CHAPTER 1: FUNCTIONS (STPM PAST YEARS)

A.FUNCTIONS
1. The function f is defined by f(x) =│x – 1│+│x + 1│, x  . 9. Functions f, g and h are defined by
 −2 x , x  −1 f:x → x , g:x → x + 2 , h:x → 3 + 2 .
 x +1 x x
(a) Show that f(x) =  2 , −1  x  1 and sketch its graph. (a) State the domains of f and g. [2]
 2x , 1 x
 (b) Find the composite function g o f and state its domain and range. [5]
(b) State the range of f. (93) (c) State the domain and range of h. [2]
(d) State whether h = g o f. Give reason for your answer. [2](06)
2. The function f is defined by f : x 1 + x + 1 , x ≥ –1. 10. The functions f and g are defined by
Give the definition for the corresponding inverse function of f.
f : x → 1 , x  \ { 0 } ; g : x → 2x – 1, x  .
Sketch the graphs of f and f –1 in the same diagram, clearly labelled the point of x
intersection, and state the relation between the graphs of f and f –1. (94) Find f o g and its domain. [4](08)
y
3. The function f and g are defined as f : x 2 ln x, x > 0 and g : x x , x ≥ 0. 11. The graph of a function f is shown, o 2
(a) Sketch the graph of f, and give a reason why the inverse of f exists. (a) State the domain and range of f. [2]
(b) Define f –1, and state its domain. (b) State whether f is a one-to-one function 1
–1 or not. Give a reason for your answer. [2](10)
(c) Find the composite function gf , and state its range. (94) –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 x
o –1
4. The function f which has real values is defined by f : x x −1 .
12. Functions f and g are defined by
(a) Find the domain and range of f. (b) Sketch the graph of f. (95)
f :x → x for x ≠ 1 ; g : x → ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants.
5. The function f and g are defined as 2x −1 2
(a) Find f o f, and hence, determine the inverse function of f. [4]
–x
f:x 1 + 2 e , x  , and g : x ln  2  , x > 1. 2
 x − 1 (b) Find the values of a, b and c if g o f(x) = − 3 x + 4 x2 − 1 . [4]
(a) Define fg. (2 x − 1)
(b) Sketch, on the same axes of coordinates, the graphs of f and f –1. (96) 2
(c) Given that p(x) = x – 2, express h(x) = x 2− 2 in terms of f and p.
2
[2](11)
2x − 5
6. The function f and g are defined as
f:x 9 − x 2 , –3 ≤ x ≤ 3 and g : x x2 + 5, x  , 13. Functions f and g are defined by f(x) = e x + 2 and (g o f)(x) = x , for all x ≥ 0.
(a) Define gf in the similar form. (a) Find the function g, and state its domain. [5]
(b) Determine whether fg is defined, give your reason. (98)
(b) Determine the value of (f o g)(e3). [2](12)

7. The function f is defined by f : x 3x + 1 , x  , x ≥ – 1 .

14. The function f is defined by f : x → x – x, for x ≥ 1 .
3 2
–1 2
Find f and state its domain and range. [4](02) –1
(a) Find f , and state its domain. [4]
(b) Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of graphs f and f –1. [3]
8. The function f and g are defined by f : x e x − e−x , g : x 2 . (c) Sketch, on the same coordinates axes, the graphs of f and f –1. [4](12)
e x + e−x e x + e−x
(a) State the domains of f and g. [1]
(b) Without using differentiation, find the range of f. [4]
2 2
(c) Show that [f(x)] + [g(x)] = 1. Hence, find the range of g. [6](05)
1
B. POLYNOMIAL & RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
3 2 10. The polynomial p(x) = 2x3 + 4x2 + 1 x – k has factor (x + 1).
1. Find the set of values of x such that –2 < x – 2x + x – 2 < 0. [7](03) 2
(a) Find the value of k. (b) Factorise p(x) completely. [6](08)
2. The polynomial p(x) = x4 + 2x3 + ax2 + bx – 60 has a factor (x + 2) and leaves
4 3 2
remainder 60 when it divided by (x + 3). Find the values of the constants a and b. 11. The polynomial p(x) = 6x – ax – bx + 28x + 12, where a and b are real constants,
Show that (x – 3) is also factor of p(x), and find the polynomial q(x) such that has factors (x + 2) and (x – 2).
p(x) = (x + 2)(x – 3).q(x). (a) Find the values of a and b, and hence, factorise p(x) completely. [7]
Show that there are no real values of x for q(x) = 0. (b) Given that p(x) = (2x – 3)[q(x) – 41 + 3x3], find q(x), and determine its range when
Find the set of values of x for p(x) > 0. (96) x  [–2, 10]. [8](09)

