Seminar

ON
AV AIDS

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
MS PRIYANKA GUPTA RAVITA
ASSITANT PROFESSOR MSC.NSG 1ST YEAR
 IDEAL A.V.AIDS
DEFINITION
 “Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience
more concrete , more realistic and more dynamic” KINDAR . S. JAMES

 Audio-Visual Aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and
reinforce learning. BURTON

 Audio-Visual Aids are those devices by the use of which communications of ideas
between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These
are also termed as multi sensory materials. EDGAR DALE

PRINCIPLE
 Audio visual material should function as integral part of educational programme.
 Audio visual aids should be centralized under specialized direction and leadership.
 Advisory committee should be appointed for the selection and co-ordination of AV aids.
 Instructors have to help the student how to use AV aids.
 Budget appropriation should be made regularly.
 Legal aspect should be considered.

ADVANTAGES
1. The teachers are forced to meet the demands of a changing civilization.
2. New means and devices to increase the effectiveness of teaching.
3. Audio visual devices are instructional devices which can be heard as well as seen.
4. to make teaching more concrete by employing suitable audio-visual aids.
5. A-V aids do render exceptional, specific and irreplaceable service to education.
6. The mental reaction of the pupils to audio-visual experience is both intellectual and
emotional.
7. 86 % of our sense knowledge is attained through seeing and hearing and hence is the use
of audio-visual aids.
8. A-V Aids provide first hand experience to the children and hence the learning becomes
interesting real and durable.
9. A-V Aids help the learner to grasp quickly and retain the experience so received longer.
10. They make a lasting impression on the minds of the learners.

FUNCTION OF A.V.AIDS
1. They supply a concrete basis for conceptual thinking and hence, reduce meaningless
word response of students.
2. They have high degree of interest for students.
3. They make learning more permanent.
4. They offer a reality of experience which stimulate self activity on the part of pupil. 5.
Develop continuity of thought; this is especially true of motion pictures.
 5. They provide experience not easily obtained through other materials and contribute to the
efficiency, depth, and variety of learning.
TYPES OF A.V.AIDS
I. PROJECTED A.V.AIDS
II. NON PROJECTED A.V.AIDS

I. PROJECTED A.V.AIDS

1. EPIDIASCOPE
2. DIASCOPE OR SLIDE PROJECTOR
3. FILM STRIP PROJECTOR
4. OVER HEAD PROJECTOR
5. STEREOGRAPHY
6. MICRO FILM

1. EPIDIASCOPE
 Opaque projector, built of large black
 Consists two mirrors at top & bottom;1000w bulb.

PRINCIPLE
 Light rays passes through the first mirror, then to the object, light rays from the
illuminated picture then focuses to the second mirror , then it is projected to screen by
using a convex lens.
 operation :handle beneath the epidiascope is lowered then the picture want to project is
placed on the plate and handle is fixed again , then switch on light.

2. DIASCOPE OR SLIDE PROJECTOR

ADVANTAGES
 Helps in retention of material
 Attract attention
 Arouse interest among the student
 Tests students interesting

DISADVANTAGE
 It is easily breakable
 It should be planned in sequence

3. FILM STRIP PROJECTOR

 Magic lantern, used for projecting film strips.
 It contains condensing lenses to concentrate all light into beam,500w bulb, smooth
channel for threading the film.
 Near the base of the channel there is knob which carries a film strip, can be turned by
hand to pull the film strip through the projector.
 OPERATION : projector is placed on the table, as face to the screen, insert one end of the
film strip in the knob (inverted position), film strip is advanced by turning the knob.
 The blower and the lamp switched on; distance between the projector and the screen is
adjusted to get the picture on the screen.

ADVANTAGES
 It is an economical visual material.
 It is to make a convenient to handle and carry.
 Takes up little space and can be easily stored.
 Logical sequence to teaching.

DISADVANTAGES
 The equipment used for is quite expensive.

4. OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

• Vital teaching aid, replaces chalk board, produces images behind and over the head of the
teacher.
• It consists metal box with 1000w bulb and a concave reflector.
• vertical rod on the side of the box carries objective convex lens and mirror which can be
slows up and down by using rock and pinion arrangement.
• Size of the sheet is 25cm*25cm.

STEPS IN USING OHP

• Place the OHP on the table facing to screen.
• Put the plug into the power wall socket switch on the blower first and lamp.
• Move the objective lens and mirror up and down to get the image on the screen.
• Explain the material on the transparency with a small pointer.
• Place the OHP sheet on the glass top.

ADVANTAGES
• Permits the teacher pointing the material & observe the student on the same time.
• It can be used in fairly lighted room.
• Materials projected can be changed quickly and easily.
• Operation of OHP is convenient.
• OHP can be used with other type of AV aids.

DIS ADVANTAGES
 OHP is too costly.
 Writing by some type of pen get blotted out on plastic.

5. STEREOGRAPHY
• Still picture gives illusion of space.
• Photographs are made by stereoscopic camera.
• Observer receives the impression of reality.
 • Two photographs being taken from slightly different angle which are enlarged and
merged into one view.

6. MICRO FILM
Micro film contains photographed reading material each frame being reduced photo of
printed page. It can be used for the storage and retrieval of information. when micro film
is passed through microfilm reader, an enlarged image is found on the on the screen.

