GENERAL CHEMISTRY I Revised: 01/04/21

LESSON TIMETABLE
MODULE : MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

Sub-Module : 1. Introduction
2. The Particulate Nature of Matter
3. States of Matter
a. Microscopic and Macroscopic Views on the States
of Matter

COURSE/SUBJECT : GENERAL CHEMISTRY I

DURATION : FOUR (4) Hours Lecture; ________ laboratory

CONTENT/TOPIC STRATEGY/ REFRENCE/ EVALUATION

DURATION
ACTIVITY TOOLS OUTPUT
Introduction
 Opening Prayer
(Optional)
 Introducing the
Laptop/Com
instructor
Lecture-Disc puter
1 hour  Leveling/ ussion Module
Motivation PPT
 Articulating the
desired learning
outcomes for the
session
Presentation

 Define Science
 Explain the main
of science.

 Importance of
Science.
 Define Matter Lecture-Disc
ussion
Laptop/Com
 Describe the puter
10 hours development of Oral Recitation
Module
atom led to the Question
PPT
discovery and and Answer
invention of a lot
of materials.

 Differentiate
Microscopic and
Macroscopic
State of Matter.

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY I Revised: 01/04/21

Application
 Reinforcement
Laptop/Com
 Recap of Recitation 10-item
puter
1 hour Learning insights Objective Type
Module
 Assessment lecture of Written Test
PPT
 Closing Prayer
(Optional)

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY I Revised: 01/04/21

SESSION PLAN
Program/Year Level : ABM, HUMSS, STEM, TVHE, TVIA - 11

MODULE : MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

Sub-Module : 1. Introduction
2. The Particulate Nature of Matter
3. States of Matter
a. Microscopic and Macroscopic Views on the States
of Matter

SUBJECT : GENERAL CHEMISTRY I

METHODOLOGY : Lecture-Discussion, Question and Answer (OBE)

DURATION : FOUR (4) Hours Lecture; ________ laboratory

LEARNING OUTCOMES (LOs):

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

 Describe the atomic structure as proposed by different scientists.

 Differentiate the states of matter according to; Microscopic and Macroscopic View.
 Appreciate the role of the development of atom led to the discovery and invention
of a lot of materials.

LEARNING AIDS:

 Laptop /Computer
 Module
 PowerPoint Presentation

REFERENCES: (Preferably in Digital Form)

 Jauco, Agudong, Solivio and Bernardo,Emily, General Chemistry 1 by
Mindshapers Co., INC.

I. INTRODUCTION

Preparatory Activities
 Opening Prayer
 Introducing the instructor
 Leveling/Motivation

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II. PRESENTATION (Lesson Proper)

THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

The study of atom started in the fifth century B.C by Greek Philosophers Leucippus
and Democritus, images shown on figures 1.1a and 1.1b, respectively. The atomic theory
which holds that matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles and in constant random
was adopted by Roman Lucretius, image shown on figure 1.1c, but Aristotle, image
shown on figure 1.1d, did not accept the theory for quite a time. In the 18th century, the
theory was revived which led to the study of the nature and behavior of gases.

Figure 1.1a LEUCIPPUS Figure 1.1b DEMOCRITUS

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Figure 1.1c LUCRETIUS Figure 1.1d ARISTOTLE

In 1808, John Dalton as shown on figure 1.1e, published his atomic theory which
states that atoms of a given element have the same size and weight and these atoms
combine chemically in simple ratios to form a chemical compound which was later known
as law of multiple proportions (when two elements combine chemically with each other to
form more than one compound, the weights of one element that combine with a fixed
weight of the other are in a ratio of small whole numbers). This theory was also evident on
Michael Faraday's, figure 1.1f, law of electrolysis (which states that the amount of
chemical change produced by current at an electrode electrolyte boundary is proportional
to the quantity of electricity used, and the amounts of chemical changes produced by the
same quantity of electricity in different substances are proportional to their equivalent
weights)

Figure 1.1e DALTON Figure 1.1f FARRADAY

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A major development on the discovery of atom was the periodic table which was
devised by Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer, that is, elements arranged in order of
increasing atomic weights will show periodic physical and chemical properties and later
known as the periodic law.

In about the same year, 1913, Henry Gowyn Jeffreys Moseley, using X-ray spectra
found out that the nucleus is characterized by atomic number and is equal to the positive
charges. He also found that elements must be arranged in increasing atomic number
rather than atomic weight as per the periodic law of Mendeleev. In 1932, the discovery of
neutron made the atomic structure picture complete.

Figure 1.1g MENDELEEV Figure 1.1h MEYER

Figure 1.1i MOSLEY

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STATES OF MATTER

Matter is classified into pure substance and impure substance Pure substance is
either an element or a compound. An element as you learned in your early chemistry
course, is the simplest form matter and cannot be further subdivided by ordinary chemical
means.

It is further classified metal, shiny malleable be hammered into thin sheets) and
ductile (can be drawn into wires) and good conductor of electricity. Nonmetal, dull
appearance, brittle and poor conductor of electricity and the lastly metalloid, has the
characteristic of both metal and nonmetal.

A compound is a chemical combination of two or more elements, in definite

proportions. A compound is either acid, base, or salt, discussions on the classes of
compounds will be discussed in the later part of this Finally, mixture, mechanical
combination of two or more substances can be homogeneous, combination two or more
substances whose components are equally distributed, thus only one phase is seen. A
homogeneous mixture is either solution or a colloid.