3. (a) Show that the polynomial x4 + 6x3 + 13x2 + 12x + 4 can be express in the form 12. The polynomial p(x) = 2x4 – 7x3 + 5x2 + ax + b, where a and b are real constants, is
(x2 + bx + c)2, where b and c are constants which must be determined. divisible by 2x2 + x – 1.
Hence, find all the roots of the equation x4 + 6x3 + 13x2 + 12x + 4 = 0. (a) Find a and b. [4]
(b) For these values of a and b, determine the set of values of x such that p(x) ≤ 0.
(b) By using the substitution y = x + 1 , transform the equation
x [4](10)
4 3 2
6x + 5x – 38x + 5x + 6 = 0 into a quadratic equation in y, and find the roots of the 13. The polynomial p(x) = ax3 + bx2 – 4x + 3, where a and b are constants,
quadratic equation. Hence, solve the equation 6x4 + 5x3 – 38x2 + 5x + 6 = 0. (97) has a factor (x + 1). When p(x) is divided (x – 2), it leaves a remainder of –9.
(a) Find the values of a and b, and hence, factorise p(x) completely. [6]
4. Given that x3 + mx2 + nx – 6 is divisible by (x – 3) and (x + 2). (b) Find the set of values of x which satisfies
p( x )
≥ 0. [4]
Find the values of m and n. [5](00) x−3
p( x )
(c) By completing the square, find the minimum value of , x ≠ 3,
5. Given that f(x) = x3 + px2 + 7x + q. where p, q are constants. x−3
When x = –1, f’(x) = 0. When f(x) is divided by (x + 1), the remainder is –16. and the value of x at which it occur. [4](11)
Find the values of p and q. [4](01)

6. Show that polynomial 2x3 – 9x2 + 3x + 4 has x – 1 as factor. [2]

Hence,
(a) find all the real roots of 2x6 – 9x4 + 3x2 + 4 = 0. [5]
(b) determine the set of values of x so that 2x3 – 9x2 + 3x + 4 < 12 – 12x. [6](02)

7. Show that –1 is the only real root of the equation x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 3 = 0. [5](03)

4 3 2
8. The polynomial p(x) = x + ax – 7x – 4ax + b has a factor x + 3 and,
when divided by x – 3, has remainder 60.
Find the values of a and b, and factorise p(x) completely. [9]
Using the substitution y = 1 , solve the equation 12y4 – 8y3 – 7y2 + 2y + 1 = 0. [3](06)
x

9. Using the substitution y = x + 1 , express f(x) = x3 – 4x – 6 – 4 + 13

x x x
as a polynomial in y. Hence, find all the real roots of the equation f(x) = 0. [10](07)