II. NON PROJECTED AIDS

1. GRAPHIC AIDS
2. CARTOON
3. COMIC STRIPS
4. CHARTS
5. FLASH CARD
6. DISPLAY BOARD
7. 3 DIMENSIONAL AIDS

1. GRAPHIC AIDS
It depicts numerical or quantitative or statistical data are presented in the form of
visual symbols.

TYPES OF GRAPHS

A. PIE GRAPH:
Data are presented through the sectors of circle
 B. BAR GRAPH
A graphic presentation extends the scale horizontally along the length of the bars

Category 4

Category 3
Series 3
Series 2
Category 2 Series 1

Category 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

C. LINE GRAPH
Concepts are presented through the lines drawn either horizontally Or vertically .The
plotted points are connected each another
 6

4
Series 1
3 Series 2
Series 3
2

0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
D. PICTORIAL GRAPH
Pictures are used for expressing the idea ,more attractive and easily understood. Vivid
pictures are used for depicting the information.

2. CARTOON
 Metaphorical presentation of reality, humorous caricature.
 It is an interpretative which uses symbols to portray an opinion , situation.
 Quality of drawing should be high.

ADVANTAGES
 Initiate certain lesson, motivate students to start a discussion, make the lesson lively and
interesting

3. COMIC STRIPS
 Series of pictures.
 very interesting in teaching stories, historical events, scientific process.
 It enhances imagination, stimulate reality and involvement.

4. CHARTS
 Visual illustrative media for depicting the relation between main idea and supporting
facts

PURPOSES OF CHARTS
 for showing relation by means of facts and figures
  To show the continuity of process
 For presenting abstract idea
 For showing the development of structure
 To stimulate thinking

TYPES OF CHART
 Narrative chart : narrating the idea and the facts
 Cause and effective chart :relationship between rights and responsibilities
 Chain chart: expressing idea and facts in the form of cycles
 Evolution chart: for expressing changes in specific item from beginning
 Strip tease chart: expressing information step by step. it has Great suspense value,
holding attention and building interest, Increases interest and imagination of audience
 Pull chart
 Flow chart
 Time or table chart
 Job chart
 Tree chart
 Flip chart
 Pie chart

5. FLASH CARD
These are the sequence of cards which are presented before the audience in proper sequence
to till a complete story, size :25 * 30cm, it should contain picture or diagrams.

PREPARATION OF FLASH CARD

 cut full sheet chart paper into four equal parts
 Height of the writing should be 5cm
 It should hold in a way that the audience can see properly

ADVANTAGES OF FLASH CARDS

 used to introduce and present the topic
 Can be used to review a topic
 Can be used to develop cognitive ability of recognition and recall of students

6. DISPLAY BOARD
A. CHALK BOARD
It is the life of the class room, helps to teacher in explaining, illustrating, and giving
notes to children. It can be made of plastic, wood, cement or glass

TYPES OF CHALK BOARD

ORDINARY CHALK BOARD: it is movable and adjustable and contains a wooden
support.
ROLLER TYPE: made of thick canvas, wrapped on a roller
MAGNETIC BOARD: made up of steel on which magnet can used to hold the objects.
BLACK OR GREEN BLACK BOARD: framed with wood and available on black or
green color.

RULES IN USING CHALK BOARD

 Letters and drawing should be in large size and legible
 Avoid spelling mistake
 Writing should be in straight row
 Do not use abbreviation
 While writing on the board , the teacher should ensure that the class is attentive

ADVANTAGE
 Economical teaching aid
 Captures student attention
 It can be used again and again

DISADVANTAGE
 It makes the student to heavily depend on teacher
 Makes chalk powder to inhaled by teacher
 Constant use of chalk board make it smooth and full of glare

B. BULLETIN BOARD
It can be used for educational and informational purpose. It is a soft board which holds
pins or tags and used for displaying material.

C. FLANNEL BOARD
The rigid material covered with flannel cloth. The item to be displayed are pictures, or
drawing

D. MAGNETIC CHALK BOARD

A magnetic chalk board is framed iron sheet carrying porcelain coating .Magnetic
chalk board can used to write with chalk stick , glass marking pencil, and to display pictures

7. 3 DIMENSIONAL AIDS

i. MODEL
Models are the substitutes of real things. It can be made of clay, plaster of Paris,
thermacole cloth, wood etc.

TYPES OF MODEL
Scale model: correct idea of an object can be displayed
Simplified model: gives a idea about external form of object
Working model: to demonstrate in a simple way of an operation or process
Cross section model: inside of an object is visible
 ii. SPECIMEN
Part of a real object taken from natural setting. It shows the quality of structure .
Eg :section of lung.

iii. MOCK UP
It emphasizes the functional relationship between device reality and its workability.
Certain elements of original reality is emphasized to make it more meaning full eg :an artificial
kidney to demonstrate dialysis.

iv. MOULAGE
It can be made up of plastic material to stimulate life object

v. OBJECT
Brought from natural setting into class room that will make the instruction more meaning
full.

 Bhaskar Nima, Text Book of Nursing Education, First Edition 2013, Published By-
Emmess Medical Publishers
Page No:- 196- 200
 Gupta Sanjay, A Textbook of Nursing Education, First Edition 2016, Published By
– Kumar Publishing House
 Page No:- 170-177
REFERENCES