A solution is homogenous mixture of two or more substances whose composition

can be varied within definite limits while a colloid is a homogeneous mixture consisting of
large molecules or ultramicroscopic particles of one substance dispersed through another
substance. Secondly, heterogeneous mixture, is a combination of two or more
substances whose components are not equally distributed and can be easily separated
by mechanical means, thus two or more phases are present.

A suspension is heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles that are sufficiently

large enough for sedimentation. The diagram of the of compound is shown on figure 1.2.

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Metal – Zn, Au, Pt Acid- HNO3, HCI, Suspension- Solution – alloy, air
Nonmetal – Cl, S, O HC2H3O2 antibiotic Colloid – aerosol,
Metalloid – As, Si Base – NAOH, spray
KOH, Ca (OH)2
Salt – NACI, KHCO3

MICROSCOPIC AND MACROSCOPIC VIEWS ON THE STATES OF MATTER

Try to look at a block of ice, you can see that the block of ice has definite shape and
definite volume, this is the macroscopic level, the level at which you directly observe
with your senses You can easily weigh the block of ice and measure its volume.

While at the microscopic level (where objects are so small that you cannot directly
observe them), the particles that make up the block of ice are very close together and are
not moving around. The reason the particles that make up the block of ice are close
together and have little movement is because, in solids, the particles are pulled into a
rigid, organized structure of repeating patterns called a crystal lattice (it is the
symmetrical three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a crystal). The particles that are
contained in the crystal lattice are still moving, but barely - it is more of a vibration which is
unnoticeable.

When the block of ice melts, it becomes a liquid. Unlike solids, liquids have no definite
shape, but they do have a definite volume, just like solids do, i.e, a glass of water in a tall,
slim glass has a different shape than a glass of water in a rounded pan, but in both cases,
the volume of water is the same - one glass. Can you explain why? The particles in liquids
are much farther apart than the particles in solids, and they are also moving around much
faster than solid particles. Even though the particles are farther apart in liquids than in
solids, some particles in liquids may still be near each other, clumped together in smaller
groups. Because the particles are farther apart in liquids, the attractive forces among

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them are not as strong as the attractive forces in solids - this is the reason why liquids do
not have a definite shape. However, these attractive forces are strong enough to keep the
substance confined in one large mass.

If you heat the melted ice, water, you can change it to steam or vapor, the gaseous
form of water. A gas has no definite shape and no definite volume. The gas particles are
much farther apart than in solids or liquids, and they are moving freely a very high speed
Because of the distance between the particles, the very small diameter of each particle
and the independent motion of each of these particles, gas expands to fill the place that
contains it; thus, it has no definite shape and no definite volume.

Let us now look at solids, liquids and gases which are all made up of very small or
microscopic particles. The behaviors of these particles vary in these three phases.

Figure 13 illustrates the microscopic view of these three states.

Solid and liquid are often referred to as condensed phases since the particles are
very close together. The movement is impossible especially the solid particles while those
of the liquid particles are loosely packed, thus they have the ability to flow.

The particles of these three states of matter are characterized as follows:

1. Solid particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern and vibrate but do not move
from one place to another.

2. Liquid particles are loosely packed with no regular arrangement and have the
ability to move or past each other.

3. Gas particles are widely separated with no regular arrangement and have the
ability to vibrate and freely move at very high speed.

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Table 1.1 summarizes properties of solids, liquids, and gases and

distinguishes the microscopic behavior responsible for every property.

Characteristics and the Microscopic Explanation of Solids, Liquids and Gases'

Behavior

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Has definite shape and No definite shape, assumes No definite shape and
definite volume the shape of the container volume, thus assumes the
but has definite volume shape of the container
* Rigid or inelastic particles Can move/slide past one Can move at very
locked into place another high-speed past one
another
Particles are difficult to Particles are not easy to Particles are highly
compress compress compressible
Very minimal space Very small space between * Large space between
between particles particles particles
Particles do not easily flow Particles have the ability to Particles move/flow easily at
flow high speed
* The rigid particles do not * The particles move or flow * The particles move past
move nor slide one another past one another one another

REINFORCEMENT ACTIVITY

I. Give three scientist and explain their contributions in the development of the
atomic structure.
II. Differentiate the states of matter according to; Microscopic and Macroscopic
View.
III. Explain the classifications of matter by citing an example.

RECAPITULATION OF THE LESSON/IMPORTANT POINTS DISCUSSED

I. The Particulate Nature of Matter

II. States of Matter
III. Comparison of Microscopic and Macroscopic Views on the state of Matter

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III. ASSESSMENT

___________ 1. Who did not accept the atomic theory?

___________ 2. Who proposed the Law of Electrolysis?
___________ 3. Who proposed the Law of Multiple Proportions?
___________ 4. What year did Mr. Moseley found out that nucleus is characterized by
atomic number?
___________ 5. What is the subatomic particle that complete the periodic table?
___________ 6. Differentiate the microscopic and macroscopic view of Gas.
___________ 7. Differentiate the microscopic and macroscopic view of Liquid.
___________ 8. Differentiate the microscopic and macroscopic view of Solid.
___________9-10. Cite and explain an example of heterogeneous and homogeneous
mixtures.

IV. CLOSING PRAYER

Prepared by:

Ms. Rose Gelyn E. Mallari

Teacher

Reviewed by:
Mr. Richard John W. Hernandez
Academic Coordinator, SHS

Approved by:
Dr. Vilma V. Esparrago
Principal, Basic Education

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