2
C. INEQUALITIES & PARTIAL FRACTION D. EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
1. In the same diagram, sketch the graph y =│x – 1│and the graph y = 3 − x . 1. Solve the simultaneous equations log4 (xy) = 1 and (log2 x)(log2 y) = –2. [6](94)
2
Hence, solve the inequality │x – 1│> 3 − x . (92)
2. Solve the equation x + 3 – x − 2 = x − 5 . [6](95)
2. Determine the set of values of x that satisfy the inequality 4 x − 5 > x – 2. (95)
x
3. The variables x and y are connected by y x – y – x = 1.
3. Find the solution set for the inequality 1 < 1 . (98) Find the values of y when x = 1. [4](98)
2− x x−3
4. Show that a2 + b2 ≥ 2ab. [2]
4. Sketch the graph of y = │1 – 2x│, x  and the graph of y = x , x ≥ 0 on the same
If x + y + z = c, show that x + y + z ≥ 1 c2.
2 2 2
[2](01)
coordinate system. [3] 3
Solve the inequality │1 – 2x│> x . [4](99)
5. Express 59 − 24 6 as p 2 + q 3 where p and q are integers. [7](02)
5. Function f is defined by f(x) = 1 , with x  and x ≠ 0.
x
6. Find the intersection point between the curves y = ex and y = 2 + 3 e − x . [4](05)
Determine the set of values of x such that f(x) > f(x – 1). [5](00)
x
6. Sketch, on the same coordinate axes, graphs of y = 2 – x and y = 2 + 1 . [4] 7. If loga( ) = 3 loga 2 – loga (x – 2a), express x in terms of a. [6](07)
x a2
Hence, solve the inequality 2 – x > 2 + 1 . [4](04) 8. Find the coordinates of the points of intersection between the curves
x
y = 6 – e x and y = 5e − x . [4](08)
7. Find the solution set of the inequality │x – 2 │< 1 , where x ≠ 0. [7](05)
x
9. Given that loga (3x – 4a) + loga 3x = 2 + log (1 – 2a), where 0 < a < 1 , find x.
a
log2 a 2
8. Find the constants A, B, C and D such that
[7](09)
3 x2 + 5 x = A + B + C + D . [8](07)
(1 − x 2 )(1 + x )2 1 − x 1 + x (1 + x )2 (1 + x )3  2
10. Solve the simultaneous equations : log3 (xy) = 5 and log9  x  = 2. [4](10)
 y 
9. Find the solution set of the inequality 4 >3– 3 . [10](08)
x −1 x
11. Solve the equation ln x + ln (x + 2) = 1. [4](11)

10. Determine the set of values of x satisfying the inequality x ≥ 1 . [4](09)

x +1 x +1

11. Find the values of x if y =│3 – x│ and 4y – (x2 – 9) = –24. [9](09)

12. Find the set of values of x satisfying the inequality 2x – 1 ≤│x + 1│. [6](11)

3
E. TRIGONOMERTY 9. Find the values of x, where 0 ≤ x ≤ , which satisfy the equation
Express 2 sin x + cos x in the form R sin (x + ) where R > 0 and 0<  <  .
3
1. sin x sec x = 2 tan x. [4](09)
2
Find the maximum and minimum values of 2 sin x + cos x and the corresponding
10. Express 5 sin θ + 12 cos θ in the form r sin (θ + ), where r > 0 and 0o <  < 90o.
values of x for 0 < x < 2. Hence, find the maximum and minimum values of the expression
Hence, solve the following for 0 < x < 2, correct to 2 decimal places. 1 . [7](10)
(a) 2 cos x + 4 sin x = 1 (b) cos x (cos x + 2 sin x) = 1 (92) 5 sin θ + 12 cos θ + 15

