rate r compounded annually, then
the investment will increase to a value A, at the end of t years. It is modeled
by the equation __________________.
7. An exponential function having defined by base e (an irrational number) is
called the _________________ . It is of the form ________ for all real number x.

15
 What I Can Do

Activity 4
Use your learning on exponential functions to answer the following:
1. You take out Php 20,000 loan at a 5% interest rate compounded annually.
How much will you owe after 10 years?
2. The population (in millions) of a certain country follows the exponential
growth model f (t ) = 14.2e 0.018t , t years after 1994. Predict the population in
the year 2020.

Assessment

Write on the answer sheet provided the letter of the correct answer.

For items 1 to 4, determine whether the given expression is an exponential function,

exponential equation, exponential inequality or none of these. Refer to the choices
below.
A. Exponential Function
B. Exponential Equation
C. Exponential Inequality
D. None of these

1. 𝑦 = 3𝑥
1
2. 4𝑥+1 >
64
3. 25𝑥−9 = 4𝑥
4. 5 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥

5. If a certain growth of bacteria depends upon the formula 𝑦 = 200(4𝑥 ), what is 𝑦

when 𝑥 = −2?
A. 23.5
B. 22.5
C. 12.5
D. 11.5

6. What is 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2−𝑥 if 𝑥 = −3 ?
A. 8
B. 6
1
C.
6
1
D.
8

16
7. A barangay has 1,000 individuals and its population doubles every 60 years.
What is the barangay’s population in 10 years?
A. 1,008
B. 1,020
C. 1,122
D. 1,182

8. The half-life of a substance is 400 years. What is the exponential model for
this situation if the initial amount is 200 mg?
400
1 𝑡
A. 𝑦 = 200 ( )
2
𝑡
1 400
B. 𝑦 = 200 ( )
2
𝑡
1 400
C. 𝑦 = 400 (2)
400
1 𝑡
D. 𝑦 = 400 ( )
2
9. Php 10,000 is invested at 2% compounded annually. What is the exponential
model for this situation?
A. 𝑦 = 10,000(2)𝑡
B. 𝑦 = 10,000(1.02)𝑡
C. 𝑦 = 10,000(0.2)𝑡
D. 𝑦 = 10,000(0.02)𝑡

10. Which of the situations can be modeled by an exponential function?

A. A radioactive substance decays after t units of time.
B. An amount deposited by Nheytan in Landbank of the Philippines
earns a compounded interest of 7.5% yearly.
C. A certain culture of bacteria doubles every an hour.
D. All of the above

11. What is f ( x) = 5 if x = −2 ?
x

A. 25
B. 10
1
C.
5
1
D.
25

12. Myries invested P50,000 after graduation. If the average interest rate is 4.8%
compounded annually, what is the exponential model for the situation?
A. 𝐴 = 50,000(0.048)𝑡
B. 𝐴 = 50,000(1.048)𝑡
C. 𝐴 = 50,000(0.048)𝑡
D. 𝐴 = 50,000(1.048)𝑡

13. The half-life of a substance is 400 years. How much will remain after 600
years if the initial amount was 200 grams?
A. 70.71 grams
B. 68.49 grams
C. 63.97 grams
D. 59.07 grams

17
 14. A certain culture of bacteria grows in number according to the function
N = 25t (in thousands). After one hour how many bacteria are there?
A. 2
B. 7
C. 10
D. 25

15. The population of the Philippines can be approximated by the function

P(x) = 20,000,000e0.0251x (0  x  40) where x is the number of years since 1955
(e.g. x = 0 at 1955). Use this model to approximate the Philippine population
during the 1985. Round off answer to the nearest thousand. (Hint: use a
scientific calculator).
A. 42,467,211
B. 44,762,121
C. 46,117,422
D. 47,211,426

Additional Activity

Activity 5
Use a scientific calculator to answer this activity.
A large slab of meat is taken from the refrigerator and placed in a pre-heated
oven. The temperature T of the slab t minutes after being placed in the oven is given
−0.006t
by T = 170 − 165e degrees Celsius. Construct a table of values for the following
values of t: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and interpret your results. Round off values to
the nearest integer.

18
 19
What Can I Do
1. Php 32,577.89 B What's More What I Know
2. 22.7 millions
A.1 1. A
Assessment 1. Exponential Equation 2. C
1. D 2. Exponential Inequality 3. B
2. B 3. Exponential Function 4. D
3. D 4. None of these 5. C
4. C 5. Exponential Inequality
6. A
5. B 7. C
6. A A.2
8. B
7. C f ( x) = 0.1x 9. B
8. B 100, 10, 0.1, 1, 0.01 10. D
9. B 11. D
10. D 12. D
f ( x) = 3 x
11. D 13. A
12. D 1 1
, , 1, 3, 9 14. C
13. A 9 3 15. A
14. C
15. A x
2 What I have learned
Additional f ( x) =  
5
Activity 1. f ( x) = b x or y = b x
T (0) = 5 25 5 2 4
, , 1, , 2. Transformation
T (10) = 15 4 2 5 25 3. population growth,
T (20) = 24 decay of
A.3 radioactive
T (30) = 32 t
1. y = 500(3)15 substances,
T (40) = 40 t
compound interest
T (50) = 47  1  400 offered by banks.
2. y = 100  t /T
T (60) = 54 2 4. y = y0 (2)
t t
The slab of meat is 3. y = 50,000(1.044)
increasing in  1 T
5. Half-life; y = y0  
temperature at roughly 2
the same rate t
6. A = P(1 + r )
7. natural exponential
x
function; f ( x) = e
Answer Key
References

1. Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) (2016)

General Mathematics Learner’s Material. Lexicon Press Inc., Philippines

2. Department of Education-Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) (2016)

General Mathematics Teacher’s Guide. Lexicon Press Inc., Philippines

3. Jose-Dilao, S. & Orines, F.B. (2009). Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and

Statistics. SD Publications, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines

4. Fernandez, P.L, et. Al. (2007). A Course in Freshman Algebra. Ateneo de

Manila University Press, Quezon City, Philippines

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 EDITOR’S NOTE
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd
SOCCSKSARGEN with the primary objective of preparing for and
addressing the new normal. Contents of this module were based on
DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC). This is a
supplementary material to be used by all learners of Region in all public
schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The process of LR development was
observed in the production of this module. This is Version 1.0. We
highly encourage feedback, comment, and recommendations.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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