2. Express cos 2x – sin 2x in the form R cos (2x + ) where R > 0 and 0<  <  . 11. The expression cos x – 3 sin x may be written in the form r cos (x + ) for
2 all values of x, where r is positive and  is acute.
Hence, find all the values of x in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, such that cos 2x – sin 2x = 1. (a) Determine the values of r and . [3]
(88)
(b) State the minimum and maximum values of cos x – 3 sin x, and determine
the corresponding values of x in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. [3]
3. Express sin x – 3 cos x in the form r sin (x – ), with r > 0 and 0o <  < 90o; (c) Sketch the curve y = cos x – 3 sin x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. [3]
giving the value of  correct to the nearest 0.1 .
o
By drawing an appropriate line on the graph, determine the number of
Sketch the curve y = sin x – 3 cos x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 360o. roots of the equation cos x – 3 sin x =  3  x in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
o
[8] [3]
o o
Find the range of values of x between 0 and 360 which satisfies the inequality  4 
sin x – 3 cos x ≥ 2. [4] (d) Solve the equation cos x – 3 sin x = –1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. [3](11)
1
Find the largest and the smallest value for . [3](00)
sin x − 3 cos x + 5 12. Sketch the graph of y = sin 2x in the range 0 ≤ x ≤ .
Hence, solve the inequality │sin 2x│< 1 , where 0 ≤ x ≤ . [6](P2)
Express 9 sin θ – 6 cos θ in the form r sin (θ – ), with r > 0 and 0 <  < 90 .
o o 2
4.
Hence, find the smallest and the largest value for 9 sin θ – 6 cos θ – 1. [6](01)
13. Sketch a graph of y = cos 2θ in the range 0 ≤ θ ≤ . [2]
5. Express cos x + 3 sin x in the form r cos (x – ), with r > 0 and 0 <  <  . [4] Hence, find the set of values of θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ , satisfying the inequality
2 2
4 sin θ ≥ 2 – 3. [5](12)
Hence, find the set of values of x, with 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, which satisfies the inequality
0 < cos x + 3 sin x < 1. [5](02) 14. Express 12 cos θ – 5 sin θ in the form r cos (θ + ), where r > 0 and 0 <  <  .[4]
2
Hence,
6. Starting from the formulae for sin (A + B) and cos (A + B), prove that (a) state the minimum and maximum values of 12 cos θ – 5 sin θ
tan A + tan B for real values of θ, [1]
tan (A + B) = . [3]
1 − tan A tan B (b) solve the equation 12 cos θ – 5 sin θ = 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2. [3]
1 − 2 tan x − tan2 x (c) sketch the graph of y = 12 cos θ – 5 sin θ = for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2, and determine the
If 2x + y =  , show that tan y = .
4 1 + 2 tan x − tan2 x range of values of θ in this interval satisfying the inequality
–5 ≤ 12 cos θ – 5 sin θ ≤ 0. [7](P4)
By substituting x =  , show that tan  = 2 – 1. [6] (03)
8 8
15. Solve the equation cos x – 2 sin x = 2 for 0o ≤ x ≤ 360o. [7](P5)
o o
7. Find all values of x, where 0 < x < 360 , which satisfy the equation
tan x + 4 cot x = 4 sec x. [5](04)

8. Find, in terms of , all the values of x between 0 and  which satisfy the equation
tan x + cot x = 8 cos 2x. [4](07)
4
16. Functions f and g are defined by f(x) = ln (x – 1), where x > 1 F. POLYNOMIAL (A LEVEL)
4 2 2
and g(x) = x − 2 , where x ≥ 2. 1. The polynomial p(x) = x + 4x + x + a. It is given that (x + x + 2) is a factor of p(x).
(a) Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of f and g. [3] Find the value of a and the other factor of p(x). [4](02)
(b) (i) Explain why f −1 exists. 4 3 2
2. The polynomial x – 2x – 2x + a is denoted by f(x). It is given that f(x) is divisible by
(ii) Hence, determine f −1 and state its domain. [6]
(c) Find the composite function f o g and state its domain and range. [4] x2 – 4x + 4.
(a) Find the value of a. [3]
(d) Express ln ( x − 1) − 2 as a composition of functions which involves f and g.[2](P5)
(b) When a has this value, show that f(x) is never negative. [4](03)

17. The functions f and g are defined by 3.

4 2
The polynomial x + 5x + a is denoted by p(x). It is given that x – x + 3 is a factor of
f(x) = 2 ln (x+3), x > –3 and g(x) = ekx – 3, x  , where k is a constant. p(x). Find the value of a and factorise p(x) completely. [6](05)
The function g is the inverse of function f.
(a) Determine the value of k. [4] 4. The polynomial x3 – 2x + a, where a is a constant, is denoted by p(x).
(b) Sketch the graphs of f and g on the same axes. [5](P6) It is given that (x + 2) is a factor of p(x).
(a) Find the value of a. [2]
 ( x + 2)2 − 9 , x  0 (b) When a has this value, find the other factor of p( x). [2](07)
18. The function f is deflned by f(x) = 
 2 x − 5 ,x  0
(a) Sketch the graph of f. [3] 5. Given that 2 – x – x2 is a factor of p(x) = ax3 – x2 + bx – 2. Find the values of a and b.
(b) State the range of f. [1] Hence find the set of values of x for which p(x) is negative. [6](12)
(c) State whether f is a one-to-one function or not.Give a reason for your answer.
[2](P7)  x 3
6. Solve the simultaneous equations log9   = and (log3 x)(log3 y) = 1. [8](12)
 y 4
19. Express 3 sin x – cos x in the form of r sin (x – ), where r > 0 and 0 <  <  . [4]
2
7. The polynomial p(x) = hx4 + kx3 + 2x – 1, where h and k are constants, leaves a
(a) Find the minimum and maximum values of 3 sin x – cos x, and the corresponding
remainder of 4 when divided by x – 1, and a remainder of –2 when divided by x + 1.
values of x in the interval [0 , 2]. [3]
(a) Determine the values of h and k. [3]
(b) Sketch the graph of y = 3 sin x – cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. [3] 2
(b) Express the polynomial p(x) in the form (x – 1).q(x) + r(x),
(c) Solve the equation | 3 sin x – cos x | = 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, and deduce the set of where q(x) is quadratic and r(x) is linear. [4]
2
values of x in the interval [0 , 2] which satisfies the inequality (c) Express q(x) in a completed square form a(x + b) + c. [2]
(i) Deduce that q(x) is always positive for all real values of x. [1]
| 3 sin x – cos x | < 1. [5](P7)
(ii) Deduce the minimum value of q(x) and the corresponding value of x. [2]
(d) Determine the set of values of x for which p(x) > 3x + 1. [3](P2)
2
8. Sketch on the same axes, the graphs of y =│2x + 1│and y = 1 – x . [4]
2
Hence, solve the inequality │2x + 1│≥ 1 – x . [4](P3)

9. Find the value of x such that (3 – log3 x) log3x 3 = 1. [4](P4)

5
Answers(FUNCTIONS): Answers(EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS):
2 –1
1 (b) y ≥ 2 2. (x – 1) – 1, x ≥ 1 ; graph f is the reflection of f about the line y = x. 1. ( 1 , 4) or (4, 1 ) 2. 6 3. 4 5. 4 2 – 3 3
4 2 2
3 (a) f is 1 – 1 (b) ex , x  (c) ex , x  ;y>0 4 (a) x ≤ –1 or 1 ≤ x ; y ≥ 0 6. (ln 3, 3) 7. x = 4a 8. (0, 5) , (ln 5, 1)
2
5(a) x, x > 1 6 (a) 14 – x , –3 ≤ x ≤ 3 (b) undefined 9. 2 10. x = 27, y = 9 11. –1 + e + 1
–1 3
1 (x – 1) ; D = [0,  ) ; R = [ – ,  )
1
2
7 f :x
3 3
Answers(TRIGONOMETRY):
8 (a) x  (b) (–1 , 1) (c) (0 , 1)
1. 5 sin (x + 0.464) ; max = 5 when x = 1.11, min = – 5 when x = 4.25 ;
9 (a) Df : x ≠ –1 ; Dg : x ≠ 0 (b) gf : x → 3 + 2 ; D : x ≠ –1, 0 ; R : y ≠ 1, 3
2 cos (2x +  ) ; 0, 3 , , 7 , 2
x
(a) 2.45, 6.05 (b) 1.11, , 4.25 2.
(c) Dh : x ≠ 0 ; Rh : y ≠ 3 (d) h ≠ g o f since Dh ≠ Dgf. 4 4 4
1 3.
o o o
10 sin (x – 71.6 ) ; (110.8 , 212.4 ) ; 1 (5 + 10 ) , 1 (5 – 10 )
10. f o g: x → 1 , x≠ 15 15
2x − 1 2
11(a) –3 ≤ x ≤ 2, x ≠ –1 ; –1 < y < 2 (b) not 1–1, cause is many–1 4. 3 13 sin (θ – 33.7o) ; 3 13 – 1 , – 3 13 – 1
1 –1
12(a) f o f : x → x, x ≠ ; f : x → x , x≠ 1 5. 2 cos (x –  ) ; 2 < x < 5 or 11 < x < 2 7. 41.8o, 138.2o
2 2x − 1 2 3 3 6 6
(b) a = 1, b = 0, c = –1 (c) h = f op 8.  , 5 , 13 , 17 9. 0 ,  10. 13 sin (θ + 67.38o) ; 1 , 1
24 24 24 24 2 28
13(a) g : x ln x − 2 ; x ≥ e2 (b) e3
5𝜋
–1 1 (1 + 4 x + 1 ) ; x ≥ – 1 11(a) 2 cos (x +  ) (b) 2, ; –2, 2 (c) 3 (d)  , 
14(a) f :x (b) (2, 2) 3 3 3 3
2 4
12. [0 ,  ) U ( , ) U ( 11 , 2] 13. [  , 11 ]
5π 7π
Answers(POLYNOMIAL & RATIONAL FUNCTIONS): 12 12 12 12 12 12
1. 0 < x < 1 or 1 < x < 2 2. a = 1, b = –28 ; q(x) = x2 + 3x + 10 ; x < –2 or 3 < x 14. 13 cos (θ + 0.3948) (a) –13 ; 13 (b) 1.176, 4.318
(c) 1.176 ≤ θ ≤ 1.571 or 3.923 ≤ θ ≤ 4.318
3(a) b = 3, c = 2 ; –2, –2, –1, –1 (b) 6y + 5y – 50 = 0 ; – 10 or 5 ; –3, – 1 , 1 or 2
2
3 2 3 2 1
15. 323.1o , 270o 17(a) k =
4. m = 0, n = –7 5. p = 5, q = –13 6(a) –2, –1, 1, 2 (b) x < 1 2
8. a = 2, b = 12 ; (x – 1)(x – 2)(x + 3)(x + 2) ; 1, 1 , – 1 or – 1 18 (b) [–9 , )
2 3 2 (c) f is not 1 – 1 , cause any horizontal line y = k, for k > –9, k ≠ –5 cuts
3 1
9. y – 7y – 6 ; –1 or (3 ± 5 ) 10(a) 3 (b) 1 (x + 1)(2x + 3)(2x – 1) the graph at 2 points.
2 2 2  5 2
2 19. 2 sin (x – ) (a) Min. = –2 when x = ; Max.=2 when x =
11(a) a = 7, b = 27 ; (x – 2)(x + 2)(3x + 1)(2x – 3) (b) x – 12x + 37 ; 1 ≤ y ≤ 65 6 3 3
12(a) a = 9, b = –5 (b) –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 13(a) 2, –5 ; (x + 1)(2x + 3)(2x – 1)  4  4
2 (c) 0 , ,, , 2 ; (0 , ) U ( , )
3 3 3 3
(b) x ≤ –1 , 1 ≤ x. x ≠ 3 (c) – 9 when x = – 1
2 8 4
Answers(POLYNOMIAL (A LEVEL)):
2 2
Answers(INEQUALITIES & PARTIAL FRACTION): 1. 6 ; x – x + 3 2.(a) 8 3. –6 ; (x – x + 3)(x + 2)(x – 1)

1. x < –1 or 2 < x ≤ 3 2. x < 0 or 1 < x < 5 3. 2 < x < 5 or 3 < x 4.(a) 4 (b) x2 – 2x + 2 5. a = –2 , b = 5 ; { x : –2< x < 1 or x > 1 }
2 2

4. 0 ≤ x < 1 or 1 < x 5. 0 < x < 1 6. x < 2 – 5 6. x = 1 , y = 1 or x = 9, y = 3

4 3 9
2 2
7. 0 < x < 1 or 1 < x < 1 + 2 8. A = 1, B = 1, C = –1, D = –1 7.(a) h = 2, k = 1 (b) (x – 1)(2x + x + 2) + 3x + 1
10. x < –1 or 1 ≤ x 11. –9 or 7 12. x ≤ 2 (c) 2(x + 1 ) + 15 (ii) 15 ; – 1
9. 0 < x < 1 or 1 < x < 3 2
(d) { x : x < –1 or 1 < x }
4 8 8 4
8. x ≤ 1 – 3 or x ≥ 0 9. 3
6